Operation 40

Operation 40
Operation 40
Active	1961–1970
Country	United States of America
Branch	Central Intelligence Agency
Type	Paramilitary force; Guerilla warfare organization
Role	Black Operations; Sabotage; Targeted killing; Covert operations; Guerilla warfare; Asymmetric warfare; Espionage; Counter-intelligence
Size	2-7≈
Engagements	Bay of Pigs Invasion; Vietnam War
Commanders
Director of the Central Intelligence Agency	Allen W. Dulles
Vice President of the United States	Richard M. Nixon
Chief of Naval Operations	Arleigh Burke
National Security Advisor	Gordon Gray (politician)
Secretary of State	Livingston T. Merchant

Operation 40 was the code name for a Central Intelligence Agency-sponsored counterintelligence group composed of Cuban exiles.^[1] The group was formed to seize control of the Cuban government after the Bay of Pigs Invasion.^[2] Operation 40 continued to operate unofficially until disbanded in 1970 due to allegations that an aircraft that was carrying cocaine and heroin in support of the group crashed in California.^[1]

It was approved by President Dwight D. Eisenhower in March 1960, after the January 1959 Cuban Revolution, and was presided over by Vice-president Richard Nixon.^{[citation needed]}

Origins[]

On 11 December 1959, following the Cuban Revolution of January 1959, Colonel J.C. King, chief of the CIA's , sent a confidential memorandum to CIA director Allen W. Dulles. King argued that in Cuba there existed a "far-left dictatorship, which if allowed to remain will encourage similar actions against U.S. holdings in other Latin American countries."^{[citation needed]}

The group was presided over by then-Vice President Richard M. Nixon and included Admiral Arleigh Burke, Livingston Merchant of the State Department, National Security Adviser Gordon Gray, as well as Dulles himself.^{[citation needed]}

Tracy Barnes functioned as operating office of the . He called a meeting on 18 January 1960, in his temporary office near the Lincoln Memorial.^{[citation needed]}

On 17 March 1960, President Eisenhower signed a U.S. National Security Council directive on the anti-Cuban covert action program authorizing the CIA to organize, train, and equip Cuban refugees as a guerrilla force to overthrow the government of Cuban prime minister Fidel Castro.^{[citation needed]}

Operations[]

Operation 40 was not only involved in sabotage operations. One associate of the group, although never a member, Frank Sturgis, allegedly told author Mike Canfield: "this assassination group (Operation 40) would upon orders, naturally, assassinate either members of the military or the political parties of the foreign country that you were going to infiltrate, and if necessary some of your own members who were suspected of being foreign agents...We were concentrating strictly in Cuba at that particular time." The group sought to incite civil war in Cuba against the government of prime minister Fidel Castro. "In October 1960, they realize that this project has failed, and that is when Brigade 2506" was created, a CIA-sponsored group made up of 1,511 Cuban exiles who fought in the April 1961 Bay of Pigs Invasion.

On 17 April 1961, Vicente León León, with other members of Operation 40, landed at the Bay of Pigs via the CIA-chartered freighter Atlántico. He was killed in action.^[3]

In popular culture[]

Operation 40 is a playable faction in the video game Call of Duty: Black Ops. Within the game's campaign mode, there is heavy implication that the main protagonist and Operation 40 operative Alex Mason was involved in the assassination of President Kennedy.

Notes[]

^ Jump up to: ^a ^b Smith, Jr., W. Thomas (2003). "40, Operation". Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 104. ISBN 9781438130187. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
^ Bartlett, Charles (May 11, 1961). "Cuban Terror Unit Barred?". The Palm Beach Post. Palm Beach, Florida. p. 9. Retrieved May 7, 2015.
^ Rodriguez (1999), p.153

Bibliography[]

Bohning, Don. 2005. The Castro Obsession: U.S. Covert Operations Against Cuba, 1959–1965. p. 303 ISBN 1-57488-676-2
Rodriguez, Juan Carlos. 1999. Bay of Pigs and the CIA. Ocean Press Melbourne. ISBN 1-875284-98-2

External links[]

Bay of Pigs, 40 Years After: Chronology. The National Security Archive. The George Washington University http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/bayofpigs/chron.html

[Smith,_Jr.-1] Jump up to: ^a ^b Smith, Jr., W. Thomas (2003). "40, Operation". Encyclopedia of the Central Intelligence Agency. New York: Facts on File, Inc. p. 104. ISBN 9781438130187. Retrieved October 5, 2015.

[The_Palm_Beach_Post;_May_11,_1961-2] Bartlett, Charles (May 11, 1961). "Cuban Terror Unit Barred?". The Palm Beach Post. Palm Beach, Florida. p. 9. Retrieved May 7, 2015.

[3] Rodriguez (1999), p.153

[1]

[2]

[3]

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