Mid back unrounded vowel

Mid back unrounded vowel
Mid back unrounded vowel
ɤ̞
ʌ̝
IPA Number	315 430
Encoding
Entity (decimal)	ɤ̞
Unicode (hex)	U+0264 U+031E

IPA: Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i y	ɨ ʉ	ɯ u
Near-close	ɪ ʏ		ʊ
Close-mid	e ø	ɘ ɵ	ɤ o
Mid	e̞ ø̞	ə	ɤ̞ o̞
Open-mid	ɛ œ	ɜ ɞ	ʌ ɔ
Near-open	æ	ɐ
Open	a ɶ	ä	ɑ ɒ

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Vowels beside dots are: unrounded • rounded

The mid back unrounded vowel is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. Although there is no dedicated symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents the exact mid back unrounded vowel between close-mid [ɤ] and open-mid [ʌ] because no language is known to distinguish all three, ⟨ɤ⟩ is normally used. If more precision is desired, diacritics can be used, such as ⟨ɤ̞⟩ or ⟨ʌ̝⟩.

Features[]

Its vowel height is mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel and an open vowel.
Its vowel backness is back, which means the tongue is positioned back in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant. Unrounded back vowels tend to be centralized, which means that often they are in fact near-back.
It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.

Occurrence[]

Language		Word	IPA	Meaning	Notes
Bulgarian^[1]		път	[pɤ̞t̪]	'path'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɤ⟩. See Bulgarian phonology
Chinese	Shanghainese^[2]	渠	[kɤ̞¹]	'ditch'	Tends to be diphthongized to [ɤ̞ɯ̞] by younger speakers.^[2]
Danish	Standard^[3]	læger	[ˈleːɤ̞]	'doctors'	One of possible realizations of the sequences /ər, rə, rər/.^[3] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɐ⟩. See Danish phonology
English	Cardiff^[4]	plus	[pl̥ʌ̝s]	'plus'	May be [ə], [ɜ], [ɜ̟] or [ë̞] instead.^[4] It corresponds to [ʌ] in other dialects. Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩.
	Norfolk^[5]		[pl̥ʌ̝s]		Corresponds to [ʌ] in other dialects. Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩. See English phonology
	Philadelphia^[6]		[pɫ̥ʌ̝s]		May be either open-mid [ʌ] or a lowered and unrounded /uː/ ([ɯ̽]) instead.^[6] It corresponds to [ʌ] in other dialects. Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩. See English phonology
Gayo^[7]		kule	[kuˈlɤ̞ː]	'tiger'	One of the possible allophones of /ə/.^[7]
German	Chemnitz dialect^[8]	Schirm	[ʃʌ̝ˤːm]	'umbrella'	Pharyngealized; may be an opening diphthong [ɪːɒ̯] instead.^[8]
Ibibio^[9]		[dʌ̝k˦]		'enter'	Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ʌ⟩.^[9]
Vietnamese	Hanoi^[10]	tờ	[t̻ɤ̞˧˨]	'sheet'	Realization of /ɤ/ (also transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩) according to Kirby (2011). See Vietnamese phonology

Notes[]

^ Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Basbøll (2005), p. 58.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 93.
^ Lodge (2009), p. 168.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Gordon (2004), p. 290.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Eades & Hajek (2006), p. 111.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.
^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Urua (2004), p. 106.
^ Kirby (2011), p. 384.

References[]

Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
Eades, Domenyk; Hajek, John (2006), "Gayo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 107–115, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002416
Gordon, Matthew J. (2004), "New York, Philadelphia, and other northern cities: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 282–299, ISBN 3-11-017532-0
Khan, Sameer ud Dowla; Weise, Constanze (2013), "Upper Saxon (Chemnitz dialect)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (2): 231–241, doi:10.1017/S0025100313000145
Kirby, James P. (2011), "Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41 (3): 381–392, doi:10.1017/S0025100311000181
Lodge, Ken (2009), A Critical Introduction to Phonetics, Continuum International Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-8264-8873-2
Ternes, Elmer; Vladimirova-Buhtz, Tatjana (1999), "Bulgarian", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, Cambridge University Press, pp. 55–57, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
Urua, Eno-Abasi E. (2004), "Ibibio", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (1): 105–109, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001550

External links[]

List of languages with [ɤ̞] on PHOIBLE

[FOOTNOTETernesVladimirova-Buhtz199956-1] Ternes & Vladimirova-Buhtz (1999), p. 56.

[FOOTNOTEChenGussenhoven2015328-2] Jump up to: ^a ^b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.

[FOOTNOTEBasbøll200558-3] Jump up to: ^a ^b Basbøll (2005), p. 58.

[FOOTNOTECollinsMees199093-4] Jump up to: ^a ^b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 93.

[FOOTNOTELodge2009168-5] Lodge (2009), p. 168.

[FOOTNOTEGordon2004290-6] Jump up to: ^a ^b Gordon (2004), p. 290.

[FOOTNOTEEadesHajek2006111-7] Jump up to: ^a ^b Eades & Hajek (2006), p. 111.

[FOOTNOTEKhanWeise2013236-8] Jump up to: ^a ^b Khan & Weise (2013), p. 236.

[FOOTNOTEUrua2004106-9] Jump up to: ^a ^b Urua (2004), p. 106.

[FOOTNOTEKirby2011384-10] Kirby (2011), p. 384.

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