Osman Mahmoud

Osman Mahmoud

Prominent figures of the Osman Mahamoud faction of Majeerteen
Regions with significant populations
Somalia  Yemen  Oman
Languages
Somali
Religion
Islam (Sunni)
Related ethnic groups
Dhulbahante, Warsangeli, Dishiishe and other Harti groups.

Osman Mahmoud (Somali: Cusmaan Maxamuud) is a Somali sub-clan. It is one of the larger sub-clans within the major Majeerteen Harti confederation of Darod clans. The sub-clan is most notorious for it's rich history within Somalia, that of which include sultanates such as the Majeerteen Sultanate and Sultanate of Hobyo.

Osman Mahamud's history is not limited to that of the early comings of Somalia, but are still one of the major producers of prominent figures in Somalia today. The sub-clan alone has made for Two Prime Ministers (including the first ever PM of the republic), One President, First President of Somali National Assembly, Commander of the Somali Police Force , the Founder of the Somali Youth League, and many others.

The sub-clan has also had some of Somalia's most successful international figures. Osman Mahamud has produced the first ever Somali member and President of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the first ever Somali-American lawmaker, Miss Africa Utah 2013, Founder of the African Development Center , and many, many others.

Overview[]

The Boqorrrooz, or clan-head of the larger branch Mohamud Saleeban. Osman Mahmoud serves as the nominal leader of the Darod clan.^[1] Some of the most notable members of the Osman Mahmoud are the Majeerteen Sultanate which was based in Baargaal, it was a historical and prominent sultanate in Somalia during its golden age in the mid-19th to early 20th century. Boqor Osman Mahamuud was one of the three prominent rulers of present-day Somalia at the turn of the 20th century.

The Sultanate of Hobyo, Yusuf Ali Kenadid, who ruled over much of what today is Puntland as far as Hobyo, and his son, Osman Yuusuf Keenadiid, who invented the Osmanya writing script.

General clan map of Puntland, 1960s

Demographics[]

Territory[]

The Osman Mahmoud clan today primarily live in the Bari and Karkaar regions, making up the majority across the two regions. With Bari being the largest region in all of Somalia, the sub clan covers a lot of ground. They can also be found living in the Mudug and Nugaal regions in Puntland as well.

Bosaso and Qardho are two cities that are heavily populated by Osman Mahamud.

Bosaso, the most populous city in Puntland, is the region's commercial capital. The city has a diverse economy centred on education, government, banking, tourism, aviation, food, clothes, logistics, steel, energy, health care, hospitality, retail and technology. The area's many colleges and universities make it a regional hub of higher education, including law, medicine, engineering, business and entrepreneurship. Bosaso was first settled and ruled by the Dishiishe clan, a very close kin of Majeerteen's, in the 14th century. After disputes between the Dishiishe clan and Bah Gareen (a sub clan of Osman Mahamud), The Osman Mahamud overthrew the leader and started to settle in the coastal city.

Qardho, one of the most ancient and history-rich cities in Somalia, is the head city for Osman Mahamud's as they make an overwhelming majority in the Karkaar capital. In the early modern period, Qardho was a part of the Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia), centered in Aluula. It was later incorporated into Italian Somaliland during the early 20th century.

Some sub-clans of Osman Mahamud, such as Ismail Mohamed and Muse Suldaan, are also populous in Kismayo and the rural villages in southern Somalia. However, you can find any Osman Mahamud in Kismayo.

A large population of the clan can also be found settled in Oman and Yemen

Distribution and Xarig System[]

Qardho, Beyla, and Iskushuban districts are overwhelmingly Osman Mahamud, while Bosaso district sports a very generous amount as well.

Due to the size of the Bari/Karkaar region and the large population of Osman Mahamud. There is a Xarig System put in place that signifies every district and the Osman Mahamud sub-clans that settle there.

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Sultanates and Dynasties[]

Boqor Cismaan Maxamuud II - 1927-Mogadishu

Majeerteen Sultanate[]

The Majeerteen Sultanate also known as Majeerteenia or Migiurtinia, was a Somali kingdom centered in the Horn of Africa. Ruled by Boqor Osman Mahamuud (II) during its golden age. The earliest mention of the kingdom is the 16th century.

Before the famous Majeerteen Sultanate there was the Sultanate of Amaanle (Abdirahman Awe) which was overthrown and overtaken by Osman Mahamuud (I) who became the subsequent King and Sultan. It rose to prominence in the 19th century, under the reign of the resourceful Boqor (King) Osman Mahamuud(II). His Sultanate controlled Bari Karkaar, Nugaaal and also central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries.

The polity exerted a strong centralised authority during its existence and possessed all of the organs and trappings of an integrated modern state: a functioning bureaucracy, a hereditary nobility, titled aristocrats, a state flag as well as a professional army. It was another example of the determination of the Migiurtini people to maintain a traditional and free society. The sultanate also maintained written records of their activities, which still exist. It also entered into treaties with foreign powers and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.

The Majeerteen Sultans have styled themselves Boqor of all Darod following the collapse of the Sultanate of Adal in the 16th century.

Sultanate of Hobyo[]

The Sultanate of Hobyo, also known as the Sultanate of Obbia was a 19th-century Somali kingdom in present-day northeastern and central Somalia and eastern Ethiopia. It was established in 1870s by Ali Yusuf Kenadid.

Sultan Ali Yusuf Kenadid

Initially, Ali Yusuf Kenadid's goal was to seize control of the neighbouring Majeerteen Sultanate, which was then ruled by his cousin Boqor Osman Mahamud. However, he was unsuccessful in this endeavour, and was eventually forced into exile in Yemen. A decade later, in the 1870s, Kenadid returned from the Arabian Peninsula with a band of Hadhrami musketeers and a group of devoted lieutenants. With their assistance, he managed to overpower the local Habar Gidir clans and establish the kingdom of Hobyo in 1878.

In the late 19th century, all extant Somali monarchs entered into treaties with one of the colonial powers, Abyssinia, Britain or Italy, In late 1888, Sultan Kenadid entered into a treaty with the Italians, making his realm an Italian protectorate. His rival Boqor Osman would sign a similar agreement vis-a-vis his own Sultanate the following year. Both rulers had signed the protectorate treaties to advance their own expansionist objectives, with Kenadid looking to use Italy's support in his dispute with the Omani Sultan of Zanzibar over an area bordering Warsheikh, in addition to his ongoing power struggle over the Majeerteen Sultanate with Boqor Osman. In signing the agreements, the rulers also hoped to exploit the rival objectives of the European imperial powers so as to more effectively assure the continued independence of their territories

Hersi Boqor

Colonial Struggles[]

Hersi Boqor was the son of Boqor Osman Mahamuud and the heir apparent to the Sultanate of Migiurtinia. When the Italians announced their intentions to occupy Migiurtinia, Hersi Boqor united the sultanate’s forces to rebel against the colonials. Under his leadership, the forces were able to slow the Italian advance which was additionally hurt by a rebellion in the hinterlands of Hobyo that required military attention. For three years the sultanate was in revolt and a number of fierce battles ensued .

Somali Republic[]

Somali Youth League[]

Osman Mahamud's have had a lot of involvement with the progression of Somalia. This can be dated back to pre-indepence and the formation of the Somali Youth League (SYL).

Flag of the SYL

SYL was the first political party in Somalia. It played a key role in the nation's road to independence during the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s. During the Second World War, Britain occupied Italian Somaliland and militarily administered the territory from 1941 to 1950. Faced with growing Italian political pressure inimical to continued British tenure and Somali aspirations for independence, the Somalis and the British came to see each other as allies. The first modern Somali political party, the Somali Youth Club (SYC), was subsequently established in Mogadishu in 1943. It later became the Somali Youth League.

Yasin Haji Osman Sharmarke, an Osman Mahamuud man, founded the party in 1943. At it's foundation, the party had thirteen founding members that consisted of all the major clans in Somalia, 4 Darood, 3 Hawiye and 3 Rahanweyn,2 Benadiri. All 4 of the Daarod members were Osman Mahamud. As time went on and the party grew in numbers, so did the amount of Osman Mahamuud members. Members such as Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke and Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf that joined and went on to emerge their ranks.

Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke

Executives[]

The sub-clan has made for 2 Prime Ministers and 1 President. Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke was Prime Minister of Somali Republic from July 12, 1960, to June 14, 1964, and President of Somali Republic from July 6, 1967, until his assassination on October 15, 1969.

He was also the father of Somali Prime Minister Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, who was the Prime Minister of Somalia. from 2009 to 2010. He subsequently briefly served as Somalia's Ambassador to the United States in 2014. Sharmarke was reappointed Prime Minister of Somalia in December of 2014. His term ended on 1 March 2017

Gen Cadde Muse(L) and Gen Muse Xasan Cabdulle(R) The First Somali Graduates Of Modena Military Academy in 1960

Somali Police Force and Somali National Army[]

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SSDF[]

Gen. Mohamed Abshir Muse (L) and Col. Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed (R)

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Civil War[]

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Puntland[]

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International Notability[]

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Clan tree[]

There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted.

• Osman Mahmoud Saleeban
  • Idris Osman (Bah-Gareen)
  • Hussein Osman (Bah-Gareen)
  • Ahmed Osman (Bah-Gareen)
  • Yusuf Osman
    • Abdirihiim Yusuf
    • Dudub Yusuf (Bah-Leelkase)
    • Dini Yusuf (Bah-Leelkase)
    • Mohamed Yusuf
      • Aamir Mohamed
      • Elmi Mohamed
      • Ismail Mohamed
        • Bah-Libaan-Gashe
        • Bah-Dir
          • Yusuf Ismail
          • Ali Ismail
        • Bah-Leelkase
      • Muuse Mohamed
      • Omar Mohamed
        • Samatar Omar
        • Guleed Omar
        • Yusuf Omar (Bah-Araarsame)
        • Sultan Ali Omar
          • Yusuf Sultan
          • Dalal Sultan
          • Muse Sultan
          • Mohamed Sultan
            • Farah Mohamed
            • Yusuf Ali
              • Nur Yusuf (Bah-Isxul)
              • Muse Yusuf (Bah Isxul)
              • Samatar Yusuf (Bah-Isxul)
              • Ugaaryahan Yusuf (Bah-Isxul)
              • Said Yusuf (Bah-Dubays)
              • Hassan Yusuf (Bah-Dubays)
              • Mahamoud Yusuf (Hawadane)
                • Ugaaryahan Mahamoud (Bah-Dhulbahante)
                • Liiban Mahamoud (Bah-Dhulbahante)
                • Cigale Mahamoud (Bah-Dhulbahante)
                • Hirsi Mahamoud (Bah-Dhulbahante)
                • Hussein Mahamoud (Bah-Yacquub)
                • Hassan Mahamoud (Bah-Yacquub)
                • Shirwac Mahamoud (Bah-Yacquub)
                • Waceys Mahamoud (Bah-Yacquub)
                • Nuh Mahmoud (Bah-Yacquub)
                • Cumar Mahamoud (Bah-Yacquub)
                • Warfa Mahamoud (Bah-Dir Rooble)
                • Guled Mahmoud (Bah-Dir Rooble)
                • Samatar Mahamoud (Bah-Dir Rooble)
                • Mohamed Mahamoud (Bah-Dir Rooble)

Prominent figures[]

• Boqor Osman Mahamuud, A Somali king who ruled over the Majeerteen Sultanate and helped it prosper during the 19th century. one of the three prominent rulers of present-day Somalia at the turn of the 20th century
• Yasin Haji Osman Sharmarke, Founder and important figure in the Somali Youth League (SYL)
• Ilhan Omar, first Somali-American legislator in the US^{[citation needed]}
• Abdulqawi Yusuf, President and head judge of the International Court of Justice from 2018-2021, but was apart of the court since February 6, 2009
• Abdirashid Ali Shermarke, first Prime Minister and second President of Somalia
• Jawahir Ahmed, Somali-American Model, winner of Miss Africa Utah pageant representing Somalia
• , first Minister of Interior and Somalia's president-elect following President Sharmarke's assassination
• Hussein Samatar, Somali American politician, banker and community organizer. Founder of African Development Center
• Boqor Burhaan Boqor Muuse, the 34th Daarood king
• Mohamed Abshir Muse, First commander of the Somali Police Force
• Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf, First President of Somali National Assembly (1 July 1960), Minister of Health and Labor (1966-1967)
• Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, Prime Minister of Somalia
• Mohamud Muse Hersi, former President of Puntland
• Yaasiin Cismaan Keenadiid, author of the Somali Dictionary and founding member of the Somali Youth League
• Jama Ali Jama, Somali army colonel and former President of Puntland
• Faysal Ahmed, Somali Actor, co-starred in hit movie Captain Phillips
• Ayaan Hirsi Ali, First Somali-European legislator and critic of Islam
• Hirsi Magan Isse, scholar, leader of the Somali revolution
• Yusuf Ali Kenadid, founder of the Sultanate of Hobyo, one of the three prominent rulers of present-day Somalia at the turn of the 20th century
• Ali Yusuf Kenadid, Somali ruler. He was the second Sultan of the Sultanate of Hobyo
• , anti-colonial leader of Majeerteen Sultanate forces, was heir to his father's throne
• Osman Yusuf Kenadid, inventor of the Osmanya writing script
• Saida Haji Bashir Ismail, former Finance Vice-Minister in the TNG (2000-2004)
• Said Abdullahi Dani, current president of Puntland, former Minister of Planning of Somalia

References[]

Notes[]

The Majeerteen Sultanates Archived 2012-02-06 at the Wayback Machine

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