Tatar language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tatar
татар теле, tatar tele, تاتار تلی
Borongi bolgarlar Gaziz cover.jpg
Tatar
RegionVolga region
EthnicityVolga Tatars
Native speakers
5.2 million (2015)[1]
(may include some L2 speakers)
Language family
Turkic
  • Common Turkic
    • Kipchak
      • Kipchak–Bulgar
        • Tatar
Early form
Old Tatar language
Writing system
Tatar alphabet (Cyrillic, Latin, formerly Arabic)
Official status
Official language in
Tatarstan (Russia)
Recognised minority
language in
Poland[2]
Regulated byInstitute of Language, Literature and Arts of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Tatarstan
Language codes
ISO 639-1tt
ISO 639-2tat
ISO 639-3tat
Glottologtata1255
Linguasphere44-AAB-be
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

The Tatar language (татар теле, tatar tele or татарча, tatarça) is a Turkic language spoken by Tatars mainly located in modern Tatarstan (European Russia), as well as Siberia. It should not be confused with the Crimean Tatar or Siberian Tatar, which are closely related but belong to different subgroups of the Kipchak languages.

Geographic distribution[]

The Tatar language is spoken in Russia (about 5.3 million people), Ukraine, China, Finland, Turkey, Uzbekistan, the United States of America, Romania, Azerbaijan, Israel, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Lithuania, Latvia and other countries. There are more than 7 million speakers of Tatar in the world.

Tatar is also native for several thousand Maris. Mordva's Qaratay group also speak a variant of Kazan Tatar.

In the 2010 census, 69% of Russian Tatars who responded to the question about language ability claimed a knowledge of the Tatar language.[3] In Tatarstan, 93% of Tatars and 3.6% of Russians did so. In neighbouring Bashkortostan, 67% of Tatars, 27% of Bashkirs, and 1.3% of Russians did.[4]

Official status[]

The word Qazan – قازان is written in Arabic script in the semblance of a Zilant
Bilingual guide in Kazan Metro
A subway sign in Tatar (top) and Russian

Tatar, along with Russian, is the official language of the Republic of Tatarstan. The official script of Tatar language is based on the Cyrillic script with some additional letters. The Republic of Tatarstan passed a law in 1999, which came into force in 2001, establishing an official Tatar Latin alphabet. A Russian federal law overrode it in 2002, making Cyrillic the sole official script in Tatarstan since. Unofficially, other scripts are used as well, mostly Latin and Arabic. All official sources in Tatarstan must use Cyrillic on their websites and in publishing. In other cases, where Tatar has no official status, the use of a specific alphabet depends on the preference of the author.

The Tatar language was made a de facto official language in Russia in 1917, but only within the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Tatar is also considered to have been the official language in the short-lived Idel-Ural State, briefly formed during the Russian Civil War.

The usage of Tatar declined from during the 20th century. By the 1980s, the study and teaching of Tatar in the public education system was limited to rural schools. However, Tatar-speaking pupils had little chance of entering university because higher education was available in Russian almost exclusively.

As of 2001 Tatar was considered a potentially endangered language while Siberian Tatar received "endangered" and "seriously endangered" statuses, respectively.[5] Higher education in Tatar can only be found in Tatarstan, and is restricted to the humanities. In other regions Tatar is primarily a spoken language and the number of speakers as well as their proficiency tends to decrease. Tatar is popular as a written language only in Tatar-speaking areas where schools with Tatar language lessons are situated. On the other hand, Tatar is the only language in use in rural districts of Tatarstan.

Since 2017, Tatar language classes are no longer mandatory in the schools of Tatarstan.[6] According to the opponents of this change, it will further endanger the Tatar language and is a violation of the Tatarstan Constitution which stipulates the equality of Russian and Tatar languages in the republic.[7][8]

Dialects of Tatar[]

There are two main dialects of Tatar:

  • Central or Middle (Kazan)
  • Western (Mişär or Mishar)

All of these dialects also have subdivisions. Significant contributions to the study of the Tatar language and its dialects, were made by a scientist Gabdulkhay Akhatov, who is considered to be the founder of the modern Tatar dialectological school.

Spoken idioms of Siberian Tatars, which differ significantly from the above two, are often considered as the third dialect group of Tatar by some, but as an independent language on its own by others.

Central or Middle[]

The Central or Middle dialectal group is spoken in Kazan and most of Tatarstan and is the basis of the standard literary Tatar language.

Mishar[]

In the Western (Mişär) dialect ç is pronounced [] (southern or Lambir Mişärs) and as [ts] (northern Mişärs or Nizhgars). C is pronounced []. There are no differences between v and w, q and k, g and ğ in the Mişär dialect. (The Cyrillic alphabet doesn't have special letters for q, ğ and w, so Mişär speakers have no difficulty reading Tatar written in Cyrillic.)

This is the dialect spoken by the Tatar minority of Finland.

Siberian Tatar[]

Two main isoglosses that characterize Siberian Tatar are ç as [ts] and c as [j], corresponding to standard [ɕ] and [ʑ]. There are also grammatical differences within the dialect, scattered across Siberia.[9]

Many linguists claim the origins of Siberian Tatar dialects are actually independent of Volga–Ural Tatar; these dialects are quite remote both from Standard Tatar and from each other, often preventing mutual comprehension. The claim that this language is part of the modern Tatar language is typically supported by linguists in Kazan, Moscow[10] and by Siberian Tatars linguists[11][12][13] and denounced by some Russian and Tatar[14] ethnographs.

Over time, some of these dialects were given distinct names and recognized as separate languages (e.g. the Chulym language) after detailed linguistic study. However, the Chulym language was never classified as a dialect of Tatar language. Confusion arose because of the endoethnonym "Tatars" used by the Chulyms. The question of classifying the Chulym language as a dialect of the Khakass language was debatable. A brief linguistic analysis shows that many of these dialects exhibit features which are quite different from the Volga–Ural Tatar varieties, and should be classified as Turkic varieties belonging to several sub-groups of the Turkic languages, distinct from Kipchak languages to which Volga–Ural Tatar belongs.[citation needed]

Phonology[]

Vowels[]

Tatar vowel formants F1 and F2

There exist several interpretations of the Tatar vowel phonemic inventory. In total Tatar has nine or ten native vowels, and three or four loaned vowels (mainly in Russian loanwords).[15][16]

According to Baskakov (1988) Tatar has only two vowel heights, high and low. There are two low vowels, front and back, while there are eight high vowels: front and back, round (R+) and unround (R-), normal and short (or reduced).[15]

Front Back
R- R+ R- R+
High Normal i ü ï u
Short e ö ë o
Low ä a

Poppe (1963) proposed a similar yet slightly different scheme with a third, higher mid, height, and with nine vowels.[15]

Front Back
R- R+ R- R+
High i ü u
Higher Mid e ö ï o
Low ä a

According to Makhmutova (1969) Tatar has three vowel heights: high, mid and low, and four tongue positions: front, front-central, front-back and back.[15]

Front Central Back
Front Back
R- R+ R- R+ R- R+ R- R+
High i ü ï u
Mid e ö ë o
Low ä a

The mid back unrounded vowel ''ë is usually transcribed as ı, though it differs from the corresponding Turkish vowel.

The tenth vowel ï is realized as the diphthong ëy (IPA: [ɯɪ]), which only occurs word-finally, but it has been argued to be an independent phoneme.[15][16]

Phonetically, the native vowels are approximately thus (with the Cyrillic letters and the usual Latin romanization in angle brackets):

Front Back
R- R+ R- R+
High и i
[i]
ү ü
[y~ʉ]
ый ıy
[ɯɪ]
у u
[u]
Mid э, е e
[ĕ~ɘ̆]
ө ö
[ø̆~ɵ̆]
ы ı
[ɤ̆~ʌ̆]
о o
[ŏ]
Low ә ä
[æ~a]
а a
[ɑ]

In polysyllabic words, the front-back distinction is lost in reduced vowels: all become mid-central.[15] The mid reduced vowels in an unstressed position are frequently elided, as in кеше keşe [kĕˈʃĕ] > [kʃĕ] 'person', or кышы qışı [qɤ̆ˈʃɤ̆] > [qʃɤ̆] '(his) winter'.[16] Low back /ɑ/ is rounded [ɒ] in the first syllable and after [ɒ], but not in the last, as in бала bala [bɒˈlɑ] 'child', балаларга balalarğa [bɒlɒlɒrˈʁɑ] 'to children'.[16] In Russian loans there are also [ɨ], [ɛ], [ɔ], and [ä], written the same as the native vowels: ы, е/э, о, а respectively.[16]

Historical shifts[]

Historically, the Old Turkic mid vowels have raised from mid to high, whereas the Old Turkic high vowels have become the Tatar reduced mid series. (The same shifts have also happened in Bashkir.)[17]

Vowel Old Turkic Turkish Kazakh Tatar Bashkir Gloss
*e *et et et it it 'meat'
*söz söz söz süz hüź [hyθ] 'word'
*o *sol sol sol sul hul 'left'
*i *it it it et et 'dog'
*qïz kız qız qëz [qɤ̆z] qëź [qɤ̆θ] 'girl'
*u *qum kum qum qom qom 'sand'
*kül kül kül köl köl 'ash'

Consonants[]

The consonants of Tatar[16]
Labial Labio-
velar
Dental Post-
alveolar
Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Nasals м m
/m/
н n
/n/
ң ñ
/ŋ/
Plosives Voiceless п p
/p/
т t
/t/
к k
/k/
къ q
/q/
э/ь 
/ʔ/*
Voiced б b
/b/
д d
/d/
г g
/ɡ/
Affricates Voiceless ц ts
/ts/*
ч ç
//*
Voiced җ c
//
Fricatives Voiceless ф f
/f/*
с s
/s/
ш ş
/ʃ/
ч ç
/ɕ/
х x
/χ/
һ h
/h/*
Voiced в v
/v/*
з z
/z/
ж j
/ʒ/*
җ c
/ʑ/
гъ ğ
/ʁ/
Trill р r
/r/
Approximants у/ү/в w
/w/
л l
/l/
й y
/j/
Notes
^* The phonemes /v/, /ts/, //, /ʒ/, /h/, /ʔ/ are only found in loanwords. /f/ occurs more commonly in loanwords, but is also found in native words, e.g. yafraq 'leaf'.[16] /v/, /ts/, //, /ʒ/ may be substituted with the corresponding native consonants /w/, /s/, /ɕ/, /ʑ/ by some Tatars.
^† // and // are the dialectal Western (Mişär) pronunciations of җ c /ʑ/ and ч ç /ɕ/, the latter are in the literary standard and in the Central (Kazan) dialect. /ts/ is the variant of ч ç /ɕ/ as pronounced in the Eastern (Siberian) dialects and some Western (Mişär) dialects. Both // and /ts/ are also used in Russian loanwords (the latter written ц).
^‡ /q/ and /ʁ/ are usually considered allophones of /k/ and /ɡ/ in the environment of back vowels, so they are never written in the Tatar Cyrillic orthography in native words, and only rarely in loanwords with къ and гъ. However, /q/ and /ʁ/ also appear before front /æ/ in Perso-Arabic loanwords which may indicate the phonemic status of these uvular consonants.

Palatalization[]

Tatar consonants usually undergo slight palatalization before front vowels. However, this allophony is not significant and does not constitute a phonemic status. This differs from Russian where palatalized consonants are not allophones but phonemes on their own. There are a number of Russian loanwords which have a palatalized consonants in Russian and thus written the same in Tatar (often with the "soft sign" ь). The Tatar standard pronunciation also requires palatalization in such loanwords, however, some Tatar may pronounce them non-palatalized.

Syllables[]

In native words there are six types of syllables (Consonant, Vowel, Sonorant):

  • V (ı-lıs, u-ra, ö-rä)
  • VC (at-law, el-geç, ir-kä)
  • CV (qa-la, ki-ä, su-la)
  • CVC (bar-sa, sız-law, köç-le, qoş-çıq)
  • VSC (ant-lar, äyt-te, ilt-kän)
  • CVSC (tört-te, qart-lar, qayt-qan)

Loanwords allow other types: CSV (gra-mota), CSVC (käs-trül), etc.

Prosody[]

Stress is usually on the final syllable. However, some suffixes cannot be stressed, so the stress shifts to the syllable before that suffix, even if the stressed syllable is the third or fourth from the end. A number of Tatar words and grammatical forms have the natural stress on the first syllable. Loanwords, mainly from Russian, usually preserve their original stress (unless the original stress is on the last syllable, in such a case the stress in Tatar shifts to suffixes as usual, e.g. sovét > sovetlár > sovetlarğá).

Phonetic alterations[]

Tatar phonotactics dictate many pronunciation changes which are not reflected in the orthography.

  • Unrounded vowels ı and e become rounded after o or ö:
коры/qorı > [qoro]
борын/borın > [boron]
көзге/közge > [közgö]
соры/sorı > [soro]
  • Nasals are assimilated to the following stops:
унбер/unber > [umber]
менгеч/mengeç > [meñgeç]
  • Stops are assimilated to the preceding nasals (this is reflected in writing):
урманнар/urmannar ( < urman + lar)
комнар/komnar ( < kom + lar)
  • Voicing may also undergo assimilation:
күзсез/küzsez > [küssez]
  • Unstressed vowels may be syncopated or reduced:
урыны/urını> [urnı]
килене/kilene > [kilne]
  • Vowels may also be elided:
кара урман/qara urman > [qarurman]
килә иде/kilä ide > [kiläyde]
туры урам/turı uram > [tururam]
була алмыйм/bula almıym > [bulalmıym]
  • In consonant clusters longer than two phones, ı or e (whichever is dictated by vowel harmony) is inserted into speech as an epenthetic vowel.
банк/bank > [bañqı]
  • Final consonant clusters are simplified:
артист/artist > [artis]
  • Final devoicing is also frequent:
табиб/tabib > [tabip]

Grammar[]

Like other Turkic languages, Tatar is an agglutinative language. Here is the grammar of Tatar:[18]

Nouns[]

Tatar nouns are inflected for cases and numbers. Case suffixes change depending on last consonants of the noun, while nouns ending in п/к are voiced to б/г (китабым) when an possessive suffix was added. Suffixes below are in back vowel, with front variant can be seen at #Phonology section.

Case After voiced consonants After nasals After unvoiced consonants Special endings
Nominative (баш килеш)
Accusative (төшем килеше) -ны -nı -n
Genitive (иялек килеше) -ның -nıñ
Dative (юнәлеш килеше) -га -ğa -ка -qa -а, -на -a, -na
Locative (урын-вакыт килеше) -да -da -та -ta -нда -nda
Ablative (чыгыш килеше) -дан -dan -нан -nan -тан -tan -ннан -nnan
Plural
Nominative -лар -lar -нар -nar -лар -lar
Accusative -ларны -larnı -нарны -narnı -ларны -larnı
Genitive -ларның -larnıñ -нарның -narnıñ -ларның -larnıñ
Dative -ларга -larğa -нарга -narğa -ларга -larğa
Locative -ларда -larda -нарда -narda -ларда -lardan
Ablative -лардан -lardan -нардан -nardan -лардан -lardan

The declension of possessive suffixes is even more irregular, with the dative suffix -а used in 1st singular and 2nd singular suffixes, and the accusative, dative, locative, and ablative endings -н, -на, -нда, -ннан is used after 3rd person possessive suffix.

Person After consonants After vowels
1st singular -ым -ım -m
2nd singular -ың -ıñ
3rd -сы -sı
1st plural -ыбыз -ıbız -быз -bız
2nd plural -ыгыз -ığız -гыз -ğız

Declension of pronouns[]

Declension of personal and demonstrative pronouns tends to be irregular. Irregular forms are in bold.

Personal pronouns
Case Singular Plural
I you (sg.), thou he, she, it we you (pl.) they
Nominative мин min син sin ул ul без bez сез sez алар alar
Accusative мине mine сине sine аны anı безне bezne сезне sezne аларны alarnı
Genitive минем minem синең sineñ аның anıñ безнең bezneñ сезнең sezneñ аларның alarnıñ
Dative миңа miña сиңа siña аңа aña безгә bezgä сезгә sezgä аларга alarğa
Locative миндә mindä синдә sindä анда anda бездә bezdä сездә sezdä аларда alarda
Ablative миннән minnän синнән sinnän аннан annan бездән bezdän сездән sezdän алардан alardan
Demonstrative pronouns
Case Singular Plural
"This" "That" "These" "Those"
Nominative бу bu шул şul болар bolar шулар şular
Accusative моны monı шуны şunı боларны bolarnı шуларны şularnı
Genitive моның monıñ шуның şunıñ боларның bolarnıñ шуларның şularnıñ
Dative моңа moña шуңа şuña боларга bolarğa шуларга şularğa
Locative монда monda шунда şunda боларда bolarda шуларда şularda
Ablative моннан monnan шуннан şunnan болардан bolardan шулардан şulardan
Interrogative pronouns
Case Who? What?
Nominative кем kem нәрсә närsä
Accusative кемне kemne нәрсәне närsäne
Genitive кемнең kemneñ нәрсәнең närsäneñ
Dative кемгә kemgä нәрсәгә närsägä
Locative кемдә kemdä нәрсәдә närsädä
Ablative кемнән kemnän нәрсәдән närsädän

Verbs[]

Tense After voiced consonants After unvoiced consonants After vowels
Present -a -ый -ıy
Definite past -ды -dı -ты -tı -ды -dı
Indefinite past -ган -ğan -кан -qan -ган -ğan
Definite future -ачак -açaq -ячак -yaçaq
Indefinite future -ар/ыр -ar/-ır -r
Conditional -са -sa
Non-finite tenses
Present participle -учы -uçı
Past participle -ган -ğan -кан -qan -ган -ğan
Future participle -асы -ası -ыйсы -ıysı
Definite future participle -ачак -açaq
Indefinite future participle -ар/-ыр -ar/ır -r
Verbal participle -ып -ıp -п -p
Pre-action gerund -ганчы -ğançı -канчы -qançı -ганчы -ğançı
Post-action gerund -гач -ğaç -кач -qaç -гач -ğaç
Verbal noun
Infinitive -мак -maq
-арга/-ырга -arğa/ırğa -рга -rğa

The distribution of present tense suffix is complicated, with the former (also with vowel harmony) is used with verb stems ending in consonants, and latter is used with verb stem ending in vowels (with the last vowel being deleted, эшләү — эшли, compare Turkish işlemek — continuous işliyor). The distribution of indefinite future tense is more complicated in consonant-ending stems, it is resolved by -арга/-ырга infinitives (язарга — язар). However, because some have verb citation forms in verbal noun (-у), this rule becomes somewhat unpredictable.

Tenses are negated with -ма, however in the indefinite future tense and the verbal participle they become -мас and -мыйча instead, respectively. Alongside with vowel-ending stems, the suffix also becomes -мый when negates the present tense. To form interrogatives, the suffix -мы is used.

Personal inflections
Type 1st singular 2nd singular 3rd singular 1st plural 2nd plural 3rd plural
I -мын/-м -mın/-m -сың -sıñ -∅ -быз -bız -сыз -sız -лар/-нар -lar/-nar
II -m -∅ -q, -k -гыз -ğız -лар/-нар -lar/-nar
Imperative -ыйм -ıym -∅ -сын -sın -ыйк -ıyq -(ы)гыз -ığız -сыннар -sınnar

Definite past and conditional tenses use type II personal inflections instead. When in the case of present tense, short ending (-м) is used. After vowels, the first person imperative forms deletes the last vowel, similar to the present tense does (эшләү — эшлим). Like plurals of nouns, the suffix -лар change depending the preceding consonants (-алар, but -ганнар).

Some verbs, however, have irregular imperative forms by adding a final historic vowel (уку — укы, төзү — төзе), instead of leaving the verb's stem.

Predicatives[]

After voiced consonants After unvoiced consonants
1st singular -мын -mın
2nd singular -сың -sıñ
3rd -дыр -dır -тыр -tır
1st plural -быз -bız
2nd plural -сыз -sız

These predicative suffixes now fallen into disuse, or rarely used.[19]

Writing system[]

Tatar Latin (Jaᶇalif) and Arabic scripts, 1927
Some guides in Kazan are in Latin script, especially in fashion boutiques
Tatar sign on a madrasah in Nizhny Novgorod, written in both Arabic and Cyrilic Tatar scripts

During its history, Tatar has been written in Arabic, Latin and Cyrillic scripts.

Before 1928, Tatar was mostly written with in Arabic script (Иске имля/İske imlâ, "Old orthography", to 1920; Яңа имла/Yaña imlâ, "New orthography", 1920–1928).

During the 19th century Russian Christian missionary Nikolay Ilminsky devised the first Cyrillic alphabet for Tatar. This alphabet is still used by Christian Tatars (Kryashens).

In the Soviet Union after 1928, Tatar was written with a Latin alphabet called Jaᶇalif.

In 1939, in Tatarstan and all other parts of the Soviet Union, a Cyrillic script was adopted and is still used to write Tatar. It is also used in Kazakhstan.

The Republic of Tatarstan passed a law in 1999 that came into force in 2001 establishing an official Tatar Latin alphabet. A Russian federal law overrode it in 2002, making Cyrillic the sole official script in Tatarstan since. In 2004, an attempt to introduce a Latin-based alphabet for Tatar was further abandoned when the Constitutional Court ruled that the federal law of 15 November 2002 mandating the use of Cyrillic for the state languages of the republics of the Russian Federation[20] does not contradict the Russian constitution.[21] In accordance with this Constitutional Court ruling, on 28 December 2004, the Tatar Supreme Court overturned the Tatarstani law that made the Latin alphabet official.[22]

In 2012 the Tatarstan government adopted a new Latin alphabet but with the limited usage (mostly for Romanization).

  • Tatar Perso-Arabic alphabet (before 1928):
آ ا ب پ ت ث ج چ
ح خ د ذ ر ز ژ س
ش ص ض ط ظ ع غ ف
ق ك گ نك ل م ن ه
و ۇ ڤ ی ئ
  • Tatar Old Latin (Jaᶇalif) alphabet (1928 to 1940), including a digraph in the last position:
A a B b C c Ç ç D d E e Ə ə F f
G g Ƣ ƣ H h I i J j K k L l M m
N n Ŋ ŋ O o Ɵ ɵ P p Q q R r S s
Ş ş T t U u V v X x У y Z z Ƶ ƶ
Ь ь Ьj ьj
  • Tatar Old Cyrillic alphabet (by Nikolay Ilminsky, 1861; the letters in parenthesis are not used in modern publications):
А а Ӓ ӓ Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ё ё
Ж ж З з И и (Іі) Й й К к Л л М м
Н н Ҥ ҥ О о Ӧ ӧ П п Р р С с Т т
У у Ӱ ӱ Ф ф Х х Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш Щ щ
Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь (Ѣѣ) Э э Ю ю Я я (Ѳѳ)
  • Tatar Cyrillic alphabet (1939; the letter order adopted in 1997):
А а Ә ә Б б В в Г г Д д Е е Ё ё
Ж ж Җ җ З з И и Й й К к Л л М м
Н н Ң ң О о Ө ө П п Р р С с Т т
У у Ү ү Ф ф Х х Һ һ Ц ц Ч ч Ш ш
Щ щ Ъ ъ Ы ы Ь ь Э э Ю ю Я я
  • 1999 Tatar Latin alphabet, made official by a law adopted by Tatarstani authorities but annulled by the Tatar Supreme Court in 2004:[22]
A a Ə ə B b C c Ç ç D d E e F f
G g Ğ ğ H h I ı İ i J j K k Q q
L l M m N n Ŋ ŋ O o Ɵ ɵ P p R r
S s Ş ş T t U u Ü ü V v W w X x
Y y Z z
  • 2012 Tatar Latin alphabet
A a Ä ä B b C c Ç ç D d E e F f
G g Ğ ğ H h I ı İ i J j K k Q q
L l M m N n Ñ ñ O o Ö ö P p R r
S s Ş ş T t U u Ü ü V v W w X x
Y y Z z

History[]

First printed Tatar alphabet book (1778)

Tatar's ancestors are the extinct Bulgar and Kipchak languages.

The literary Tatar language is based on the Middle Tatar dialect and on the Old Tatar language (İske Tatar Tele). Both are members of the Volga-Ural subgroup of the Kipchak group of Turkic languages, although they also partly derive from the ancient Volga Bulgar language.

Most of the Uralic languages in the Volga River area have strongly influenced the Tatar language,[23] as have the Arabic, Persian and Russian languages.[24]

Crimean Tatar, although similar by name, belongs to another subgroup of the Kipchak languages, usually called Pontic, Cuman or Polovtsian. Unlike Kazan Tatar, Crimean Tatar is heavily influenced by Turkish.

Examples[]

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1:

Cyrillic

Барлык кешеләр дә азат һәм үз абруйлары һәм хокуклары ягыннан тиң булып туалар. Аларга акыл һәм вөҗдан бирелгән һәм бер-берсенә карата туганнарча мөнасәбәттә булырга тиешләр.

Romanization

Barlıq keşelär dä azat häm üz abruyları häm xoquqları yağınnan tiñ bulıp tualar. Alarğa aqıl häm wöcdan birelgän häm ber-bersenä qarata tuğannarça mönasäbättä bulırğa tiyeşlär

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Tatar at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
  2. ^ [1]
  3. ^ Russian Census 2010. Владение языками населением (in Russian)
  4. ^ Russian Census 2010. Владение языками населением наиболее многочисленных национальностей по субъектам Российской Федерации (in Russian)
  5. ^ Wurm, S; Unesco. (2001). Atlas of the world's languages in danger of disappearing. Paris: Unesco Pub. ISBN 978-92-3-103798-6.
  6. ^ BBC Russia, Без языка: Казань отказалась от обязательных уроков татарского, 01.12.2017
  7. ^ БИЗНЕС Online, Татарский язык становится «ящиком Пандоры», 22.09.2017
  8. ^ БИЗНЕС Online, Исмагил Хуснутдинов: «Под лозунгом добровольности татарский язык пытаются изгнать из школ», 12.11.2017
  9. ^ Information about Siberian Tatar
  10. ^ Nikolai Baskakov Тюркские языки / Отв. ред. Г. Д. Санжеев; Институт языкознания АН СССР. — М.: Издательство восточной литературы, 1960. — 248 с.
  11. ^ Утяшева, Гузель Чахваровна. Русские заимствования в тоболо-иртышском диалекте сибирских татар. Тобольск, 2006.
  12. ^ Рахимова, Роза Нуретдиновна . Тюменский говор в системе диалектов сибирских татар :фонетико-морфологическая характеристика. Тюмень, 2007.
  13. ^ Рамазанова Д. Б. Сибирско-татарские диалекты и говоры татарского языка // Материалы IX Всероссийской научно-практической конференции «Сулеймановские чтения — 2006». Тюмень, 2006. С. 89-90http://atlas.antat.ru/upload/ramazanova/dialekt.pdf
  14. ^ Валеев, Фоат Тач-Ахметович. Западносибирские татары во второй половине XIX — начале XX в. (Историко-этнографические очерки). Казань, 1980.
  15. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Harrison, K. David; Kaun, Abigail R. (2003). "Vowels and Vowel Harmony in Namangan Tatar". In Holisky, Dee Ann; Tuite, Kevin (eds.). Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian Linguistics. pp. 194–198. ISBN 9789027275257.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Berta, Árpád (1998). "Tatar and Bashkir". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). The Turkic languages. Routledge. pp. 283–300.
  17. ^ Johanson, Lars (1998). "The History of Turkic". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). The Turkic languages. Routledge. p. 92.
  18. ^ Грамматика татарского языка
  19. ^ Зәкиев, М.З. (2016). Татар грамматикасы (PDF). 2 (2 ed.). Казан: ТӘһСИ. pp. 56–57.
  20. ^ Spolsky, Bernard (2004). Language Policy. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-521-01175-4.
  21. ^ "Russia court sticks to letter law". BBC News. 16 November 2004. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
  22. ^ Jump up to: a b "The Tatar language will continue to be written through the Cyrillic alphabet". U.S. English Foundation. February 2005. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 20 February 2012.
  23. ^ Tatar language – Princeton University Archived 13 December 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  24. ^ (in Russian) Татарский язык в Интернете: информация о методах и средствах обучения

Further reading[]

  • Bukharaev, R., & Matthews, D. J. (2000). Historical anthology of Kazan Tatar verse: voices of eternity. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-1077-9
  • PEN (Organization). (1998). Tatar literature today. Kazan: Magarif Publishers.
  • Poppe, N. N. (1963). Tatar manual: descriptive grammar and texts with a Tatar-English glossary. Bloomington: Indiana University.
  • (in Russian) Ахатов Г. Х. Татарская диалектология (учебник для студентов вузов). — Казань, 1984.
  • (in Russian) Татарская грамматика. В 3-х т. / Гл. ред. М. З. Закиев. — Казань, 1993.
  • Gilmetdinova A, Malova I. 'Language education for glocal interaction: English and Tatar.' World Englishes 37(3) 2018;1–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/weng.12324

External links[]

Retrieved from ""