Northern Pashto
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Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan Pashto Academy |
Native to |
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Northern Pashto | |
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Native to | Pakistan, Afghanistan |
Ethnicity | Pashtun |
Native speakers | 21 million (2013)[1] |
Pashto alphabet | |
Official status | |
Regulated by | Pashto Academy (Peshawar, Pakistan)[2] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | pbu |
Glottolog | nort2646 |
Northern Pashto (Pashto: شمالي پښتو) comprises the North Western (Pashto: شمال لويديزه پښتو) and North Eastern (Pashto: شمال ختيځه پښتو) dialects.[3]
North Eastern[]
Northeastern Pashto,[4] is spoken primarily in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.
Yusapzai[]
Yusufzai/Yusapzai Pashto is the most-spoken subdialect[5] in the Northeastern Dialect.
Comparison:
Dialects[6] | ښ | ږ | څ | ځ | ژ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
North Eastern (e.g. Yusapzai) | [x] | [ɡ] | [s] | [z] | [d͡ʒ] |
North Western (e.g Jalalabad) | [x] | [ɡ] | [s] | [z] | [ʒ] |
North Western (e.g. Wardak) | [ç] | [ʝ] | [t͡s] | [d͡z] | [ʒ, z] |
Lexical Variation[]
Even within the Yusapzai dialect; regional lexical variation is noted; as pointed out by Dr. Muhammad Ali Kaleem:[7]
Meaning | Mardan | Swat |
---|---|---|
Ring | ګتمه
gʊ́tma |
ګوتۍ
gwә́təi |
Spinach | ساګ
sāg |
سابه
sābә́ |
Cup | پيالۍ
pyālә́i |
پياله
pyālá |
Puppy | کوتری
kutré |
کوکری
kukré |
Sub-regional lexical variation[]
Even with regions there can be minor differences in pronunciation. Example:
Malakand District
[some localities] |
Malakand District
[general] |
Standard Pashto | Meaning |
---|---|---|---|
فپه
fpa |
ښپه
xpa |
پښه
px̌a, pxa, pša, pṣ̌a |
foot |
North Western[]
The North Western is spoken in the east and northeast Afghanistan.[8]
Phonological Variation[]
There is regional difference in North Western Pashto in pronunciation of words:[9]
Meaning | Wardak | Jalalabad | Bati Kot | |
---|---|---|---|---|
دوی | they | deɪ | ˈduwi | ˈduwi |
راکړه | give [imperative of راکول] | ˈrɑka | ˈrɑka | ˈrɑkɽa |
پوهېدل | to know [infinitive] | pijeˈdəl | pojeˈdəl | pojidəl |
شپږ | six | ʃpaʝ | ʃpag | ʃpiʒ |
وريځ | cloud | wərˈjed͡z | wrez | wəˈred͡z |
ښځه | woman | ˈçəd͡za | ˈxəza | |
اوبه | water | oˈbə | uˈbə | oˈbə |
References[]
- ^ Northern Pashto at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ Sebeok, Thomas Albert (1976). Current Trends in Linguistics: Index. Walter de Gruyter. p. 705.
- ^ "Glottolog 4.3 - Northern Pashto". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
- ^ Prods Oktor Skjærvø, P.O. 1989. Pashto. In "Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum", R. Schmitt (ed.), 384-410.
- ^ https://www.ethnologue.com/19/language/pbu/
- ^ Hallberg, Daniel G. 1992. Pashto, Waneci, Ormuri. Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 4.
- ^ Kaleem, Muhammad (2015). "Lexical Variation in Pashto: A Comparative Study Conducted in Mardan and Swat , in Pashto" (PDF). Pashto. Vol. 44 (650): 21–52.
|volume=
has extra text (help) - ^ Anna B. David (2014). A Descriptive Grammar of Pashto and its Dialects. De Gruyter Mouton. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-61451-303-2.
- ^ Coyle, Dennis (2014-01-01). "Placing Wardak Among Pashto Varieties". Theses and Dissertations.
- Pashto dialects
- Languages of Afghanistan
- Languages of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
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