Oghuric languages

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Not to be confused with Uyghur language, Oghuz languages, or Ugric languages.
Oghuric
Onogur
Ogur
Geographic
distribution
Linguistic classificationTurkic
  • Oghuric
Subdivisions
Glottologbolg1249

The Oghuric, Onoguric or Oguric[4] languages (also known as Bulgar, Pre-Proto-Bulgaric[5] or Lir-Turkic and r-Turkic) are a branch of the Turkic language family. The only extant member of the group is the Chuvash language. The first to branch off from the Turkic family, the Oghur languages show significant divergence from other Turkic languages, which all share a later common ancestor. Languages from this family were spoken in some nomadic tribal confederations, such as those of the Onogurs or Ogurs, Bulgars and Khazars.[6] Some scholars consider Hunnic a similar language[7] and refer to this extended grouping as Hunno-Proto-Bulgarian.[8]

History[]

The Oghuric languages are a distinct group of the Turkic languages, standing in contrast to Common Turkic. Today they are represented only by Chuvash. Extinct Oghuric languages include Bulgar and Khazar.[9]

There is no consensus among linguists on the relation between Oghuric and Common Turkic and several questions remain unsolved:[4]

  • Are they parallel branches of Proto-Turkic (c. 500 BC) and, if so, which branch is more archaic?
  • Does Oghuric represent Archaic Turkic before phonetic changes in 100-400 AD and was it a separate language?

Fuzuli Bayat dates the separation into Oghur r-dialects and Oghuz z-dialects to the 2nd millennium BC.[10]

Features[]

The Oghuric languages are also known as "-r Turkic" because the final consonant in certain words is r, not z as in Common Turkic.[9] Chuvash: вăкăр - Turkish: öküz - Tatar: үгез - English: ox. Hence the name Oghur corresponds to Oghuz "tribe" in Common Turkic.[4] Other correspondences are Com. š : Oghur l (tâš : tâl, 'stone'); s > š; *č > ś; k/q > ğ; y > j, ś; d, δ > δ > z (10th cent.) > r (13th cent.)"; ğd > z > r (14th cent.); a > ı (after 9th cent.).[11][12] The shift from s to š operates before i, ï, and iV, and Dybo calls the sound change the "Bulgar palatalization".[13]

Denis Sinor believed that the differences noted above suggest that the Oghur-speaking tribes could not have originated in territories inhabited by speakers of Mongolic languages, given that Mongolian dialects feature the -z suffix.[14] Peter Golden, however, has noted that there are many loanwords in Mongolic from Oghuric, such as Mongolic ikere, Oghuric *ikir, Hungarian iker, Common Turkic *ikiz 'twins',[4] and holds the contradictory view that the Oghur inhabited the borderlands of Mongolia prior to the 5th century.[15]

The Oghuric tribes are often connected with the Hungarians, whose exo-ethnonym is usually derived from On-Oğur (> (H)Ungari).[16] The Hungarians are culturally of mixed Ugrian / Turkic heritage, with strong Oghuric-Bulgar and Khazar influences, even though much of the modern-day Hungarian genepool also has strong Slavic, Germanic, and Iranic influences.[17][18][19] Hungarian has many borrowings from Turkic and Oghuric languages:[20] Hung. tenger, Oghur. *tengir, Comm. *tengiz 'sea',[4] Hung. gyűrű, Oghur. *ǰürük, Comm. *yüzük 'ring',[21] and terms of equestrian culture ló 'horse', nyereg 'saddle', fék 'bridle', ostor 'whip'.[22] A number of Hungarian loanwords were borrowed before the 9th century, shown by sz- (< Oğ. *ś-) rather than gy- (< Oğ. *ǰ-), for example Hung. szél, Oghur. *śäl, Chuv. śil, Comm. *yel 'wind', Hung. szűcs 'tailor', Hung. szőlő 'grapes'.[21]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Schultheis, Evan Michael (2019). The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields AD 451: Flavius Aetius, Attila the Hun and the Transformation of Gaul. Havertown: Pen & Sword Books Limited. p. 205. ISBN 9781526745668.
  2. ^ Juha Janhunen, (1996), Manchuria: An Ethnic History, p. 190
  3. ^ Golden 1992, p. 110.
  4. ^ a b c d e Golden 2011, p. 30.
  5. ^ Golden 2011, p. 39.
  6. ^ Golden 2011, p. 239.
  7. ^ Pritsak, Omeljan (1982). "The Hunnic Language of the Attila Clan" (PDF). Harvard Ukrainian Studies. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. IV (4): 470. ISSN 0363-5570.
  8. ^ Pritsak, Omeljan (1981). "The Proto-Bulgarian Military Inventory Inscriptions". Turkic-Bulgarian-Hungarian relations. Budapest.
  9. ^ a b Golden 1992, p. 95–96.
  10. ^ Karadeniz Araştırmaları, Sayı 3 (Güz 2004), s.71-77. Fuzuli Bayat: Oğuz kelimesinin etimolijisi, Page 74.
  11. ^ Golden 1992, p. 20, 96.
  12. ^ Golden 2011, p. 30, 236–239.
  13. ^ Dybo 2014, p. 13.
  14. ^ Golden 2011, p. 29.
  15. ^ Golden 2011, p. 31.
  16. ^ Golden 1992, p. 102–103.
  17. ^ Golden 1992, p. 262.
  18. ^ Golden 2011, p. 333.
  19. ^ Guglielmino & Béres 1996, p. 351-353.
  20. ^ Golden 1992, p. 259–260.
  21. ^ a b Golden 2011, p. 164.
  22. ^ Golden 1992, p. 259.
Sources
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