Nepali Army

Nepali Army
नेपाली सेना
Emblem of the Nepali Army
Founded	B.S 1616 Bhadra 25 (B.S 1616 Bhadra 25)
Country	Nepal
Type	Army
Role	Land operations
Size	98,000 active-duty
Part of	Nepalese Armed Forces
Garrison	Jangi Adda, Bhadrakali, Kathmandu, Bagmati Pradesh
Motto(s)	Better to die than to be a coward
Anniversaries	Maha Shivratri (traditional)[1][2]
Engagements	show See list: In the Indian subcontinent 1763 Mughal Bengal Subah invasion of Nepal Battle of Sindhuli Battle of Kirtipur Battle of Kathmandu Battle of Bhaktapur Sino−Nepalese War Gurkha−Sikh War Anglo−Nepalese War Nepalese−Tibetan War Indian Rebellion of 1857 First Waziristan Campaign Second Waziristan Campaign Third Waziristan Campaign Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006) Outside of the Indian subcontinent World War I (see Nepalese casualties) Third Anglo−Afghan War World War II (see Nepalese casualties) Somali Civil War Second Sudanese Civil War Sierra Leone Civil War Eritrean−Ethiopian War 1999 East Timorese crisis Syrian Civil War
Website	nepalarmy.mil.np
Commanders
Chief of Army Staff	Gen. Prabhu Ram Sharma
Notable commanders	Kalu Pande Ram Krishna Kunwar Vamsharaj Pande Abhiman Singh Basnyat Damodar Pande Amar Singh Thapa

Nepal Army's Guruju Paltan (a ceremonial infantry company) in traditional uniform

Khukuri, Karda & Chakmak; Khukuri is the symbolic weapon of the Nepalese Army (formerly Gorkhali Army)

The Nepali Army (Nepali: नेपाली सेना, romanized: Nēpālī Sēnā), formerly known as the Gorkhali Army (गोरखाली सेना, Gōrakhālī Sēnā; see Gorkhas), is the land service branch of the Nepalese Armed Forces. The terms "Gurkha" and "Gorkhali" are synonymous with "Nepali". Hence, in essence, the “Gorkha” heritage belongs, first and foremost, to the Nepali Army. During the period of the Nepalese unification campaign, it was known as the Gorkhali Army and later as the Royal Nepali Army following the establishment of a Hindu monarchy in Nepal. It was officially renamed to the Nepali Army on 28 May 2008, following the abolition of the 240-year-old Shah dynasty shortly after the Nepalese Civil War.

The Nepalese Army has participated in various conflicts throughout its history, going as far back as the Nepalese unification campaign launched by Prithvi Narayan Shah of the Gorkha Kingdom. It has engaged in an extensive number of battles within South Asia, and continues to take part in global conflicts as part of United Nations peacekeeping coalitions.

The Nepalese Army is headquartered in Kathmandu, Nepal and the incumbent Chief of Army Staff is General Prabhu Ram Sharma.

History[]

Nepali national soldiers by Gustave Le Bon, 1885

The Nepal unification campaign was a turning point in the history of the Nepalese army. Since unification was not possible without a strong army, the management of the armed forces had to be exceptional. Apart from the standard Malla era temples in Kathmandu, the army organized itself in Gorkha. Technicians and experts had to be brought in from abroad to manufacture war materials. After the Gorkhali troops captured Nuwakot, the hilly northern part of Kathmandu (Kantipur) in 1744, the Gorkhali armed forces came to be known as the Royal Nepalese Army.

Their performance impressed their enemies so much that the British East-India Company started recruiting Nepalese troops into their forces. The native British soldiers called the new soldiers "Gurkhas". The Gurkha-Sikh War began shortly after, in 1809. In 1946, the Royal Nepalese Army troops were led by Commanding General Sir Baber Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana at the Victory Parade in London.^{[citation needed]}

Once Kaiser Williams II said, "I can sent my army to fight with any troops of the world but my heart shivers when I heard the name of Gorkhali". This reflect the braveness of Nepalis Army.

Former Indian Army Chief of Staff Field Marshal Sam Manekshaw once stated that: "If a man says he is not afraid of dying, he is either lying or he is a Gorkhali."

Prior to 2006, the Nepali Army was known as the Royal Nepali Army and was under the control of the King of Nepal. Following the Loktantra Andolan (People's Movement for Democracy) on May 18, 2006, a bill was passed by the Nepalese parliament curtailing royal power, which included renaming the army.^[3]

In 2004, Nepal spent $99.2 million on its military (1.5% of its GDP). Since 2002, the RNA had been involved in the Nepali Civil War. They were also used to quell the pro-democracy protesters in April 2006 Loktantra Andolan.

Organization[]

Nepal Army Soldiers at Army Day

The Nepali Army has about 95,000 infantry army and air service members protecting the sovereignty of Nepal. In August 2018, The Himalayan Times estimated total army forces to be around 96,000^[4] while The Kathmandu Post estimated it to be 92,000.^[5]

Supreme Command[]

The position of the Supreme Commander of the Nepali Army is the President of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. Until 2006, the King of Nepal (monarchy abolished) was in control of all military forces in the country. The National Army was renamed from Royal Nepalese Army to Nepalese Army after the recent national conversion from a monarchy to a republic on 28 May 2008.

The National Defence Council[]

This council has seven members: the Prime Minister, the Defence Minister, the Chief of the Army Staff, Foreign Minister, Finance Minister, Home Minister, and the Chief Secretary.

The President of Nepal is the Supreme Commander-In-Chief.

Divisions[]

Nepal Army Para Commandos

The Nepalese Army is divided into 4 different commands. Eastern Command, Mid Command, Valley Command and Western Command

In addition to this, there are 7 independent units:

• Army Aviation Directorate
• Special Forces Brigade
• Nepali Army Medical Core
• Artillery Brigade
• Signals Brigade
• Engineers Brigade
• Air Defense Brigade
• Core of intelligence

Women Participation in Nepal Army[]

Nepalese Army Lance Cpl. Nanu Tamang, with the Birendra Peace Operation Training Center, escorts a role player at the vehicle checkpoint training lane during Khaan Quest 2013 at the Five Hills Training Area in Mongolia.

The first unofficial participation of women in the Nepal Army was during the Anglo-Nepalese War in the Battle of Nalapani. The Battle of Nalapani was the first battle of the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814–1816, fought between the forces of the British East India Company and Nepal, then ruled by the Gorkha Kingdom. Nepalese women were heavily involved in this battle, supporting the male Gurkha warriors.

Notable Women Officers In Nepal Army[]

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• Brigadier General Dr. Radha Shah = First women to become Brigadier General of Nepal Army
• Brigadier General Dr. Narvada Thapa = First women staff of Nepal Army to get a doctorate (P.Hd)
• Colonel Dr. Sarita K.C = First Nepalese army personnel to join UN Peacekeeping mission(UNIFIL)
• Major Geeta Gurung = First women officer commanding of the unit in a peacekeeping mission, UNDOF from Nepal Army
• Major Kriti Rajbhandari = First women observer military liaison officer from Nepal Army
• Colonel Yvetta Rana = First women officer of Judge Advocate General Department of Nepal Army
• Major Er.Bibhusa Mishra = First women officer to join the Engineering Field of Nepali Army (2061 B.S.)
• Lieutenant Colonel Sovana Rayamajhi = First women officer to join IT Department of Nepal Army
• Major Er. Ranjana Kandel = First women Engineer officer to join EME of Nepal Army
• Major Niru Dhungana = First batch of women military pilot
• Major Anita Ale Magar = First batch of women military pilot
• Major Shristhi Khadka = First women company commander of Nepal Army

Operations[]

The primary role of the NA is to defend the territorial integrity, sovereignty, and independence of Nepal. Their secondary role is to assist the Civilian Government of Nepal in the maintenance of internal security. Other duties include humanitarian assistance/disaster relief operations, assisting in national development, nature conservation efforts, and participation in an international peacekeeping mission.

Foreign Involvements[]

• Royal Nepalese Army in Indian Sepoy Mutiny
• Royal Nepalese Army in The First World War 1914–1918
• Royal Nepalese Army in Waziristan War
• Royal Nepalese Army in Afghan War −1919
• Royal Nepalese Army in The Second World War
• Royal Nepalese Army in Hyderabad Action – 1948

Domestic Operations[]

Disarmament of the Khampas – 1974

In 1974, the then Royal Nepalese Army (RNA) was mobilized to disarm the Tibetan Khampas, who had been using Nepalese soil as a base to engage in guerilla warfare against the People's Liberation Army in the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China. The Khampas operated mainly from a base secretly established at Mustang in northwest Nepal. The RNA, under diplomatic pressure from China and the international community, moved nine infantry units toward Mustang and gave the Khampas an ultimatum to either disarm themselves and surrender or face attack. The terms and conditions of their surrender were that they would be given Nepalese citizenship, land, and money, and free schooling for their children. The Khampa commander, General Wangdi, agreed to surrender but eventually fled the camp. He was later killed by RNA forces in Doti, in far western Nepal, while trying to loot a Nepal Police post, this was the first time the RNA had mobilized domestically in such large numbers.

International Operations[]

The Nepalese Army has contributed more than 100,000 peacekeepers to a variety of United Nations-sponsored peacekeeping missions such as:

• United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL),
• UNOSOMII the United Nations Protection Force (UNPROFOR), UN Operational Mission Somalia II,
• MINUSTAH the United Nations Mission in Haiti.
• UNAMSIL – Currently, Nepal is sending an 800-man battalion to serve in the peacekeeping mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL).
• UNMIS – The Nepalese Army has sent a protection company of 200 personnel in United Nations Mission In Sudan. The Redeployment Coordination HQ at Kassala is also manned by the Nepalese contingent. The RCHQ was intended to monitor withdrawals from the eastern sectors of the UNMIS area under the Sudan Comprehensive Peace Accord.

A member of the Nepalese Quick Reactionary Force (QRF) stands ready with a variant of the Galil assault rifle.

• UNDOF
• MINUSMA – For the first time,^[6][7] the Nepalese Army has a company of EOD of 140 personnel specially dedicated for improvised explosive device (IED) and ordnance disposal mission in Mali.

U.S./Nepal military relations[]

Mahabir Ranger

The U.S.-Nepali military relationship focuses on support for democratic institutions, civilian control of the military, and the professional military ethic to include respect for human rights. The US would support Nepal with arms, ammunition and additional commandos and soldiers if war began with its neighboring China but resisted giving any support if war broke out with India as in is an essential ally to the US in the Indo-Pacific against China and has also signed COMCASA with the US in the 2+2 meeting in September 2018. Both countries have had extensive contact over the years. Nepali Army units have served with distinction alongside American forces in places such as Haiti, Iraq, and Somalia.

U.S.-Nepali military engagement continues today through IMET, (EIPC), Global Peace Operations Initiative (GPOI), and various conferences and seminars. The U.S. military sends many Nepalese Army officers to America to attend military schooling, such as the Command and General Staff College and the U.S. Army War College. The IMET budget for FY2001 was $220,000.

The is an inter-agency program between the Department of Defense and the Department of State to increase the pool of international peacekeepers and to promote interoperability. Nepal received about $1.9 million in EPIC funding.

Commander in Chief, Pacific (CINCPAC) coordinates military engagement with Nepal through the Office of Defense Cooperation (ODC). The ODC Nepal is located in the American Embassy Kathmandu.

Bases[]

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• Kathmandu Army HQ [Jangi Adda]
• Eastern Command HQ, Dhankuta
• Mid Command HQ, Pokhara
• Western Command HQ,Surkhet
• Valley Command HQ, Kathmandu

Apart from these there are differnet formation, unit and sub-unit at all 77 districts of Neapal.

Nepalese Army Air Service Mil Mi-8 helicopter at Tribhuvan International Airport Kathmandu

Major Base Camps are located in all 77 districts of Nepal, with at least 20 major base camps and 500 Army in each district.

Schools[]

• Nepalese Army Command and Staff College, Shivapuri
• Nepalese Army War College, Nagarkot
• Nepalese Army Rangers School, Nagarkot
• Nepalese Military Academy, Kharipati
• Nepalese Army Recruit Training Center, Trishuli
• Nepalese Army Jungle Warfare School, Amlekhgunj.
• Nepalese Army High Altitude and Mountain Warfare School, Mustang.
• Nepalese Army Intelligence School, Kharipati.
• Nepalese Army Logistics School, Chhauni.
• Birendra Peace Keeping Operation Training Center, Panchkhal.
• Nepalese Army Para Training School, Maharajgunj.
• Nepalese Army EME school, Kharipati.

Units[]

The first four army units of the Nepalese Army are Shreenath, Kali Baksh (Kalibox), Barda Bahadur, and Sabuj companies in August 1762 by the King Prithvi Narayan Shah. With Khas/Chhetri and Thakuri clans. The Purano Gorakh Company was founded in February 1763 as the fifth army unit of Nepal by its founding date.^[8]

• Shree Nath Battalion – established 1762
• Shree Kali Buksh Battalion – established 1762
• Shree Barda Bahadur Battalion – established 1762
• Shree Sabuj Battalion – established 1762
• Shree Purano Gorakh Battalion – established 1763
• Shree Devi Datta Battalion – established 1783
• Shree Naya Gorakh Battalion – established 1783
• Shree Bhairavi Dal Battalion – established 1785
• Shree Singhanath Battalion – established 1786 (Commando)
• Shree Shreejung Battalion – established 1783
• Shree Ranabhim Battalion – established 1783
• Shree Naya Shree Nath Battalion – established 1783
• Shree Vajradal Company – established 1806
• Shree Shree Mehar Battalion - established 1836
• Shree 'The Famous' Mahindra Dal Battalion -established 1844 A.D -1901 B.S.
• (Currently expanded to three additional independent Artillery regiments)
• Shree Ganeshdal Battalion – established 1846 – signals and communications
• Shree Nepal Cavalry – established 1849 – Household Cavalry ceremonial unit since 1952
• Shree Kali Prasad Battalion (Engineers) – established 1863
• Shree Bhairavnath Battalion – established 1910 – (Parachute Battalion)
• Shree Bhagvati Prasad Company – established 1927
• Shree Khadga Dal Battalion - established 1937
• Shree Parshwavarti Company – established 1936 – served as PM's Body Guard unit and disbanded 1952
• Shree Gorkah Bahadur Battalion – established 1952 (best infantry unit of NA, then was developed for special duty of Royal Guards).
• Shree Jagadal Battalion (Air Defence)
• Shree Yuddha Kawaj Battalion (Mechanized Infantry)
• Shree Mahabir Battalion (Rangers Battalion. Equivalent to U.S Army Rangers (Part of Nepalese Army Special Operation Force))
• Shree Chandan Nath Battalion – established 2004 (Infantry Unit)
• Shree Tara Dal Battalion – established 2002 (Infantry Unit)
• Shree No 1 Disaster Management Battalion – established 2012
• Shree No 2 Disaster Management Battalion – established 2012

Equipment[]

The majority of equipment used by the Nepalese Army is imported from other countries. India is the army's largest supplier of arms and ammunition as well as other logistical equipment, which are often furnished under generous military grants.^[9] Germany, the United States, Belgium, Israel, and South Korea have also either supplied or offered arms to the Nepalese Army.^[10]

Army’s first standard rifle was the Belgian FN FAL, which it adopted in 1960.^[10] Nepalese FALs were later complemented by unlicensed, Indian-manufactured variants of the same weapon, as well its British counterpart, the L1A1 Self-Loading Rifle.^[10] Beginning in 2002 these were officially supplemented in army service by the American M-16 rifle, which took the FAL's place as the army's standard service rifle.^[10] Nevertheless, the FAL and its respective variants remain the single most prolific weapon in Nepalese army service, with thousands of second-hand examples being supplied by India as late as 2005.^[9]

Small arms[]

Weapon	Origin	Type	Calibre	Notes
Pistols
Hi-Power	Belgium	Semi-automatic pistol	9×19mm	FN P-35 variant.[11]
Submachine guns
MP5[9]	Germany	Submachine Gun	9×19mm
Sten[11]	United Kingdom	Submachine Gun
Sterling[11]
Uzi[12]	Israel
Rifles
INSAS rifle[10]	India	Assault rifle	5.56×45mm	The Nepalese Army had about 25,000 INSAS rifles[13]
G36	Germany
M-16	United States			Standard service rifle of the Nepalese Army.[10]
CAR-15[9]
M4 carbine
IMI Galil[9]	Israel
IWI Tavor				Used by Army Special Forces, Ranger Battalion.
Tavor X95				Used by Army Special Forces, Ranger Battalion. Often seen with GL40 UBGL, shown to be OTB compatible.
IWI ACE			7.62×39mm	Limited use by Military Police.[14]
AKM	Soviet Union			Confiscated from Maoist guerrillas during insurgency.[9]
Type 56	China			300 purchased from China in 2010.[9]
L1A2 SLR	United Kingdom	Battle rifle	7.62×51mm	Unlicensed Indian variant designated 1A1.[10]
FN FAL[10]	Belgium
PSG1[9]	Germany	Sniper rifle
Ishapore 2A1	India	Bolt-action rifle		Indian liscenced copy of the No. III Enfield, modified for use with 7.62 NATO. New production action and barrel, recycled buttstock from No. III Enfields.[9]
Machine guns
FN Minimi	Belgium	Light machine gun	5.56×45mm	5,500 purchased from Belgium in 2002.[10] Principal LMG/ SAW
M249	United States			300 supplied as military aid from the US.[9] Functionally identical to FN Minimi
Bren L4A4[11]	United Kingdom		7.62×51mm	Used in outposts and basic automatic fire training
FN MAG[11]	Belgium	General Purpose Machine Gun		Principal GPMG, used on vehicle mounts.

Heavy weapons[]

Weapon	Origin	Type	Calibre	Notes
Air defence
Bofors L/70[15]	Sweden	Anti-aircraft gun	40mm
QF 3.7-inch AA gun[15]	United Kingdom			45 in service.
Artillery
OTO Melara Mod 56	Italy	Howitzer	105mm	14 in service.[16]
Mortar
120-PM-43	Soviet Union	Mortar	120mm	70 in service[17]
M 29	United States	Mortar	81 mm	[17]

Vehicles[]

Vehicle	Origin	Type	Quantity	Notes
Armoured cars
Daimler Ferret	United Kingdom	Scout car	40[17]	Ferret Mk4 variant.[17]	High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle Used by Special forces units	Armoured personnel carriers
Casspir	South Africa	MRAP	37[18]
Aditya	India
OT-64	Czechoslovakia	Armoured personnel carrier	8
WZ551	China		5	Acquired from China in 2005.

Uniform[]

The Nepalese Army currently has two types of uniforms.

Formal Uniform[]

This uniform is used primarily for parading and official duties. In August 2010, the Nepalese Army introduced a new ceremonial uniform replacing those worn by the former Royal Army to make it more relevant to the changing context and time. The new uniform comprises an olive green tunic and trousers of modern style, green-colored shirt and tie, leather belt, and peaked cap.

Uniform[]

The Nepalese Army uses this uniform for regular operational duties.

Nepalese army uses two types of camouflage patterns:

• Swirl
• Nepalese 4-Color Camouflage – similar to the Japan Air Self Defense Force camouflage

Rank structure[]

Commissioned Officers

Rank group	General/flag officers										Field/senior officers						Junior officers								Officer cadet
Nepalese Army[19] v t																									No insignia
			General of the Army महारथी (प्रधानसेनापती)		Lieutenant general रथी		Major general उपरथी		Brigadier general सहायक रथी		Colonel महासेनानी		Lieutenant colonel प्रमुख सेनानी		Major सेनानी		Captain सहसेनानी		Lieutenant उपसेनानी			Second lieutenant सहायक सेनानी			Officer cadet अधिकृत क्याडेट

Other ranks

Rank group	Senior NCOs																						Junior NCOs						Enlisted
Nepalese Army[19] v t																													No insignia						No insignia
	प्रमुख सुवेदार Pramukh Suvēdār						सुवेदार Suvēdār		जमदार Jamadār		हुद्दा Huddā												अमल्दार Amaldār				प्यूठ Piyuth		सिपाही Sipahi						फलोअर्स Phaloars
	Chief warrant officer						Warrant officer class II		Warrant officer class I		Sergeant												Corporal				Lance corporal		Private						Followers

Other rank insignia
	Sergeant Major	Master Sergeant	Sergeant First Class	Staff Sergeant

Chiefs of the Nepalese Army[]

The Chief of the Nepalese Army have been mostly drawn from noble Chhetri families from Gorkha such as "Pande dynasty", "Basnyat dynasty", and "Thapa dynasty" before the rule of "Rana dynasty".^[20] During the Shah monarchy, the officers were drawn from these aristocratic families.^[20] During the Rana dynasty, Ranas overtook the position as birthright.^[20] The first army chief of Nepal was King Prithvi Narayan Shah who drafted and commanded the Nepali (Gorkhali) Army.^[21] The first civilian army chief was Kaji Kalu Pande who had significant role in the campaign of Nepal.^[21] He was considered as army head due to the undertaking of duties and responsibilities of the army but not by the formalization of the title.^[21]

Mukhtiyar Bhimsen Thapa was the first person to use Commander-in-Chief as the title of army chief.^[22] King Rajendra Bikram Shah appointed Bhimsen to the post of Commander-in-Chief and praised Bhimsen for long service to the nation.^[23] However, on 14 June 1837, the King took over the command of all the battalions put in charge of various courtiers, and himself became the Commander-in-Chief.^[24][25] Immediately after the incarceration of the Thapas in 1837, Dalbhanjan Pande and Rana Jang Pande were the joint head of military administration.^[26] However, Rana Jang was removed after 3 months in October 1837.^{[27][28][29][30]}

Since the regime of Mukhtiyar Bhimsen, only seven army chiefs of Nepal were non-Rana Chhetris including Shahs while others were all Ranas till 1951.^[22] Commander-in-Chief (C-in-C) was replaced by Chief of the Army Staff (COAS) from the reign of General Singha Pratap Shah.

Battles[]

Nepalese army fought various battles on the unification campaign.

Battles Defending the Kingdom of Nepal[]

• Battle against Mir Qasim – 1763 AD
• Battle of Pauwa Gadhi against Captain Kinloch- 1767 AD
• Anglo-Nepalese War – 1814 AD
• First Nepal – Tibet War
• Nepal-Tibet/China War
• Last Nepal-Tibet War
• Nepalese Civil War

Battles for unification of Nepal[]

• Battle of Kirtipur
• Battle of Kathmandu
• Battle of Bhaktapur
• Limbuwan-Gorkha War
• Invasion of Doti Kingdom

Battles as allies[]

• World War I (Casualties)
• World War II (Casualties)

Medals and awards[]

• Mahendra Mala
• Parama Nepal Pratap Baskara
• Ati Nepal Pratapa Bhaskara
• Nepal Pratapa Bhaskara
• Ojasvi Rajanya (Sovereign – A)
• Ojasvi Rajanya (Sovereign – B)
• Ojasvi Rajanya (Grand Master – A)
• Ojasvi Rajanya (Grand Master – B)
• Parama Ujjvala Keertimaya Nepal – Shreepada
• Ati Ujjvala Keertimaya Nepal – Shreepada
• Maha Ujjvala Keertimaya Nepal Shreepada

Social Adaptation[]

Nepal Army is portrayed in different movies and teleshows throughout Nepal and the world. The film "Ma Timi Bina Marihalchu Ni" featuring Bhuwan K.C. and Jharana Thapa is based on the story of Nepal Army.

See also[]

• List of mountain warfare forces
• Military of Nepal
• Armed Police Force Nepal
• Nepal Police
• National Investigation Department of Nepal

Notes[]

References[]

Books[]

• Acharya, Baburam (2012), Acharya, Shri Krishna (ed.), Janaral Bhimsen Thapa : Yinko Utthan Tatha Pattan (in Nepali), Kathmandu: Education Book House, p. 228, ISBN 9789937241748
• Adhikari, Indra (2015), Military and Democracy in Nepal, Routledge, ISBN 9781317589068
• Nepal, Gyanmani (2007), Nepal ko Mahabharat (in Nepali) (3rd ed.), Kathmandu: Sajha, p. 314, ISBN 9789993325857
• Oldfield, Henry Ambrose (1880), Sketches from Nipal, Vol 1, 1, London: W.H. Allan & Co.
• Pradhan, Kumar L. (2012), Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839, New Delhi: Concept Publishing Company, p. 278, ISBN 9788180698132

External links[]

• Official website of the Nepalese Army
• Official website of the Nepalese Army Command and Staff College
• Nepal
• Background Note: Nepal
• Nepal
• List of photographs of 49 Nepalese army generals
• [1]
• Kaji Biraj Thapa Magar of Gorkha
• Biraj Thapa Magar
• https://thediplomat.com/2013/10/the-deft-politicking-of-nepals-army/1/, 2013
• Ghimire, S. (2016). Security Sector Reform Organic: Infrastructure for Peace as an Entry Point? Peacebuilding.