Bashkir language
![]() | show This article may be expanded with text translated from the corresponding article in Bashkir. (May 2021) Click [show] for important translation instructions. |
Bashkir | |
---|---|
Башҡортса, Башҡорт теле | |
Pronunciation | [bɑʃˈqort tɘˈlɘ] (![]() |
Native to | Russia (Bashkortostan) |
Region | Volga, Ural region |
Ethnicity | Bashkirs |
Native speakers | 1.4 million (2010 census)[1] |
Turkic
| |
Early form | Volga Turki
|
Cyrillic (Bashkir alphabet) | |
Official status | |
Official language in | ![]() |
Regulated by | Institute of history, language and literature of the Ufa Federal research center the RAS |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-1 | ba |
ISO 639-2 | bak |
ISO 639-3 | bak |
Glottolog | bash1264 |
Linguasphere | 44-AAB-bg |
![]() Geographic distribution of Bashkir language in the Russian Empire according to 1897 census | |
Bashkir (/ˈbɑːʃkɪər, ˈbæʃ-/; Bashkir: Башҡортса Başqortsa, Башҡорт теле Başqort tele, [bɑʃˈqort tɘˈlɘ] (listen)) is a Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch. It is co-official with Russian in Bashkortostan. It is spoken by approximately 1.4 million native speakers in Russia, as well as in Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Estonia and other neighboring post-Soviet states, and among the Bashkir diaspora. It has three dialect groups: Southern, Eastern and Northwestern.
Speakers[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%B2_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE-%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5._%D0%9F%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_2010_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0.png/220px-thumbnail.png)
![Idioma baskir.png](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Idioma_baskir.png/220px-Idioma_baskir.png)
Speakers of Bashkir mostly live in the Russian republic of Bashkortostan. Many speakers also live in Tatarstan, Chelyabinsk, Orenburg, Tyumen, Sverdlovsk and Kurgan Oblasts and other regions of Russia. Minor Bashkir groups also live in Kazakhstan and other countries.
Classification[]
Bashkir together with Tatar belongs to the Bulgaric (Russian: кыпчакско-булгарская) subgroups of the Kipchak languages. They both share the same vocalism and the vowel shifts (see below) that make both the languages stand apart from most other Kipchak and Oghuz Turkic languages.
However, Bashkir differs from Tatar in several important ways:
- Bashkir has dental fricatives /θ/ and /ð/ in the place of Tatar (and other Turkic) /s/ and /z/. Bashkir /θ/ and /ð/, however, cannot begin a word (there are exceptions: ҙур zur 'big', and the particle/conjunction ҙа/ҙә źa/źä). The only other Turkic language with a similar feature is Turkmen. However, in Bashkir /θ/ and /ð/ are two independent phonemes, distinct from /s/ and /z/, whereas in Turkmen [θ] and [ð] are the two main realizations of the common Turkic /s/ and /z/. In other words, there are no /s/ and /z/ phonemes in Turkmen, unlike Bashkir which has both /s/ and /z/ and /θ/ and /ð/.
- The word-initial and morpheme-initial /s/ is turned into /h/. An example of both features can be Tatar сүз süz [syz] and Bashkir һүҙ hüź [hyθ], both meaning "word".
- Common Turkic /tʃ/ (Tatar /ɕ/) is turned into Bashkir /s/, e.g., Turkish ağaç [aˈatʃ], Tatar агач ağaç [ɑˈʁɑɕ] and Bashkir ағас ağas [ɑˈʁɑs], all meaning "tree".
- The word-initial /ʑ/ in Tatar always corresponds to /j/ in Standard Bashkir, e.g., Tatar җылы cılı [ʑɤˈlɤ] and Bashkir йылы yılı [jɤˈlɤ], both meaning "warm". However, the eastern and northern dialects of Bashkir have the /j/ > /ʑ~ʒ/ shift.
The Bashkir orthography is more explicit. /q/ and /ʁ/ are written with their own letters Ҡ ҡ and Ғ ғ, whereas in Tatar they are treated as positional allophones of /k/ and /ɡ/, written К к and Г г.
Labial vowel harmony in Bashkir is written explicitly, e.g. Tatar тормышым tormışım and Bashkir тормошом tormoşom, both pronounced [tormoˈʃom], meaning "my life".
Orthography[]
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Inscription_in_Ufa_Airport.jpg/220px-Inscription_in_Ufa_Airport.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bashkir_keyboard_for_smartphone.jpg/220px-Bashkir_keyboard_for_smartphone.jpg)
After the adoption of Islam, which began in the 10th century and lasted for several centuries, the Bashkirs began to use Turki as a written language. Turki was written in a variant of the Arabic script.
In 1923, a writing system based on the Arabic script was specifically created for the Bashkir language. At the same time, the Bashkir literary language was created, moving away from the older written Turkic influences. At first, it used a modified Arabic alphabet. In 1930 it was replaced with the Unified Turkic Latin Alphabet, which was in turn replaced with an adapted Cyrillic alphabet in 1939.
The modern alphabet used by Bashkir is based on the Russian alphabet, with the addition of the following letters: Ә ә /æ/, Ө ө /ø/, Ү ү [y], Ғ ғ /ʁ/, Ҡ ҡ /q/, Ң ң /ŋ/, Ҙ ҙ /ð/, Ҫ ҫ /θ/, Һ һ /h/.
А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ғ ғ | Д д | Ҙ ҙ | Е е | Ё ё |
Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Ҡ ҡ | Л л | М м | Н н |
Ң ң | О о | Ө ө | П п | Р р | С с | Ҫ ҫ | Т т | У у |
Ү ү | Ф ф | Х х | Һ һ | Ц ц | Ч ч | Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ |
Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ә ә | Ю ю | Я я |
Cyrillic version (Capital) |
Cyrillic version (Small) |
Pronunciation | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
А | а | [ɑ], [a] | |
Б | б | [b] | |
В | в | [v], [w] | |
Ғ | ғ | [ɣ] | |
Д | д | [d] | |
Ҙ | ҙ | [ð] | |
Е | е | [jɪ̞], [ɪ̞], [je], [e] | |
Ё | ё | [jo] | |
Ж | ж | [ʒ] | |
З | з | [z] | |
И | и | [i] | |
Й | й | [j] | |
К | к | [k] | |
Ҡ | ҡ | [q] | |
Л | л | [l] | |
М | м | [m] | |
Н | н | [n] | |
Ң | ң | [ŋ] | |
О | о | [ʊ̞], [o] | |
Ө | ө | [ø] | |
П | п | [p] | |
Р | р | [r] | |
С | с | [s] | |
Ҫ | ҫ | [θ] | |
Т | т | [t] | |
У | у | [u], [w] | |
Ү | ү | [y], [w] | |
Ф | ф | [f] | |
Х | х | [χ] | |
Һ | һ | [h] | |
Ц | ц | [ts] | |
Ч | ч | [tɕ] | |
Ш | ш | [ʂ] | |
Щ | щ | [ɕɕ] | |
Ъ | ъ | [-] | |
Ы | ы | [ɯ], [ɨ] | |
Ь | ь | [ʲ] | |
Э | э | [ɪ̞], [e] | |
Ә | ә | [æ] | |
Ю | ю | [ju] | |
Я | я | [jɑ], [ja] |
Phonology[]
Vowels[]
Bashkir has nine native vowels, and three or four loaned vowels (mainly in Russian loanwords).[2]
Phonetically, the native vowels are approximately thus (with the Cyrillic letter followed by the usual Latin romanization in angle brackets):
Front | Back | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Spread | Rounded | Spread | Rounded | |
Close | и ⟨i⟩ [i] |
ү ⟨ü⟩ [y~ʉ] |
у ⟨u⟩ [u] | |
Mid | э, е ⟨e⟩ [ĕ~ɘ̆] |
ө ⟨ö⟩ [ø~ɵ] |
ы ⟨ı⟩ [ɤ̆~ʌ̆] |
о ⟨o⟩ [o] |
Open | ә ⟨ä⟩ [æ~a] |
а ⟨a⟩ [ɑ] |
The two mid unrounded vowels are always short, in an unstressed position they are frequently elided, as in кеше keşe [kĕˈʃĕ] > [kʃĕ] 'person', or ҡышы qışı [qɤ̆ˈʃɤ̆] > [qʃɤ̆] '(his) winter'.[2] Low back /ɑ/ is rounded [ɒ] in the first syllable and after [ɒ], but not in the last, as in бала bala [bɒˈlɑ] 'child', балаларға balalarğa [bɒlɒlɒrˈʁɑ] 'to children'.[2] In Russian loans there are also [ɨ], [ɛ], [ɔ] and [ä], written the same as the native vowels: ы, е/э, о, а respectively.[2] The mid vowels may be transcribed as lowered near-high [ɪ̞, ʏ̞, ɯ̞, ʊ̞].
Historical shifts[]
Historically, the Old Turkic mid vowels have raised from mid to high, whereas the Old Turkic high vowels have become the Bashkir reduced mid series. (The same shifts have also happened in Tatar.)[3]
Vowel | Old Turkic | Tatar | Bashkir | Gloss |
---|---|---|---|---|
*e | *et | it | it | 'meat' |
*ö | *söz | süz | hüź [hyð] | 'word' |
*o | *sol | sul | hul | 'left' |
*i | *it | et | et | 'dog' |
*ï | *qïz | qëz [qɤ̆z] | qëź [qɤ̆θ] | 'girl' |
*u | *qum | qom | qom | 'sand' |
*ü | *kül | köl | köl | 'ash' |
Consonants[]
Labial | Labio- velar |
Dental | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasals | м ⟨m⟩ /m/ |
н ⟨n⟩ /n/ |
ң ⟨ñ⟩ /ŋ/ |
||||||
Plosives | Voiceless | п ⟨p⟩ /p/ |
т ⟨t⟩ /t/ |
к ⟨k⟩ /c/ |
к ⟨k⟩ /k/* |
ҡ ⟨q⟩ /q/ |
ь/ъ ⟨’⟩ /ʔ/* | ||
Voiced | б ⟨b⟩ /b/ |
д ⟨d⟩ /d/ |
г ⟨g⟩ /ɟ/ |
г ⟨g⟩ /ɡ/* |
|||||
Affricates | Voiceless | ц ⟨ts⟩ /ts/* |
ч ⟨ç⟩ /tɕ/* |
||||||
Fricatives | Voiceless | ф ⟨f⟩ /f/* |
ҫ ⟨ś⟩ /θ/ |
х ⟨x⟩ /χ/ |
һ ⟨h⟩ /h/ | ||||
Voiced | в ⟨v⟩ /v/* |
ҙ ⟨ź⟩ /ð/ |
ғ ⟨ğ⟩ /ʁ/ |
||||||
Sibilants | Voiceless | с ⟨s⟩ /s/ |
ш ⟨ş⟩ /ʃ/ |
||||||
Voiced | з ⟨z⟩ /z/ |
ж ⟨j⟩ /ʒ/ |
|||||||
Trill | р ⟨r⟩ /r/ |
||||||||
Approximants | у/ү/в ⟨w⟩ /w~ɥ/ |
л ⟨l⟩ /l/ |
й ⟨y⟩ /j/ |
- Notes
- ^* The phonemes /f/, /v/, /ts/, /tɕ/, /k/, /ɡ/, /ʔ/ are found only in loanwords except that /ʔ/ also occurs in a few native onomatopoeic words.
- /θ, ð/ are dental [θ, ð], and /r/ is apical alveolar [r̺]. The exact place of articulation of the other dental/alveolar consonants is unclear.
Grammar[]
A member of the Turkic language family, Bashkir is an agglutinative, SOV language.[2][4] A large part of the Bashkir vocabulary has Turkic roots; and there are many loan words in Bashkir from Russian, Arabic and Persian sources.
Declension of nouns[]
Case | father | mother | child | dog | cat | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Singular | Nominative | ата ata | әсәй äsäy | бала bala | эт et | бесәй besäy |
Genitive | атаның atanıñ | әсәйҙең äsäyźeñ | баланың balanıñ | эттең etteñ | бесәйҙең besäyźeñ | |
Dative | атаға atağa | әсәйгә äsäygä | балаға balağa | эткә etkä | бесәйгә besäygä | |
Accusative | атаны atanı | әсәйҙе äsäyźe | баланы balanı | этте ette | бесәйҙе besäyźe | |
Locative | атала atala | әсәйҙә äsäyźä | балала balala | эттә että | бесәйҙә besäyźä | |
Ablative | атанан atanan | әсәйҙән äsäyźän | баланан balanan | эттән ettän | бесәйҙән besäyźän | |
Plural | Nominative | аталар atalar | әсәйҙәр äsäyźär | балалар balalar | эттәр ettär | бесәйҙәр besäyźär |
Genitive | аталарҙың atalarźıñ | әсәйҙәрҙең äsäyźärźeñ | балаларҙың balalarźıñ | эттәрҙең ettärźeñ | бесәйҙәрҙең besäyźärźeñ | |
Dative | аталарға atalarğa | әсәйҙәргә äsäyźärgä | балаларға balalarğa | эттәргә ettärgä | бесәйҙәргә besäyźärgä | |
Accusative | аталарҙы atalarźı | әсәйҙәрҙе äsäyźärźe | балаларҙы balalarźı | эттәрҙе ettärźe | бесәйҙәрҙе besäyźärźe | |
Locative | аталарҙа atalarźa | әсәйҙәрҙә äsäyźärźä | балаларҙа balalarźa | эттәрҙә ettärźä | бесәйҙәрҙә besäyźärźä | |
Ablative | аталарҙан atalarźan | әсәйҙәрҙән äsäyźärźän | балаларҙан balalarźan | эттәрҙән ettärźän | бесәйҙәрҙән besäyźärźän |
Declension of pronouns[]
Interrogative pronouns | Personal pronouns | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case | who | what | Singular | Plural | |||||
I | you (thou) | he, she, it | we | you | they | ||||
Nominative | кем kem |
нимә nimä |
мин min |
һин hin |
ул ul |
беҙ beź |
һеҙ heź |
улар ular | |
Genitive | кемдең kemdeñ |
нимәнең nimäneñ |
минең mineñ |
һинең hineñ |
уның unıñ |
беҙҙең beźźeñ |
һеҙҙең heźźeñ |
уларҙың ularźıñ | |
Dative | кемгә kemgä |
нимәгә nimägä |
миңә miñä |
һиңә hiñä |
уға uğa |
беҙгә beźgä |
һеҙгә heźgä |
уларға ularğa | |
Accusative | кемде kemde |
нимәне nimäne |
мине mine |
һине hine |
уны unı |
беҙҙе beźźe |
һеҙҙе heźźe |
уларҙы ularźı | |
Locative | кемдә kemdä |
нимәлә nimälä |
миндә mindä |
һиндә hindä |
унда unda |
беҙҙә beźźä |
һеҙҙә heźźä |
уларҙа ularźa | |
Ablative | кемдән kemdän |
нимәнән nimänän |
минән minän |
һинән hinän |
унан unan |
беҙҙән beźźän |
һеҙҙән heźźän |
уларҙан ularźan |
Case | Singular | Plural | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
this | that | these | those | |||||
Nominative | был bıl |
ошо oşo |
шул şul |
теге tege |
былар bılar |
ошолар oşolar |
шулар şular |
тегеләр tegelär |
Genitive | бының bınıñ |
ошоноң oşonoñ |
шуның şunıñ |
тегенең tegeneñ |
быларҙың bılarźıñ |
ошоларҙың oşolarźıñ |
шуларҙың şularźıñ |
тегеләрҙең tegelärźeñ |
Dative | быға bığa |
ошоға oşoğa |
шуға şuğa |
тегегә tegegä |
быларға bılarğa |
ошоларға oşolarğa |
шуларға şularğa |
тегеләргә tegelärgä |
Accusative | быны bını |
ошоно oşona |
шуны şunı |
тегене tegene |
быларҙы bılarźı |
ошоларҙы oşolarźı |
шуларҙы şularźı |
тегеләрҙе tegelärźe |
Locative | бында bında |
ошонда oşonda |
шунда şunda |
тегендә tegenda |
быларҙа bılarźa |
ошоларҙа oşolarźa |
шуларҙа şularźa |
тегеләрҙә tegelärźä |
Ablative | бынан bınan |
ошонан oşonan |
шунан şunan |
тегенән tegenän |
быларҙан bılarźan |
ошоларҙан oşolarźan |
шуларҙан şularźan |
тегеләрҙән tegelärźän |
References[]
- ^ Bashkir at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Berta, Árpád (1998). "Tatar and Bashkir". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). The Turkic languages. Routledge. pp. 283–300.
- ^ Johanson, Lars (1998). "The History of Turkic". In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). The Turkic languages. Routledge. p. 92.
- ^ "Overview of the Bashkir Language". Learn the Bashkir Language & Culture. Transparent Language. Retrieved 4 Nov 2011.
Further reading[]
- Poppe, Nicholas (1997) [1964]. Bashkir Manual. Routledge. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-7007-0836-9.
- Грамматика современного башкирского литературного языка (in Russian). Москва: Наука. 1981.
- Дмитриев, Н. К. (1948). Грамматика башкирского языка (in Russian). Из-во АН СССР.
External links[]
![]() |
Bashkir edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
![]() |
For a list of words relating to Bashkir language, see the Bashkir language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
![]() |
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Bashkir phrasebook. |
- Bashkir language
- Agglutinative languages
- Subject–object–verb languages
- Kipchak languages
- Languages of Kazakhstan
- Vowel-harmony languages
- Languages written in Cyrillic script