International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects

This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

This chart shows the most common applications of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) to represent English language pronunciations.

See Pronunciation respelling for English for phonetic transcriptions used in different dictionaries.

AmE, American English
AuE, Australian English
BahE, Bahamian English
BarE, Barbadian English
CaE, Canadian English
CIE, Channel Island English
EnE, English English
FiE, Fiji English
InE, Indian English
IrE, Irish English
NZE, New Zealand English
PaE, Palauan English
ScE, Scottish English
SIE, Solomon Islands English
SAE, South African English
SSE, Standard Singapore English
WaE, Welsh English

Chart[]

This chart gives a partial system of diaphonemes for English. The symbols for the diaphonemes are given in bold, followed by their most common phonetic values. For the vowels, a separate phonetic value is given for each major dialect, and words used to name corresponding lexical sets are also given. The diaphonemes and lexical sets given here are based on RP and General American; they are not sufficient to express all of the distinctions found in other dialects, such as Australian English.

English consonants
Dia- phoneme^[1]	Phones	Examples
p	pʰ, p	pen, spin, tip
b	b, b̥	but, web
t	tʰ, t, ɾ, ʔ^[2]	two, sting, bet
d	d, d̥, ɾ^[3]	do, daddy, odd
tʃ	tʃʰ, tʃ	chair, nature, teach
dʒ	dʒ, d̥ʒ̊	gin, joy, edge
k	kʰ, k	cat, kill, skin, queen, unique, thick
ɡ	ɡ, ɡ̊	go, get, beg
f	f	fool, enough, leaf, off, photo
v	v, v̥	voice, have, of, verve
θ	θ, t̪, f^[4]	thing, teeth
ð	ð, ð̥, d̪, v^[5]	this, breathe, father
s	s	see, city, pass
z	z, z̥	zoo, rose
ʃ	ʃ	she, sure, session, emotion, leash
ʒ	ʒ, ʒ̊	genre, pleasure, beige, equation, seizure
h	h, ɦ,^[6] ç^[7]	ham, hue
m	m, ɱ^[8]	man, ham
n	n	no, tin
ŋ	ŋ	ringer, sing,^[9] finger, drink
l	l, ɫ,^[10] l̥, ɫ̥,^[11] ɤ, o,^[12]	left, bell, sable, please
r	ɹʷ, ɹ, ɾ,^[13] r,^[14] ɻ, ɹ̥ʷ, ɹ̥, ɾ̥, ɻ̊,^[11] ʋ^[15]	run, very, probably
w	w, ʍ^[11]	we, queen
j	j	yes, nyala
hw	ʍ, w^[16]	what
Marginal consonants
x	x, χ, k, kʰ, h, ɦ, ç	loch (Scottish),^[17] ugh^[18]
ʔ	ʔ	uh-oh
ɬ	ɬ, l^[19]	Llangefni

English vowels and diphthongs
Dia- phoneme^[1]	AmE															AuE^[20]^[21]			BahE	BarE	CaE^[22]	CIE	EnE					FiE	InE^[23]	IrE^[24]								NZE^[25]^[26]			PaE	ScE^[27]	SIE	SAE^[28]^[29]			SSE	WaE^[30]			Keyword	Examples
	AAVE		Boston accent		Cajun English	General American^[31]^[32]^[25]	Inland Northern American English	Mid-Atlantic accent	Mid-Atlantic American English	New York accent			Southern American English			AuE^[20]^[21]							Cockney	Geordie	RP^[33]^[34]		Scouse			Ulster English				West & South-West Ireland English	Dublin English		Supraregional southern Irish English	NZE^[25]^[26]						SAE^[28]^[29]				Abercraf English	Port Talbot English	Cardiff English
	Non-Rhotic	Rhotic	Older	Younger	Cajun English	General American^[31]^[32]^[25]	Inland Northern American English	Mid-Atlantic accent	Mid-Atlantic American English	Non-Rhotic	Older	Rhotic	Older	Non-Rhotic	Rhotic	Cultivated	General	Broad					Cockney	Geordie	Conservative	Contemporary	Scouse			Belfast	Mid-Ulster	traditional	Ulster Scots	West & South-West Ireland English	Local Dublin English	New Dublin English	Supraregional southern Irish English	Cultivated	General	Broad				Cultivated	General	Broad		Abercraf English	Port Talbot English	Cardiff English
æ	ɛː~ɛə̯~eə̯		eə̯~ɛə̯^[35]		æ	eə̯~ɛə̯~æ^[35]	eə̯~ɪə̯	æ	æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯^[35]	ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯^[35]			æɛæ~eə	eə̯~æjə^[35]		æː^[36]	aː~æː^[36]	æː~ɛː^[36]	æ~a	a	æ~ɛə̯^[35]	æ	æ~ɛ~ɛɪ	a	æ	a	a	æ	æ~ɛ	äː~a				æ		a	æ~a	æ	ɛ	ɛ̝	æ	ä	ɑ~æ	æ	a~æ	æ~ɛ~e̞	ɛ^[37]	a	aː^[36]	aː~æː^[36]	TRAP	ham
	æ~ɛː~ɛə̯		æ~ɛə̯	æ~ɛə̯		æ			æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯^[35]	ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯^[35]			æ~æɛæ~ɐɛɐ	æ~æjə~æ̠ɛæ̠		æː^[36]	aː~æː^[36]	æː~ɛː^[36]			æ~a		æ~ɛ~ɛɪ																										aː^[36]	aː~æː^[36]		bad
			æ~ɛə̯						æ	æ, ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯^[35]			æ~æɛæ~ɐɛɐ			æ	a~æ	æ~ɛ					æ~ɛ																										a	a~æ		lad
ɑː / æ			ä~a					a	æə̯~ɛə̯~eə̯^[35]	ɛə̯~eə̯~ɪə̯^[35]			æɛ~æe			äː	äː~ɐː			aː		ɑː			ɑ̟ː			a~ɑ	äː					æː~aː		aː		ɐː~äː					ɑ	ɑ̟ː	ɑː	ɒː~ɔː	ä^[38]		a	a~æ	BATH	pass
ɑː	a~ä~ɑ		ä~a	a~ä	ɑ	ɑ~ä	a~ä	ɑː	ɑ	ɑ~ä			ɑ			äː	äː~ɐː		ɑ	aː	ɒ~ɑ	ɑː		ɒː~ɑː	ɑ̟ː		aː~ɑː	aː	äː	äː~ɑː				æː~aː		aː		ɐː~äː			ɑː		ɑː	ɑ̟ː	ɑː	ɒː~ɔː	ä^[38]	aː		aː~æː	PALM	father
ɒ	a~ä~ɑ		ɒ~ɑ		ɑ	ɑ~ä	a~ä	ɒ	ɑ	ɑ~ä			ɑ			ɒ	ɒ~ɔ		ɑ	ɒ~ɑ		ɒ	ɒ~ɔ	ɒ	ɒ	ɔ	ɒ	ɔ	ɔ~ɒ~ä	ɒ~ɑ~ä		äː	ɔː	ä		ɑ~ɒ~ɔ	ɑ	ɒ~ɔ			ɑ	ɔ		ɒ̈	ɒ̈~ʌ̈	ɒ̈	ɔ	ɒ		ɑ̟	LOT	not
ɒ / ɔː	ɒ(ɔ̯)~ɔ(ʊ̯)				a	ɒ~ɔ~ɑ^[39]	ɒ~ɑ	ɒ	ɔə̯~ɒ̝ə̯	ɔə̯~oə̯~ʊə̯			ɔo̯~ɑɒ̯	ɑɒ̯~ɑ		ɒ	ɒ~ɔ		ɔ	ɒː		ɒː	ɒ~ɔ	ɒ	o̞ː	ɔ	ɒ		ɔ~ɒ~ä	ɒː				aː~ä		ɔː	ɒ	ɒ~ɔ						ɒ̈, o̞ː	ɒ̈~ʌ̈, oː	ɒ̈, oː		ɒ		ɑ̟	CLOTH	off^[40]
ɔː								ɔː								o̞ː	oː			ɒː~ɑː		oː~ɔː	ɔː~ɔ̝ə~ɔuə	ɔː		oː	o̞ː		ɔː~ɒː							ɒː~ɔː~oː	ɒː	oː						o̞ː	oː			ɒː		ʌ̈ː	THOUGHT	law
ɔː								ɔː								o̞ː	oː			ɒː~ɑː		oː~ɔː	oː~oʊ~ɔo	ɔː		oː	o̞ː		ɔː~ɒː							ɒː~ɔː~oː	ɒː	oː						o̞ː	oː			ɒː		ʌ̈ː	THOUGHT	pause
ə	ə																						ə~ɐ		ə			ɐ~a	ə										ə		ə		ə~ɐ	ə		ə^[41]	ə				COMMA	about
ɪ	ɪ~iə̯		ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈		ɪ	ɪ̞	ɪ~ɪ̈						ɪ	ɪ~ɪjə~iə̯		ɪ	ɪ~i	i	ɪ	ɪ					ɪ	ɪ̞	ɪ			ɪ̈~ë		ə~ɘ	ɛ	ɪ				ɪ̈			ɪ	ɪ~ë̞~ə~ʌ	ɪ	ɪ	ɪ̈ ^[41]	ə^[41]	ɪ~i	ɪ		ɪ̞	KIT	bit
ɪ	ɪ~iə̯		ɪ~ɪ̞~ɪ̈		ɪ	ɪ̞	ɪ~ɪ̈						ɪ	ɪ~ɪjə~iə̯		ɪ	ɪ~i	i		ɪ						ɪ̞	ɪ			ɪ̈~ë		ə~ɘ	ɛ	ɪ				ɪ̈			ɪ	ɪ~ë̞~ə~ʌ	ɪ		ɪ^[41]	i^[41]	ɪ~i	ɪ		ɪ̞	KIT	kit
i	i				ɪ~i	ɪi̯~i		ɪ~ɪ̈	i	ɪi̯~i			ɪ			ɪi̯	ɪi̯~əi̯			iː	i	iː~i	i			ɪi̯	i	i	iː	e				iː				ɪi̯	ɪi̯~əi̯		i	e~ɪ~i	i		iː		i	iː			HAPPY	city
iː	i				i	ɪi̯~i		iː	i	ɪi̯~i			iː~ɪi	ɪi̯~i		ɪi̯	ɪi̯~əi̯		ɪi̯~i	iː	ɪi̯	ɪi̯~iː	əi~ɐi	iː, ei̯	ɪi̯	ɪi̯	iː, ɪ̈i̯ ~ ɪ̈ɪ̯	i	iː	iː		ɪi̯	iː	iː				ɪi̯	ɪi̯~əi̯		i	i	i	iː	iː		i	iː			FLEECE	see
eɪ	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯		eɪ̯		eː	eɪ̯~e	eɪ̯			eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯			ɛɪ~ei	ɛi̯~æ̠i̯		ɛɪ̯	æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	ɐɪ̯~äɪ̯	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯	eɪ̯~eː~ɛ	eɪ̯		æɪ~aɪ	eː~eɪ̯~ɪə̯	e̞ɪ̯	ɛɪ̯	eɪ̯	eː		eː~ɪː, eə̯~ɪə̯				eː	eː~eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯			ɛɪ̯	æe̯~ɐe̯	ɐe̯	eɪ̯~eː	e	eɪ̯~eː	eɪ̯	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~æɪ̯	æɪ̯~äɪ̯~ʌɪ̯	e^[42]	eː		ei̯	FACE	date
eɪ	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯		eɪ̯		eː	eɪ̯~e	eɪ̯			eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯			ɛɪ~ei	ɛi̯~æ̠i̯		ɛɪ̯	æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	ɐɪ̯~äɪ̯	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯	eɪ̯~eː~ɛ	eɪ̯		æɪ~aɪ	eː~eɪ̯~ɪə̯	e̞ɪ̯	ɛɪ̯	eɪ̯	eː		eː~ɪː, eə̯~ɪə̯				eː	eː~eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯			ɛɪ̯	æe̯~ɐe̯	ɐe̯	eɪ̯~eː	e	eɪ̯~eː	eɪ̯	eɪ̯~ɛɪ̯~æɪ̯	æɪ̯~äɪ̯~ʌɪ̯	e^[42]	eɪ̯		ei̯	FACE	day
ɛ	ɛ~eə̯		ɛ		ɛ~æ	ɛ	ɛ~ɜ	ɛ~e	ɛ				ɛ~eiə	ɛ~ɛjə		e̞	e̞~e	e~e̝	ɛ				e, eɪ~eə~ɛɪ	ɛ	e̞	ɛ				ɛ̝ə̯	ɛ							e̞	e~e̝	e̝	ɛ			e̞	e~e̝		ɛ, e^[43]	ɛ			DRESS	bed^[44]
	ɪ~iə̯				ɪ									ɪ~ɪjə~iə̯																																	ɛ					pen
	ɪ~iə̯				i									ɪ~ɪjə~iə̯																																	ɛ					length
ʌ	ʌ~ɜ		ʌ~ɐ		ʌ	ʌ~ɜ~ɐ	ʌ~ɔ	ɐ	ʌ	ʌ̈			ɜ			ä~ɐ			ʌ		ʌ~ɜ~ɐ	ʌ~ɔ	ɐ̟~a	ʊ̞~ɤ	ɐ	ɜ~ʌ̟~ɑ̟^[45]	ʊ	ʌ~ɐ	ə~ɜ~ɐ	ɞ~ʌ̈				ʌ̈~ʊ	ʊ	ɤ~ʊ	ʌ̈~ʊ	ɐ~ä			ʌ	ʌ~ɐ		ɐ~ä			ä	ə~ɜ			STRUT	run
ʊ	ʊ~ɵ~ø̞		ʊ			ʊ̞	ʊ						ʊ̈~ʏ			ʊ	ʊ~u	u	ʊ				ʊ, ʊ̈		ʊ	ɵ	ʊ	ʊ		ʉ			ʊ̈	ʊ	ʊ	ʊ		ʊ~ʊ̈			ʊ	ʉ	ʊ	ʊ~ɵ			ʊ~u	ʊ		ɘ	FOOT	put
ʊ	ʊ~ɵ~ø̞		ʊ			ʊ̞	ʊ						ʊ̈~ʏ			ʊ	ʊ~u	u	ʊ				ʊ, ʊ̈		ʊ	ɵ	ʉː~ʊ	ʊ						uː~ʊ				ʊ~ʊ̈			ʊ		ʊ	ʊ~ɵ			ʊ~u	ʊ		ɘ	FOOT	hood
uː	ʊu̯~u		u~ʊu̯~ɵu̯		u	u̟~ʊu̯~ʉu̯~ɵu̯	u~ɵu̯	uː	ʉu̯	u~ʊu̯~ɤʊ̯~ɤu̯			ʊu~ɵu~ʊ̈y~ʏy~ʉ̞u̟			ʊu̯	ʊ̈ʉ̯	ʊ̈ʉ̯~əʉ̯	ʉː	uː	ʉu̯	uː~ʉ	əʉ~ʉː~ɨː~ʊː	u̟ː~ʉː,ɵʊ̯	ʊu̯	ʊ̈ʉ̯	ʉː, ɪ̈u̯~ɪ̈ʊ̯	u	uː					uː				ʊ̈ʉ̯			u		u	u̟ː	ʉː~yː	ʉː	u	uː			GOOSE	through
uː	ʊu̯~u		u~ʊu̯~ɵu̯			u̟~ʊu̯~ʉu̯~ɵu̯	u~ɵu̯	uː	ʉu̯	u~ʊu̯~ɤʊ̯~ɤu̯			ʊu~ɵu~ʊ̈y~ʏy~ʉ̞u̟			ʊu̯	ʊ̈ʉ̯	ʊ̈ʉ̯~əʉ̯	ʉː	uː	ʉu̯	uː~ʉ	əʉ~ʉː~ɨː~ʊː	u̟ː~ʉː,ɵʊ̯	ʊu̯	ʊ̈ʉ̯	ʉː, ɪ̈u̯~ɪ̈ʊ̯	u	uː					uː				ʊ̈ʉ̯			u		u	u̟ː	ʉː~yː	ʉː	u	ɪu̯^[46]				threw
juː	(j)ʊu̯~(j)u		(j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɵu̯			(j)u̟~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ʉu̯~(j)ɵu̯	(j)u~(j)ɵu̯	juː	(j)ʉu̯	(j)u~(j)ʊu̯~(j)ɤʊ̯~(j)ɤu̯			jʊu~jɵu~jʊ̈y~jʏy~jʉ̞u̟	(j)ʊu~(j)ɵu~(j)ʊ̈y~(j)ʏy~(j)ʉ̞u̟		jʊu̯	jʊ̈ʉ̯	jʊ̈ʉ̯~jəʉ̯	jʉː	juː	(j)ʉu̯	juː~jʉ	jəʉ~jʉː~jɨː~jʊː	ju̟ː~jʉː,jɵʊ̯	jʊu̯	jʊ̈ʉ̯	jʉː, jɪ̈u̯~jɪ̈ʊ̯	ju	juː	jʉ			jʊ̈	juː				jʊ̈ʉ̯			ju	jʉ	ju	ju̟ː	jʉː~jyː	jʉː	ju	ɪu̯^[46]				cute
aɪ	äɪ̯		ɐi̯^[47]		ɑɪ̯~aː	ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯^[47]		äɪ̯	ɐɪ̯	äɪ̯			ɐi~äɪ~äɛ			äɪ̯	ɑ̟e̯~ɑe̯	ɑe̯~ɒe̯	ɑɪ̯	ʌɪ̯	ʌɪ̯~ɜɪ̯~ɐɪ̯^[47]	aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯	ɑɪ~ɒɪ~ɑ̟ə~ɑ̟ː	äi̯	äɪ̯	ɑ̟ɪ̯	aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~aː	ɐe̯	äɪ̯	ɐi̯~ɜi̯^[47]				æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	əɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	ɑɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯	ɑ̟ɪ̯	ɑe̯	ɒe̯	ɑɪ̯	ɜi̯, äe̯	ɑɪ̯	äɪ̯	äɪ̯~äː	ɑɪ̯~ɑ̟ː	ai̯	ɐ̟ɪ̯	ɜɪ̯	ɜi̯	PRICE	flight
aɪ	äː~äe̯~aː		äɪ̯		ɑɪ̯~aː	äɪ̯	aɪ̯~ae̯~æɪ̯	äɪ̯	äɪ̯	ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯~äɪ̯			äː~äɛ			äɪ̯	ɑ̟e̯~ɑe̯	ɑe̯~ɒe̯	ɑɪ̯	ʌɪ̯	ɑɪ̯	aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~ɒɪ̯	ɑɪ~ɒɪ~ɑ̟ə~ɑ̟ː	äi̯	äɪ̯	ɑ̟ɪ̯	aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯~aː	ɐe̯	äɪ̯	äe̯~ɜi̯				æɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	əɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	ɑɪ̯~ɐɪ̯	aɪ̯~ɑɪ̯	ɑ̟ɪ̯	ɑe̯	ɒe̯	ɑɪ̯	ɜi̯, äe̯	ɑɪ̯	äɪ̯	äɪ̯~äː	ɑɪ̯~ɑ̟ː	ai̯	ɐ̟ɪ̯	ɜɪ̯	ɜi̯	PRICE	my
ɔɪ	oɪ̯		ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯		ɔɪ̯	ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯	ɔɪ̯		ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯				ɔoɪ	oi̯		o̞ɪ̯	oɪ̯		oɪ̯~ɑɪ̯	oɪ̯~ʌɪ̯	ɔɪ̯	ɔɪ̯~oɪ̯	ɔ̝ɪ~oɪ	oe̯	ɔɪ̯	oɪ̯	ɔɪ̯							əɪ̯~ɑɪ̯	aɪ̯~äɪ̯	ɒɪ̯~oɪ̯	ɒɪ̯	oɪ̯	oe̯		ɔɪ̯	oi̯	ɔɪ̯	ɔɪ̯~ɒɪ̯	ɔɪ̯		ɔi̯	ɔɪ̯	ɒɪ̯	ʌ̈i̯	CHOICE	boy
oʊ	ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯		oʊ̯~ɔʊ̯		oː	o̞ʊ̯~ʌʊ̯~ɔʊ̯~o̞	ʌo̯~oʊ̯~o	oʊ̯	ɘʊ̯~ɜʊ̯	oʊ̯~ʌ̈ʊ̯			ɔu~ɒu	ɜʊ~ɜʊ̈~ɜʏ		ɵ̞ʊ̯	ɜʉ̯~ɐʉ̯	ɐʉ̯~äʉ̯	oʊ̯~ɵʊ̯	oː~oə̯	oʊ̯	əʊ̯	æ̈ɤ̈~æ̈ɤ̝̈~ɐɤ̈~ɐɤ̝̈~ æ̈ʊ~ɐʊ~aʊ~ɐø~ œ̈ø~ʌ̈ː~œ̈	oː~ʊə̯~ɵː	əʊ̯	əʉ̯	ɛʉ̯~ɛʊ̯~eʉ̯~ eʊ̯~əʉ̯~əʊ̯	oː							ʌo̯~ʌɔ̯	əʊ̯	oʊ̯~əʊ̯	ɵʊ̯	ɜʉ̯~ɐʉ̯	ɐʉ̯	oː~oʊ̯	o̝	oː~oʊ̯	ɛʊ̯~œʊ̯	œʉ̯~œɤ̯̈~œː	ʌʊ̯	o^[42]	oː		ɘu̯	GOAT	no
									ɘʊ̯~ɜʊ̯					ɜʊ~ɜʊ̈~ɜʏ			ɜʉ̯~ɐʉ̯	ɐʉ̯~äʉ̯					æ̈ɤ̈~æ̈ɤ̝̈~ɐɤ̈~ɐɤ̝̈~ æ̈ʊ~ɐʊ~aʊ~ɐø~ œ̈ø~ʌ̈ː~œ̈			əʉ̯													ɜʉ̯~ɐʉ̯	ɐʉ̯								ou̯	oʊ̯			tow
									oː~oʊ̯					ɔu̯			ɒʊ̯~ɔʊ̯						ɒʊ~ɔo~aɤ			ɔʊ̯													ɔo̯									ou̯	oʊ̯			soul
aʊ	æɔ̯~æə̯		ɐʊ̯^[47]		aʊ̯~aː	aʊ̯~æʊ̯	äʊ̯~ɐʊ̯	ɑʊ̯	æʊ̯~ɛ��̯	aʊ̯~æʊ̯			æɒ~æɔ	æɒ̯~ɛjɔ		äʊ̯	aɔ̯~ao̯~æɔ̯~æo̯	æo̯~æə̯~ɛo̯~ɛə̯	ao̯~ɑə̯~aɵ~aɛ̯	ʌʊ̯	ʌʊ̯~ɜʊ̯^[47]	aʊ̯	æʊ~æə~æː~aː~æiə	äu̯~æu̯~ɛu̯~əu̯~uː	ɑ̟ʊ̯	aʊ̯		aɔ̯	äʊ̯	ɐʏ̯~ɜʉ̯				ɐʊ̯~ʌʊ̯	ɛʊ̯		aʊ̯~ɛʊ̯	aʊ̯	æo̯	ɛo̯~ɛə̯	ɑʊ̯	ɜʉ̯	ɑʊ̯	äʊ̯	äː	æʊ̯	au̯	ɐu̯	ɜʊ̯	ɑ̟u̯	MOUTH	about
aʊ	æɔ̯~æə̯		aʊ̯		aʊ̯~aː	aʊ̯~æʊ̯	äʊ̯~ɐʊ̯	ɑʊ̯	æʊ̯~ɛ��̯	aʊ̯~æʊ̯			æɒ~æɔ	æɒ̯~ɛjɔ		äʊ̯	aɔ̯~ao̯~æɔ̯~æo̯	æo̯~æə̯~ɛo̯~ɛə̯	ao̯~ɑə̯~aɵ~aɛ̯	ʌʊ̯	äʊ̯~ɑʊ̯	aʊ̯	æʊ~æə~æː~aː~æiə	äu̯~æu̯~ɛu̯~əu̯~uː	ɑ̟ʊ̯	aʊ̯		aɔ̯	äʊ̯	ɐʏ̯~ɜʉ̯				ɐʊ̯~ʌʊ̯	ɛʊ̯		aʊ̯~ɛʊ̯	aʊ̯	æo̯	ɛo̯~ɛə̯	ɑʊ̯	ɜʉ̯	ɑʊ̯	äʊ̯	äː	æʊ̯	au̯	ɐu̯	ɜʊ̯	ɑ̟u̯	MOUTH	now
ɑːr	ɑ(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ)	ɑɹ~ɒɹ	a(ɹ)~ä(ɹ)		ɑ(ɹ)~a(ɹ)	ɑɹ	äɻ~ɐɻ	ɑː(ɹ)	ɑɹ	ɒə̯(ɹ)	äə̯(ɹ)	ɑɹ~ɒɹ	ɑː(ɹ)~ɒː(ɹ)		ɑɹ~ɒɹ	äː(ɹ)	äː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)		ɑː(ɹ)	a��ɹ	ɑɹ~ɐɹ	ɑː(ɾ)	ɑː(ɹ)	ɒː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɹ)	ɑ̟ː(ɹ)		aː(ɾ)~ɑː(ɾ)	ɑː(ɹ)	äː(ɾ)	ɑɻ				æːɹ~aɹ		äːɹ~ɑɹ		ɐː(ɹ)~äː(ɹ)			ɑɹ	äɾ	ɑː(ɾ)	ɑ̟ː(ɹ)	ɑː(ɹ)	ɒː(ɾ)~ɔː(ɾ)	ä(ɹ)	aː(ɾ)		aː(ɹ)~æː(ɹ)	START	arm
ɪər	iə̯(ɹ)~iɤ̯(ɹ)	iɹ	ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪɐ̯(ɹ)		i(ɹ)~ɪ(ɹ)	ɪɹ~iɹ	iɻ~iə̯ɻ	ɪə̯(ɹ)	iɹ	ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)		ɪɹ~iɹ	i(ɹ)		iɹ	ɪə̯(ɹ)	ɪə̯(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~iː(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)	iː(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)	iə̯(ɹ)~eə̯(ɹ)	eːɹ	ɪɹ	iə̯(ɾ)~ɪə̯(ɾ)	iə(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~ɪiɐ(ɹ)	iɐ̯(ɹ)	ɪə̯(ɹ)	ɪː(ɹ)~ɪə̯(ɹ)	iɛ̯(ɾ)	ɪə̯(ɹ)~iə̯(ɹ)	ɪə̯(ɾ)~iː(ɾ)	iːɹ								ɪə̯(ɹ)	ɪə̯(ɹ)^[48]		ɪɹ~iɹ	iə̯ɾ	ɪə̯(ɾ)~iə̯(ɾ)	ɪə̯(ɹ)		ɪə̯(ɾ)~ɪː(ɾ)	iə̯(ɹ)	iːə(ɾ)~jøː(ɾ)		iːə(ɹ)~jøː(ɹ)	NEAR	deer
ɛər	ɛə̯(ɹ)	ɛɹ	ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛɐ̯(ɹ)		ɛ(ɹ)~æ(ɹ)	ɛɹ	eə̯ɻ~eɻ	ɛə̯(ɹ)	eɹ	ɛə̯(ɹ)~eə̯(ɹ)		ɛɹ~eɹ	ɛ(j)(ɹ)		e̞ɹ~ɛ(j)ɹ	e̞ə̯(ɹ)	e̞ː(ɹ)~eː(ɹ)	eː(ɹ)~e̝ː(ɹ)	eə̯(ɹ)	eːɹ	ɛɹ	ɛə̯(ɾ)	ɛ̝ə(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~ɛiə(ɹ)	ɛː(ɹ)	ɛə̯(ɹ)	ɛː(ɹ)~ɛə̯(ɹ)^[49]	ɪː(ɾ)~eː(ɾ)~ëː(ɾ)~ɛː(ɾ)~ ɛ̈ː(ɾ)~œː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ)~ ɘː(ɾ)~ɜː(ɾ)~ɵː(ɾ)	ɛə̯(ɹ)	ɛə̯(ɾ)~eː(ɾ)	ɚː	ɛːɹ			eːɹ				e̞ə̯(ɹ)	ɪə̯(ɹ)^[48]		ɛɹ	eə̯ɾ	ɛə̯(ɾ)~ɛɐ̯(ɾ)	ɛə̯(ɹ)	ɛə̯(ɹ)~ɛː(ɹ)~eː(ɹ)	eː(ɾ)~e̝ː(ɾ)	ɛ(ɹ)	ɛː(ɾ)		ɛː(ɹ)~eː(ɹ)	SQUARE	mare
ɜːr	ɚ	ɚ	əː(ɹ)	ɚ	ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ	ɚ	ɚ~əɻ	ɜː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)	ɚ	ɚ	əɪ̯	ɚ	ɜ(ɹ)		ɚ~ɐɹ	əː(ɹ)	əː(ɹ)~ɘː(ɹ)	ɘː(ɹ)~ɵː(ɹ)	ə(ɹ)~ɜ(ɹ)~ɜi̯(ɹ)	ɤ	ɚ	əː(ɾ)	ɜː(ɹ)~ɜ̟ː(ɹ)~œ̈ː(ɹ)	øː(ɹ)~ɪː(ɹ)~əː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)	əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)	əː(ɹ)		əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)	ɜː(ɾ)~äɾ		ɚː	ɚː^[50]	ɚː	ʊːɹ^[50]		ɚː		ɵː(ɹ)			ɚ	ʌɾ^[50]	əː(ɾ)~ɐː(ɾ)	əː(ɹ)~ɐː(ɹ)	ø̈ː(ɹ)~ø̞̈ː(ɹ)	ø̈ː(ɾ)~ø̞̈ː(ɾ)	ə(ɹ)	əː(ɾ)	øː(ɾ)	øː(ɹ)	NURSE	burn
					ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ																											ɚː^[50]		ʊːɹ^[50]								ɪ��~ʌɾ^[50]										bird
					əɹ																											ɛːɹ^[50]		ɛːɹ^[50]								ɛɾ^[50]										earth
ər	ə(ɹ)		ə(ɹ)		əɹ			ə(ɹ)		ə(ɹ)			ə(ɹ)		ɚ	ə(ɹ)						œ(ɾ)~ə(ɾ)	ə(ɹ)~ɐ(ɹ)		ə(ɹ)		ə(ɾ)	ɐ(ɹ)~a(ɹ)	ə(ɾ)	ɚ								ə(ɹ)				əɾ	ə(ɾ)~ɐ(ɾ)	ə(ɹ)		ə(ɾ)		ə(ɾ)		ə(ɹ)	LETTER	winner^[51]
ər	ə(ɹ)		ə(ɹ)		ʌə(ɹ)~ʌɹ			ə(ɹ)		ə(ɹ)			ə(ɹ)		ɚ	ə(ɹ)						œ(ɾ)~ə(ɾ)	ə(ɹ)~ɐ(ɹ)		ə(ɹ)		ə(ɾ)	ɐ(ɹ)~a(ɹ)	ə(ɾ)	ɚ								ə(ɹ)				əɾ	ə(ɾ)~ɐ(ɾ)	ə(ɹ)		ə(ɾ)		ə(ɾ)		ə(ɹ)	LETTER	donor
ɔːr	oə̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɔo̯(ɹ)	oɹ	ɔə̯(ɹ)~ɒə̯(ɹ)~ɒ(ɹ)		ɔə(ɹ)~ɔɹ	ɔɹ~oɹ	ɔɻ~oɻ	ɔə̯(ɹ)	oɹ~ɔɹ	oɐ̯(ɹ)~ɔə̯(ɹ)		oɹ~ɔɹ	ɔə̯(ɹ)		ɔɹ	o̞ː(ɹ)	oː(ɹ)		ɔə̯(ɹ)	ɒː��~ɑːɹ	ɔɹ	ɑː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ)	ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ), oː(ɹ)~oʊ(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ)	ɔː(ɹ)	o̞ː(ɹ)	oː(ɹ)	o̞ː(ɾ)	oː(ɹ)	ɔː(ɾ)~ɒː(ɾ)	ɔːɹ				äːɹ~ɑːɹ		ɒːɹ~oːɹ		oː(ɹ)			oɹ	ɔɾ	oː(ɾ)	o̞ː(ɹ)	oː(ɹ)	oː(ɾ)	ɔ(ɹ)	ɒː(ɾ)		ʌ̈ː(ɹ)	NORTH	sort
ɔːr			ɔə̯(ɹ)~oɐ̯(ɹ)		ɔə(ɹ)~ɔɹ	ɔɹ~oɹ	ɔɻ~oɻ	ɔə̯(ɹ)					o(u)ə(ɹ)		o(u)ɹ	o̞ː(ɹ)	oː(ɹ)		oə̯(ɹ)	oːɹ	ɔɹ	oː(ɾ)~əː(ɾ)	ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ), oː(ɹ)~oʊ(ɹ)~ɔo(ɹ)	ɔː(ɹ)	o̞ː(ɹ)		o̞ː(ɾ)	oː(ɹ)	ɔː(ɾ)~ɒː(ɾ)	oːɹ				ɔːɹ	ɒːɹ	oːɹ		oː(ɹ)			oɹ	o̝(ə̯)ɾ	oː(ɾ)	o̞ː(ɹ)	oː(ɹ)		ɔ(ɹ)	oː(ɾ)		ʌ̈ː(ɹ)	FORCE	tore
ʊər			ʊə̯(ɹ)~ʊɐ̯(ɹ)		uə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ)	ʊɹ~ɔɹ~oɹ	uɻ~oɻ	ʊə̯(ɹ)					uə̯(ɹ)		uɹ~ɚ	ʊə̯(ɹ)	ʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ), oː(ɹ)		uə̯(ɹ)	oːɹ	ʊɹ~ɔɹ	uə̯(ɾ)	ʊə(ɹ)~ʊː(ɹ)~ɔː(ɹ)~ɔ̝ə(ɹ)~ɔuə(ɹ)	uɐ̯(ɹ)	ʊə̯(ɹ)		uɛ̯(ɾ)~ɪ̈u̯ə(ɾ)~ɪ̈ʊ̯ə(ɾ)~ o̞ː(ɾ)	oə̯(ɹ)	ʊə̯(ɾ)~uː(ɾ)	uːɹ								ʊə̯(ɹ)	ʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ), oː(ɹ)		oɚ	ʉɾ	oə̯(ɾ)~oɐ̯(ɾ)	ʊə̯(ɹ)	ʊə̯(ɹ)~oː(ɹ)		uə̯(ɹ)	uːə(ɾ)		uːə(ɹ)~ʌ̈ː(ɹ)	CURE	tour
jʊər	juə̯(ɹ)~jʊə̯(ɹ)	juɹ~jʊɹ	jʊə̯(ɹ)~jʊɐ̯(ɹ)		uə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ)	jʊɹ~jɚ	jɚ	jʊə̯(ɹ)	jɔɹ~joɹ~jɚ	juɐ̯(ɹ)~juə̯(ɹ)		juɹ	juə̯(ɹ)		juɹ~jɚ	jʊə̯(ɹ)	jʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ), joː(ɹ)		juə̯(ɹ)	joːɹ	jɚ~jʊɹ~jɵɹ	juə̯(ɾ)	jʊə(ɹ)~jʊː(ɹ)~jɔː(ɹ)~jɔ̝ə(ɹ)~jɔuə(ɹ)	juɐ̯(ɹ)	jʊə̯(ɹ)	joː(ɹ)	jo̞ː(ɾ)	joə̯(ɹ)	jʊə̯(ɾ)~juː(ɾ)	juːɹ								jʊə̯(ɹ)	jʊ̈ʉ̯ə(ɹ), joː(ɹ)		joɚ	jʉɾ	joə̯(ɾ)~joɐ̯(ɾ)	jʊə̯(ɹ)	jʊə̯(ɹ)~joː(ɹ)	joː(ɾ)	jɔ(ɹ)	ɪuːə(ɾ)		juːə(ɹ)~jʌ̈ː(ɹ)	CURE	pure

Other symbols used in transcription of English pronunciation
IPA		Explanation
ˈ		Primary stress indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, rapping /ˈræpɪŋ/
ˌ		Secondary stress/full vowel indicator (placed before the stressed syllable); for example, pronunciation /prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən/
.		Syllable separation indicator; for example, ice cream /ˈaɪs.kriːm/ vs. I scream /ˌaɪ.ˈskriːm/
̩	̍	Syllabic consonant indicator (placed under the syllabic consonant); for example, ridden [ˈɹɪdn̩]

Notes[]

^ ^a ^b This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.
^ /t/ is pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English, and is possible in RP in words like butter, [ʔ] in some positions in Scottish English, English English, American English and Australian English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish English.
^ /d/ is pronounced [ɾ] if preceded and followed by vowels in GA and Australian English.
^ /θ/ is pronounced as a dental stop [t̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. The dental stop [t̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /θ/.
^ /ð/ is pronounced as a dental stop [d̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. [d̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /ð/.
^ The glottal fricative /h/ is often pronounced as voiced [ɦ] between vowel sounds and after voiced consonants. Initial voiced [ɦ] occurs in some accents of the Southern Hemisphere.
^ /h/ is pronounced [ç] before the palatal approximant /j/, sometimes even replacing the cluster /hj/, and sometimes before high front vowels.
^ The bilabial nasal /m/ is pronounced as labiodental [ɱ] before f and v, as in symphony [ˈsɪɱfəni], circumvent [ˌsɝkəɱˈvɛnt], some value [ˌsʌɱˈvæɫjuː].
^ In some dialects, such as Brummie, words like ringer, sing /ˈɹɪŋə ˈsɪŋ/, which have a velar nasal [ŋ] in most dialects, are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/.
^ Velarized [ɫ] traditionally does not occur in Irish English; clear or plain [l] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP, some other English accents, and South African English, however, have clear [l] in syllable onsets and dark [ɫ] in syllable rimes.
^ ^a ^b ^c Sonorants are voiceless after a fortis (voiceless) stop at the beginning of a stressed syllable.
^ L-vocalization in which l is pronounced as a kind of a back vowel ([ɤ] or [o], or non-syllabic [ɤ̯, o̯], forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel) occurs in New Zealand English and many regional accents, such as African-American Vernacular English, Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, Standard Singapore English.
^ /r/ is pronounced as a tap [ɾ] in some varieties of Scottish, Irish, Indian, Welsh, Northern England and South African English.
^ The alveolar trill [r] only occurs in some varieties of Scottish, Welsh, Indian and South African English.
^ R-labialization, in which r is pronounced as [ʋ], is found in some accents in Southern England.
^ Some dialects, such as Scottish English, Irish English, and many American South and New England dialects, distinguish voiceless [ʍ] from voiced [w]; see wine–whine merger and voiceless labiovelar approximant.
^ Marginal in most accents, and otherwise merged with /k/, see Lock–loch merger.
^ This common English interjection is usually pronounced with [x] in unscripted spoken English, but it is most often read /ʌɡ/ or /ʌk/
^ Only exists in Welsh English. Non-Welsh speakers usually replace it with l.
^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)
^ Cox & Palethorpe (2007)
^ Boberg (2004)
^ Sailaja (2009:19–26)
^ Wells (1982:422)
^ ^a ^b Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)
^ Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)
^ Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)
^ Bekker (2008)
^ Lass (2002:111–119)
^ Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136)
^ Kenyon & Knott (1953)
^ Kenyon (1950)
^ Roach (2004:241–243)
^ "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special /æ/ tensing systems occur.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e See bad–lad split for this distinction.
^ Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.
^ Deterding, David (2007). Singapore English. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-0-7486-3096-7.
^ ɒ~ɔ occurs in American accents without the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have ɑ.
^ In American accents without the cot–caught merger, the LOT vowel (generally written o) appears as ɒ~ɔ instead of ɑ before the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/; also usually before /ɡ/, especially in single-syllable words (dog, log, frog, etc.), and occasionally before /k/ (as in chocolate). See Lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), only ɑ occurs.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kit–bit split.
^ ^a ^b Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.
^ Mary W.J. Tay (1982). "'The phonology of educated Singapore English'". English World-Wide. 3 (2): 135–45. doi:10.1075/eww.3.2.02tay.
^ Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.
^ The STRUT vowel in BrE is highly variable in the triangle defined by ə, ʌ and ɑ, see 'STRUT for Dummies'
^ In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /juː/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu/ respectively; in most other varieties of English they are homophones.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Some dialects of North American English have a vowel shift called Canadian raising, in which the first element of the diphthongs /aɪ, aʊ/ is raised in certain cases, yielding [ʌɪ̯, ʌʊ̯] or [əɪ̯, əʊ̯]. Canadian English has raising of both diphthongs, but most dialects in the United States only have raising of /aɪ/. In monosyllables, raising occurs before voiceless consonants, so right [ɹʌɪ̯t] and out [ʌʊ̯t] have raised vowels, but eyes [aɪz] and loud [laʊd] do not.
^ Merging NEAR and SQUARE is especially common amongst young New Zealanders.
^ While the actual pronunciation is [ɛə(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)], it can also be transcribed /eə(ɹ)/.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g See Fern–fir–fur merger for this distinction in some varieties.
^ Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].

References[]

Bauer, Laurie; Warren, Paul; Bardsley, Dianne; Kennedy, Marianna; Major, George (2007), "New Zealand English", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (1): 97–102, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830
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Bekker, Ian (2008). "The vowels of South African English" (PDF).
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Gimson, A. C. (1980). An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English (3rd ed.). London: Edward Arnold. ISBN 0-7131-6287-2.
Harrington, J.; Cox, F.; Evans, Z. (1997). "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels". Australian Journal of Linguistics. 17 (2): 155–84. doi:10.1080/07268609708599550.
Cox, Felicity; Palethorpe, Sallyanne (2007), "Australian English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 341–350, doi:10.1017/S0025100307003192
Kenyon, John S. (1950). American Pronunciation (10th ed.). Ann Arbor: George Wahr.
Kenyon, John S.; Knott, Thomas A. (1953) [1944]. A Pronouncing Dictionary of American English. Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster. ISBN 0-87779-047-7.
Lass, Roger (2002). "South African English". In Mesthrie, Rajend (ed.). Language in South Africa. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521791052.
Mannell, R.; Cox, F.; Harrington, J. (2009). An Introduction to Phonetics and Phonology. Macquarie University.
Roach, Peter (2004). "British English: Received Pronunciation". Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 34 (2): 239–245. doi:10.1017/S0025100304001768.
Sailaja, Pingali (2009). Indian English. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press Ltd. pp. 17–38. ISBN 9780748625949.
Schneider, Edgar W.; Kortmann, Bernd (2004). A Handbook of Varieties of English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-017532-0.
Scobbie, James M.; Gordeeva, Olga B.; Matthews, Benjamin (2006). "Acquisition of Scottish English Phonology: an overview". Edinburgh: QMU Speech Science Research Centre Working Papers. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
Wells, John C. (2000). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (2nd ed.). Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education Limited. ISBN 0-582-36468-X.
Wells, John C. (1982). Accents of English. II: The British Isles. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-28541-0.

[PE-1] This is a compromise IPA transcription, which covers most dialects of English.

[2] /t/ is pronounced [ɾ] in some positions in GA and Australian English, and is possible in RP in words like butter, [ʔ] in some positions in Scottish English, English English, American English and Australian English, and [t̞] non-initially in Irish English.

[3] /d/ is pronounced [ɾ] if preceded and followed by vowels in GA and Australian English.

[4] /θ/ is pronounced as a dental stop [t̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /f/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /t/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. The dental stop [t̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /θ/.

[5] /ð/ is pronounced as a dental stop [d̪] in Irish English, Newfoundland English, Indian English, and New York English, merges with /v/ in some varieties of English English, and merges with /d/ in some varieties of Caribbean English. [d̪] also occurs in other dialects as an allophone of /ð/.

[6] The glottal fricative /h/ is often pronounced as voiced [ɦ] between vowel sounds and after voiced consonants. Initial voiced [ɦ] occurs in some accents of the Southern Hemisphere.

[7] /h/ is pronounced [ç] before the palatal approximant /j/, sometimes even replacing the cluster /hj/, and sometimes before high front vowels.

[8] The bilabial nasal /m/ is pronounced as labiodental [ɱ] before f and v, as in symphony [ˈsɪɱfəni], circumvent [ˌsɝkəɱˈvɛnt], some value [ˌsʌɱˈvæɫjuː].

[9] In some dialects, such as Brummie, words like ringer, sing /ˈɹɪŋə ˈsɪŋ/, which have a velar nasal [ŋ] in most dialects, are pronounced with an additional /ɡ/, like "finger": /ˈɹɪŋɡə/.

[10] Velarized [ɫ] traditionally does not occur in Irish English; clear or plain [l] does not occur in Australian, New Zealand, Scottish, or American English. RP, some other English accents, and South African English, however, have clear [l] in syllable onsets and dark [ɫ] in syllable rimes.

[voiceless_sonorant-11] Sonorants are voiceless after a fortis (voiceless) stop at the beginning of a stressed syllable.

[12] L-vocalization in which l is pronounced as a kind of a back vowel ([ɤ] or [o], or non-syllabic [ɤ̯, o̯], forming a diphthong with the preceding vowel) occurs in New Zealand English and many regional accents, such as African-American Vernacular English, Cockney, New York English, Estuary English, Pittsburgh English, Standard Singapore English.

[r-13] /r/ is pronounced as a tap [ɾ] in some varieties of Scottish, Irish, Indian, Welsh, Northern England and South African English.

[14] The alveolar trill [r] only occurs in some varieties of Scottish, Welsh, Indian and South African English.

[15] R-labialization, in which r is pronounced as [ʋ], is found in some accents in Southern England.

[16] Some dialects, such as Scottish English, Irish English, and many American South and New England dialects, distinguish voiceless [ʍ] from voiced [w]; see wine–whine merger and voiceless labiovelar approximant.

[17] Marginal in most accents, and otherwise merged with /k/, see Lock–loch merger.

[18] This common English interjection is usually pronounced with [x] in unscripted spoken English, but it is most often read /ʌɡ/ or /ʌk/

[19] Only exists in Welsh English. Non-Welsh speakers usually replace it with l.

[20] Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997)

[21] Cox & Palethorpe (2007)

[22] Boberg (2004)

[23] Sailaja (2009:19–26)

[24] Wells (1982:422)

[Mannell_2009-25] Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009)

[26] Bauer et al. (2007:97–102)

[27] Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006:7)

[28] Bekker (2008)

[29] Lass (2002:111–119)

[30] Coupland & Thomas (1990:93–136)

[31] Kenyon & Knott (1953)

[32] Kenyon (1950)

[33] Roach (2004:241–243)

[34] "Case Studies – Received Pronunciation Phonology – RP Vowel Sounds". British Library.

[shortatensing-35] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ In most of the United States (with high dialectal variation), and to a lesser degree in Canada, special /æ/ tensing systems occur.

[badlad-36] See bad–lad split for this distinction.

[37] Suzanna Bet Hashim and Brown, Adam (2000) 'The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.) The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics ISBN 981-04-2598-8, pp. 84–92.

[38] Deterding, David (2007). Singapore English. United Kingdom: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-0-7486-3096-7.

[39] ɒ~ɔ occurs in American accents without the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers); the rest have ɑ.

[40] In American accents without the cot–caught merger, the LOT vowel (generally written o) appears as ɒ~ɔ instead of ɑ before the fricatives /f/, /θ/ and /s/ and the velar nasal /ŋ/; also usually before /ɡ/, especially in single-syllable words (dog, log, frog, etc.), and occasionally before /k/ (as in chocolate). See Lot–cloth split. In American accents with the cot–caught merger (about half of today's speakers), only ɑ occurs.

[kit-41] It is not clear whether this a true phonemic split, since the distribution of the two sounds is predictable; see Kit–bit split.

[Singapore'_pp._93-99-42] Deterding, David (2000) 'Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore'. In Adam Brown, David Deterding and Low Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99.

[43] Mary W.J. Tay (1982). "'The phonology of educated Singapore English'". English World-Wide. 3 (2): 135–45. doi:10.1075/eww.3.2.02tay.

[collinse-44] Often transcribed /e/ for RP, for example in Collins English Dictionary.

[45] The STRUT vowel in BrE is highly variable in the triangle defined by ə, ʌ and ɑ, see 'STRUT for Dummies'

[ReferenceA-46] In Welsh English, you, yew and ewe are /juː/, /jɪu/ and /ɪu/ respectively; in most other varieties of English they are homophones.

[canadianraising-47] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Some dialects of North American English have a vowel shift called Canadian raising, in which the first element of the diphthongs /aɪ, aʊ/ is raised in certain cases, yielding [ʌɪ̯, ʌʊ̯] or [əɪ̯, əʊ̯]. Canadian English has raising of both diphthongs, but most dialects in the United States only have raising of /aɪ/. In monosyllables, raising occurs before voiceless consonants, so right [ɹʌɪ̯t] and out [ʌʊ̯t] have raised vowels, but eyes [aɪz] and loud [laʊd] do not.

[NZE_centering-48] Merging NEAR and SQUARE is especially common amongst young New Zealanders.

[airsymbol-49] While the actual pronunciation is [ɛə(ɹ) ~ ɛː(ɹ)], it can also be transcribed /eə(ɹ)/.

[FFFM-50] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g See Fern–fir–fur merger for this distinction in some varieties.

[r-colored_schwa-51] Sometimes transcribed for GA as [əɹ], especially in transcriptions that represent both rhotic and non-rhotic pronunciations, as [ə(ɹ)].

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International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects

Contents

Chart[]

See also[]

Notes[]

References[]