Voiced velar plosive

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Because of technical restrictions the symbol for the voiced velar stop might be rendered as ' ꞬMSReferenceSansSerif.png' (resembles letter 'Y') instead of a single-storey lower-case g on your system.
Voiced velar plosive
ɡ
IPA Number110
Encoding
Entity (decimal)ɡ
Unicode (hex)U+0261
X-SAMPAg
Braille⠛ (braille pattern dots-1245)
Audio sample
0:00
source · help

The voiced velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages.

Some languages have the voiced pre-velar plosive,[1] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as front as the prototypical palatal plosive.

Conversely, some languages have the voiced post-velar plosive,[2] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of the prototypical velar plosive, though not as back as the prototypical uvular plosive.

IPA symbol[]

The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɡ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is g. Strictly, the IPA symbol is the so-called single-storey G Opentail g.svg, but the double-storey G Looptail g.svg is considered an acceptable alternative. The Unicode character U+0067 g LATIN SMALL LETTER G renders as either a single-storey G or a double-storey G depending on font; the character U+0261 ɡ LATIN SMALL LETTER SCRIPT G is always a single-storey G, but it is generally available only in fonts with the IPA Extensions Unicode character block.

Features[]

Features of the voiced velar stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a plosive.
  • Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence[]

Of the six stops that would be expected from the most common pattern worldwide—that is, three places of articulation plus voicing ([p b, t d, k ɡ])—[p] and [ɡ] are the most frequently missing, being absent in about 10% of languages that otherwise have this pattern. Absent stop [p] is an areal feature (see also Voiceless bilabial stop). Missing [ɡ], on the other hand, is widely scattered around the world, for example /ɡ/ is not a native phoneme of Belarusian, Dutch, Czech, Finnish or Slovak and occurs only in borrowed words in those languages. A few languages, such as Modern Standard Arabic and part of the Levantine dialects (e.g. Lebanese and Syrian), are missing both, although most Modern Arabic dialects have /ɡ/ in their native phonemic systems as a reflex of ⟨ق⟩ or less commonly of ⟨ج⟩.

It seems that [ɡ] is somewhat more difficult to articulate than the other basic stops. Ian Maddieson speculates that this may be due to a physical difficulty in voicing velars: Voicing requires that air flow into the mouth cavity, and the relatively small space allowed by the position of velar consonants means that it will fill up with air quickly, making voicing difficult to maintain in [ɡ] for as long as it is in [d] or [b]. This could have two effects: [ɡ] and [k] might become confused, and the distinction is lost, or perhaps a [ɡ] never develops when a language first starts making voicing distinctions. With uvulars, where there is even less space between the glottis and tongue for airflow, the imbalance is more extreme: Voiced [ɢ] is much rarer than voiceless [q].[3]

Many Indo-Aryan languages, such as Hindustani, have a two-way contrast between aspirated and plain [ɡ].

Examples[]

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Abkhaz ажыга/ažyga [aˈʐəɡa] 'shovel' See Abkhaz phonology
Adyghe Shapsug гьэгуалъэ/g'ègwal"è About this sound[ɡʲaɡʷaːɬa] (help·info) 'toy' Dialectal. Corresponds to [d͡ʒ] in other dialects.
Temirgoy чъыгы/ č"ygy About this sound[t͡ʂəɡə] (help·info) 'tree' Dialectal. Corresponds to [ɣ] in other dialects.
Albanian gomar [ˈɡomaɾ] 'donkey'
Arabic[4] Moroccan أݣادير/'agaadiir [ʔaɡaːdiːr] 'Agadir'
Tunisian ڨفصة‎/gafs'a About this sound[ɡɑfsˤɑ] 'Gafsa' ⟨ڨ⟩ is also used in Algeria
Hejazi قمر‎/gamar [ɡamar] 'moon' Corresponds to [q] in Classical and Modern Standard Arabic.
Najdi [ɡəmar]
Sa'idi [ɡɑmɑr]
Yemeni قال‎/gaal [gæːl] '(he) said' Pronunciation of ⟨ق⟩ in San'ani dialect in the North and Center and Hadhrami in the East
جمل‎/gamal [gæmæl] 'camel' Pronunciation of ⟨ج⟩ in Ta'izzi-Adeni dialects in the South and Tihami in the West
Egyptian راجل‎/raagel [ˈɾɑːɡel] 'man' Standard pronunciation of ⟨ج⟩ in Egypt and corresponds to /dʒ/, /ʒ/ or /ɟ/ in other pronunciations.
Armenian Eastern[5] գանձ/ganç About this sound[ɡɑndz] (help·info) 'treasure'
Assyrian ܓܢܐ ɡana‎ [ɡaːna] 'self' Used predominantly in Urban Koine. Corresponds to [dʒ] in Urmia, some Tyari and Jilu dialects.
Azerbaijani qara [ɡɑɾɑ] 'black'
Basque galdu [ɡaldu] 'lose'
Bengali গান/gan [ɡan] 'song' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Bengali phonology
Bulgarian гора/gora [ɡora] 'wood' See Bulgarian phonology
Catalan[6] gros [ɡɾɔs] 'large' See Catalan phonology
Chinese Southern Min 我/ góa [ɡua] 'I' Only in colloquial speech.
Wu 狂/ woã [ɡuɑ̃] 'crazy'
Xiang 共/ wong [ɡoŋ] 'together'
Chechen говр/govr [ɡovr] 'horse'
Czech gram [ɡram] 'gram' See Czech phonology
Dutch All dialects zakdoek About this sound[ˈzɑɡduk] (help·info) 'tissue' Allophone of /k/, occurring only before voiced consonants in native words. See Dutch phonology
Standard[7]
Many speakers goal About this sound[ɡoːɫ] (help·info) 'goal' Only in loanwords. Some speakers may realize it as [ɣ] ~ [ʝ] ~ [χ] ~ [x] (like a normal Dutch ⟨g⟩), or as [k].
Amelands goëd [ɡuə̯t] 'good'
English gaggle About this sound[ˈɡæɡɫ̩] 'gaggle' See English phonology
Esperanto bongusta [bonˈgusta] 'tasty' See Esperanto phonology
Filipino gulo [ɡulɔ] 'commotion'
French[8] gain [ɡɛ̃] 'earnings' See French phonology
Georgian[9] გული/guli [ˈɡuli] 'heart'
German Lüge [ˈlyːɡə] 'lie' See Standard German phonology
Greek γκάρισμα / gkárisma [ˈɡɐɾizmɐ] 'donkey's bray' See Modern Greek phonology
Gujarati ગાવું/gāvu [gaːʋʊ̃] 'to sing' See Gujarati phonology
Hebrew גב/gav [ɡav] 'back' See Modern Hebrew phonology
Hindustani गाना / گانا‎ [ɡɑːnɑː] 'song' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian engedély [ɛŋɡɛdeːj] 'permission' See Hungarian phonology
Irish gaineamh [ˈɡanʲəw] 'sand' See Irish phonology
Italian[10] gare [ˈɡäːre] 'competitions' [g] is represented by letter G when followed by vowels [a], [o] [u], while when in front of vowels [i], [e] and [ɛ], the pronunciation changes to d͡ʒ, for the phoneme [g] to appear on the vowels [i], [e] and [ɛ], the GH digraph is used.
Japanese[11] 外套 / gaitō [ɡaitoː] 'overcoat' See Japanese phonology
Kabardian Baslaney гьанэ/ k'anė About this sound[ɡʲaːna] (help·info) 'shirt' Dialectal. Corresponds to [dʒ] in other dialects.
Kagayanen[12] kalag [kað̞aɡ] 'spirit'
Korean 메기 / megi [meɡi] 'catfish' See Korean phonology
Lithuanian garai [ɡɐrɐɪ̯ˑ] 'steam' See Lithuanian phonology
Luxembourgish[13] agepack [ˈɑɡəpaːk] [translation
needed]		 More often voiceless [k].[13] See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonian гром/grom [ɡrɔm] 'thunder' See Macedonian phonology
Malay guni [ɡuni] 'sack'
Marathi गवत [ɡəʋət] 'grass' See Marathi phonology
Nepali गाउँ [ɡä̃ũ̯] 'village' Contrasts with aspirated form. See Nepali phonology
Norwegian gull [ɡʉl] 'gold' See Norwegian phonology
Odia ଗଛ/gacha [ɡɔtʃʰɔ] 'tree' Contrasts with aspirated form.
Persian گوشت/gušt [guʃt] 'meat'
Polish[14] gmin About this sound[ɡmʲin̪] (help·info) 'plebs' See Polish phonology
Portuguese[15] língua [ˈɫĩɡwɐ] 'tongue' See Portuguese phonology
Punjabi ਗਾਂ/gaa [ɡɑ̃ː] 'cow'
Romanian[16] gând [ɡɨnd] 'thought' See Romanian phonology
Russian[17] голова/golova About this sound[ɡəɫɐˈva] (help·info) 'head' See Russian phonology
Serbo-Croatian[18] гост / gost [gȏ̞ːs̪t̪] 'guest' See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Slovak miazga [ˈmjäzɡä] 'lymph' See Slovak phonology
Somali gaabi [ɡaːbi] 'to shorten' See Somali phonology
Spanish[19] gato [ˈɡät̪o̞] 'cat' See Spanish phonology
Swahili giza [ˈɡīzɑ] 'darkness' See Swahili phonology
Swedish god [ɡuːd̪] 'tasty' May be an approximant in casual speech. See Swedish phonology
Turkish salgın [säɫˈɡɯn] 'epidemic' See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[20] ґанок/g̀anok [ˈɡɑn̪ok] 'porch' See Ukrainian phonology
Welsh gwyn [ɡwɪn] or [ɡwɨ̞n] 'white' See Welsh phonology
West Frisian gasp [ɡɔsp] 'buckle' (n.) See West Frisian phonology
Yi ꈨ / gge [ɡɤ˧] 'hear'
Zapotec Tilquiapan[21] gan [ɡaŋ] 'will be able' Depending on speaker and carefulness of speech, [ɡ] may be lenited to [ɣ]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
  2. ^ Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
  3. ^ WALS Online : Chapter 5 – Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems Archived 2012-04-27 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Watson (2002), pp. 16–17.
  5. ^ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 13.
  6. ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  7. ^ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  8. ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
  9. ^ Shosted & Chikovani (2006), p. 255.
  10. ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 117.
  11. ^ Okada (1999), p. 117.
  12. ^ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  14. ^ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  15. ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
  16. ^ DEX Online : [1]
  17. ^ Padgett (2003), p. 42.
  18. ^ Landau et al. (1999), p. 66.
  19. ^ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 255.
  20. ^ Danyenko & Vakulenko (1995), p. 4.
  21. ^ Merrill (2008), p. 108.

References[]

  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618
  • Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223
  • Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 978-3-929075-08-3
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X
  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-631-19815-4.
  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-521-63751-0
  • Olson, Kenneth; Mielke, Jeff; Sanicas-Daguman, Josephine; Pebley, Carol Jean; Paterson, Hugh J., III (2010), "The phonetic status of the (inter)dental approximant", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 199–215, doi:10.1017/S0025100309990296
  • Padgett, Jaye (2003), "Contrast and Post-Velar Fronting in Russian", Natural Language & Linguistic Theory, 21 (1): 39–87, doi:10.1023/A:1021879906505, S2CID 13470826
  • Rogers, Derek; d'Arcangeli, Luciana (2004), "Italian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 117–121, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001628
  • Shosted, Ryan K.; Chikovani, Vakhtang (2006), "Standard Georgian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (2): 255–264, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002659
  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232
  • Watson, Janet (2002), The Phonology and Morphology of Arabic, New York: Oxford University Press
  • Landau, Ernestina; Lončarića, Mijo; Horga, Damir; Škarić, Ivo (1999), "Croatian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 66–69, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0

External links[]

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