Nemonychidae

Nemonychidae Temporal range: Oxfordian-Present
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Coleoptera
Infraorder:	Cucujiformia
Clade:	Phytophaga
Superfamily:	Curculionoidea
Family:	Nemonychidae Bedel, 1882
Subfamilies
(but see text)
Synonyms
Cimberididae Gozis, 1882[1] Cimberidae Auctt. (missp.)

Nemonychidae is a small family of weevils, placed within the primitive weevil group because they have straight rather than geniculate (elbowed) antennae. They are often called pine flower weevils. As in the Anthribidae, the labrum appears as a separate segment to the clypeus, and the maxillary palps are long and projecting. Nemonychidae have all ventrites free, while Anthribidae have ventrites 1-4 connate or partially fused. Nemonychidae lack lateral carinae on the pronotum, while these are usually present, though may be short, in Anthribidae.^[2]

Nemonychidae are historically divided into three subfamilies: Nemonychinae of the palearctic region with the single genus Nemonyx and an unusual host, the angiosperm Delphinium. Most species of the other two subfamilies are associated with Pinales feeding on the pollen of the male inflorescences. are found in the Northern hemisphere, while ^[3] occur largely in the Southern hemisphere, especially found on Podocarpaceae and Araucariaceae. Recent phylogenetic research indicates that the Cimberidinae are sister to all of the remaining Curculionoidea, and it has been proposed to elevate the group to family rank.^[4]

Both Nemonychidae adults and larvae feed primarily on pollen.^[5] When mature, the larvae will drop to the ground from the male cones or flowers they resided in to pupate in the soil less than five centimeters from the surface.^[6]

There exists a fairly extensive fossil record of Nemonychidae reaching from the upper Jurassic to tertiary amber.

Wikispecies has information related to Nemonychidae.

Extant Taxa[]

Extinct Taxa[]

• †^[7]
• †subfamily Brenthorrhininae Arnoldi 1977
  • †tribe Brenthorrhinini Arnoldi 1977
    • †subtribe Brenthorrhinina Arnoldi 1977
      • † Legalov 2009 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
      • † Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
      • † Gratshev and Legalov 2009 , Mongolia, Tithonian
    • †subtribe Brenthorrhinoidina Legalov 2003
      • † Gratshev and Zherikhin 1995 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
  • †tribe Distenorrhinini Arnoldi 1977
    • † Legalov 2010 Khasurty locality, Russia, Aptian
    • † Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian, La Pedrera de Rúbies Formation, Las Hoyas, Spain, Barremian Khasurty locality, Russia, Aptian
    • † Gratshev and Zherikhin 1995 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
    • † Gratshev and Zherikhin 2000 La Pedrera de Rúbies Formation, Spain, Barremian
    • † Oberprieler and Oberprieler 2012 Talbragar Fossil bed, Australia, Tithonian
  • †tribe Eccoptarthrini Arnoldi 1977
    • † Gratshev and Zherikhin 1995 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
    • † Legalov 2014 Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian
    • † Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
    • † Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
• †subfamily Cretonemonychinae Gratshev and Legalov 2009
  • †tribe Cretonemonychini Gratshev and Legalov 2009
    • † Gratshev and Legalov 2009 Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
    • † Gratshev and Legalov 2009 Zaza Formation, Russia, Aptian
    • † Legalov 2014 Kzyl-Zhar, Kazakhstan, Turonian
  • †tribe Eocaenonemonychini Legalov 2013
    • † Legalov 2013 Green River Formation, United States, Eocene
    • †"Eugnamptus" decemsatus Scudder 1878 Green River Formation, United States, Eocene
    • †"Sitona" grandaevus Scudder 1876 Green River Formation, United States, Eocene
• †subfamily Eobelinae Arnoldi 1977
  • †tribe Eobelini Arnoldi 1977
    • † Legalov 2009 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
    • †Archaeorrhynchus Martynov 1926 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
    • † Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
    • † Legalov 2010 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
  • †tribe Karataucarini Legalov 2009
    • † Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
  • †tribe Oxycorynoidini Arnoldi 1977
    • † Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian Weald Clay, United Kingdom, Barremian , Mongolia, Aptian
    • † Liu et al. 2006 Yixian Formation, China, Aptian
    • † Legalov 2011 , Russia, Turonian
    • † Zherikhin and Gratshev 2004 Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian
  • †tribe Probelini Legalov 2009
    • † Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
    • † Arnoldi 1977 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
  • Incertae sedis
    • † Zhang 1997 , China, Aptian
• †subfamily Paleocartinae Legalov 2003
  • †tribe Metrioxenoidini Legalov 2009
    • † Legalov 2009 Crato Formation, Brazil, Aptian
    • † Legalov 2010 , Mongolia, Hauterivian
    • † Legalov 2009 Emanra Formation, Russia, Turonian
    • † Gratshev and Legalov 2009 Tsagaantsav Formation, Mongolia, Valanginian
    • † Gratshev et al. 1998 Lulworth Formation, United Kingdom, Berriasian
  • †tribe Paleocartini Legalov 2003
    • †subtribe Nebrenthorrhinina Legalov 2007
      • † Legalov 2003 La Pedrera de Rúbies Formation, Spain, Barremian
    • †subtribe Paleocartina Legalov 2003
      • † Legalov 2003 Karabastau Formation, Kazakhstan, Callovian/Oxfordian
  • †tribe Selengarhynchini Gratshev and Legalov 2009
    • † Legalov 2010 , Mongolia, Barremian
    • † Gratshev and Legalov 2009 Sharin-Gol Formation, Mongolia, Barremian
• Subfamily Rhinorhynchinae Voss 1922
  • Tribe Mecomacerini Kuschel 1994
    • † Legalov 2018 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    • † Davis and Engel 2014 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    • † Clarke and Oberprieler 2018 Burmese amber, Myanmar, Cenomanian
    • † Legalov 2009 Yixian Formation, China, Aptian

References[]

External links[]

• Images of Nemonychidae species in New Zealand

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