Nicomedes IV of Bithynia

Nicomedes IV Benefactor
Nicomedes IV Benefactor
	Nicomedes IV depicted on a silver coin
King of Bithynia
Reign	c. 94–74 BC
Predecessor	Nicomedes III
Successor	Bithynia became a Roman province
Spouse
Father	Nicomedes III

Nicomedes IV Philopator (Greek: Νικομήδης Φιλοπάτωρ) was the king of Bithynia from c. 94 BC to 74 BC.^[2] He was the first son and successor of Nicomedes III of Bithynia.^[3]

Life[]

Memnon of Heraclea wrote that Nicomedes IV was the son of Nicomedes III by his wife Nysa^[4] but according to Granius Licinianus he was a son of Nicomedes III by a first wife called , Granius Licinianus claims that Aristonica died after nine days of his birth. He had three half siblings, Nysa by his fathers second marriage to Nysa, and a half brother named Socrates Chrestus from his fathers concubine Hagne^[5] and possibly by an unknown woman.

His reign began at the death of his father. The first few years of his kingship were relatively peaceful, but soon King Mithridates VI of Pontus (the maternal grand-uncle of Nicomedes IV), one of Rome's greatest enemies during the late Republic, began harassing Bithynia's borders.

Nicomedes IV's brother, Socrates Chrestus, assisted by Mithridates VI, defeated Nicomedes IV's army in 90 BC, and Nicomedes IV was forced to flee to Italy. He was restored to his throne by Manius Aquillius due to Rome's influence in the region.^[6] However, Aquillius encouraged Nicomedes IV to raid Mithridates VI's territory, prompting Mithridates VI to retaliate again in 88 BC. Nicomedes IV fled once again to Rome. Mithridates invaded and conquered Bithynia and the Roman provinces of Asia starting the First Mithridatic War.^[7]

The East was seen by the Romans as a province providing an abundance of gold and silver. As such, two powerful Romans, Gaius Marius and the consul Lucius Cornelius Sulla aimed at a command in the region. After marching on Rome and outlawing Marius, Sulla sailed east and fought Mithridates VI on several occasions over the next three years, and finally in 85 BC, Mithridates VI sued for peace, and was allowed to retain his kingship in Pontus after paying a heavy fine.

Nicomedes IV was restored to his throne in Bithynia in 84 BC.^[2] The years that followed were relatively peaceful, though Bithynia came more and more under the control of Rome. In 80 BC, young Gaius Julius Caesar was an ambassador to Nicomedes IV's court. Caesar was sent to raise a fleet using Bithynia's resources, but he remained so long with the King that a rumor of a sexual relationship between the two men surfaced, leading to the disparaging title for Caesar, "the Queen of Bithynia", an allegation which Caesar's political enemies made use of later in his life. During Caesar's Gallic Triumph a popular verse began: "Gallias Caesar subegit, Caesarem Nicomedes," (Caesar laid the Gauls low, Nicomedes laid Caesar low), suggesting that Caesar was the receiving partner in the relationship.^[8] It is unknown if a sexual relationship was true or just a story generated by his opponents and Caesar denied its truthfulness vigorously.^[9]

As one of his last acts as king of Bithynia, in 74 BC, Nicomedes IV bequeathed the entire kingdom of Bithynia to Rome.^[2] The Roman Senate quickly voted it as a new province. Rome's old enemy Mithridates VI of Pontus had other plans for Bithynia, however, and Nicomedes IV's death and bequeathal led directly to the Third Mithridatic War.

Notes[]

^ Magie, David (8 December 2015). Roman Rule in Asia Minor, Volume 1 (Text): To the End of the Third Century After Christ. ISBN 9781400849796.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nicomedes III." . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 664. (numbered as III. not IV.)
^ McGing, The foreign policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus, p. 143
^ Memnon, History of Heracleia 22.5
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-02-20. Retrieved 2010-10-07.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ Smith, p. 1197
^ J. Hind, 'Mithridates', in Cambridge Ancient History, Volume IX (1994), pp.143–4
^ Suetonius ii., 45–53
^ Adrian Goldsworthy (2008). Caesar: Life of a Colossus. Yale University Press. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-0-300-13919-8.

References[]

Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars: "Caesar".
Smith, William (editor); Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology: "Nicomedes III" (erroneously called so), Boston, (1867).
B. C. McGing, The foreign policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus, BRILL, 1986

Regnal titles
Preceded by Nicomedes III	King of Bithynia 94–74 BC	Annexation by Roman Republic

[1] Magie, David (8 December 2015). Roman Rule in Asia Minor, Volume 1 (Text): To the End of the Third Century After Christ. ISBN 9781400849796.

[EB1911-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b ^c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nicomedes III." . Encyclopædia Britannica. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 664. (numbered as III. not IV.)

[3] McGing, The foreign policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontus, p. 143

[4] Memnon, History of Heracleia 22.5

[5] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-02-20. Retrieved 2010-10-07.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[6] Smith, p. 1197

[7] J. Hind, 'Mithridates', in Cambridge Ancient History, Volume IX (1994), pp.143–4

[8] Suetonius ii., 45–53

[Goldsworthy2008-9] Adrian Goldsworthy (2008). Caesar: Life of a Colossus. Yale University Press. pp. 68–. ISBN 978-0-300-13919-8.

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Kings of Bithynia	Boteiras Bas Zipoetes I Nicomedes I Zipoetes II Etazeta (regent) Ziaelas Prusias I Prusias II Nicomedes II Nicomedes III Nicomedes IV Socrates Chrestus
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Hellenistic rulers were preceded by Hellenistic satraps in most of their territories.

Nicomedes IV of Bithynia

Contents

Life[]

See also[]

Notes[]

References[]