Outline of economics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Economics classes make extensive use of supply and demand graphs like this one to teach about markets. In this graph, S and D refer to supply and demand and P and Q refer to the price and quantity.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to economics:

Economics – analyzes the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services. It aims to explain how economies work and how economic agents interact.

Description of economics[]

Economics can be described as all of the following:

  • Academic discipline – body of knowledge given to, or received by, a disciple (student); a branch or sphere of knowledge, or field of study, that an individual has chosen to specialize in.
  • Field of science – widely recognized category of specialized expertise within science, and typically embodies its own terminology and nomenclature. Such a field will usually be represented by one or more scientific journals, where peer-reviewed research is published. There are many economics-related scientific journals.
  • Social science – field of academic scholarship that explores aspects of human society.

Branches of economics[]

  • Macroeconomics – branch of economics dealing with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole, rather than individual markets.
  • Microeconomics – branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of limited resources.

Subdisciplines of economics[]

  • Agricultural economics
  • Attention economics
  • Behavioral economics
  • Bioeconomics
  • Classical economics
  • Cultural economics
  • Comparative economic systems
  • Contract theory
  • Demographic economics
  • Development economics
  • Ecological economics
  • Econometrics
  • Economic anthropology
  • Economic development
  • Economic geography
  • Economic history
  • Economic sociology
  • Economics of marriage
  • Education economics
  • Energy economics
  • Engineering economics
  • Entrepreneurial economics
  • Environmental economics
  • Family economics
  • Feminist economics
  • Financial economics
  • Georgism
  • Green economics
  • Health economics
  • Industrial organization
  • Information economics
  • International economics
  • Institutional economics
  • Labor economics
  • Law and economics
  • Managerial economics
  • Mathematical economics
  • Monetary economics
  • Public finance
  • Public economics
  • Real estate economics
  • Regional economics
  • Regional science
  • Resource economics
  • Rural economics
  • Socialist economics
  • Urban economics
  • Welfare economics

Methodologies or approaches[]

  • Behavioural economics
  • Classical economics
  • Computational economics
  • Ecological economics
  • Econometrics
  • Evolutionary economics
  • Experimental economics
  • Praxeology (used by the Austrian School)
  • Social psychology

Multidisciplinary fields involving economics[]

  • Bioeconomics
  • Constitutional economics
  • Econophysics
  • Institutionalist political economy
  • Neuroeconomics
  • Political economy
  • Socioeconomics
  • Thermoeconomics
  • Transport economics

Types of economies[]

Part of a series on
Economic systems
By ideology
By coordination
By regional model
Sectors
Property types
Transition
Coordination
Other types
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Main articles: Economy and Economic system

Economy – system of human activities related to the production, distribution, exchange, and consumption of goods and services of a country or other area.

Economies, by political & social ideological structure[]

See also: Schools of economic thought
  • Economic ideology
    • Capitalist economy
    • Planned economy
    • Consumer economy (consumerism)
    • Corporate economy
    • Fascist economy
    • Laissez-faire
    • Mercantilism
    • Natural economy
    • Primitive communism
    • Social market economy
    • Socialist economy

Economies, by scope[]

  • Anglo-Saxon economy
  • American School
  • Hunter-gatherer economy
  • Information economy
  • New industrial economy
  • Palace economy
  • Plantation economy
  • Token economy
  • Traditional economy
  • Transition economy
  • World economy

Economies, by regulation[]

  • Closed economy
  • Dual economy
  • Gift economy
  • Informal economy
  • Market economy
  • Mixed economy
  • Open economy
  • Participatory economy
  • Planned economy
  • Subsistence economy
  • Underground economy
  • Virtual economy

Economic elements[]

Economic activities[]

  • Business
    • Business cycle
  • Collective action
  • Commerce
  • Competition
  • Consumption
  • Distribution
  • Employment
  • Entrepreneurship
  • Export
  • Finance
  • Government spending
  • Import
  • Investment
  • Mergers and acquisitions
  • Pricing
  • Production
  • Trade
    • Balance of trade
    • Fair trade
    • Free trade
    • International trade
    • Safe trade
    • Tax, tariff and trade
    • Terms of trade
    • Trade bloc
    • Trade pact
    • Trader Ethic

Economic forces[]

Economic problems[]

  • Depression
  • Financial crisis
  • Hyperinflation
  • Poverty
  • Recession
    • List of recessions
  • Stagflation
  • Unemployment

Trends and influences[]

Economic measures[]

  • Consumer price index
  • Economic indicator
  • Human Development Index
  • Measures of national income and output
    • Gross domestic product
      • Natural gross domestic product
    • Gross national product
    • National income
    • Net national income
  • Poverty level
  • Standard of living
  • UN Human Development Index
  • Value
  • Measuring well-being

Economic participants[]

Economic politics[]

  • Antitrust
  • Cartel
  • Government-granted monopoly
  • Reaganomics
  • Taxation
    • Income tax
    • Land value tax
    • Sales tax
    • Tariff
    • Tax, tariff and trade
    • Value-added tax

Economic policy[]

Economic policy

Infrastructure[]

Infrastructure

Markets[]

Market

Types of markets[]

Aspects of markets[]

  • Market failure
  • Market power
  • Market share
  • Market structure
  • Market system
  • Market transparency
  • Market trend
  • Market dominance

Market forms[]

Market form

  • Perfect competition, in which the market consists of a very large number of firms producing a homogeneous product.
  • Monopolistic competition, also called competitive market, where there are a large number of independent firms which have a very small proportion of the market share.
  • Monopoly, where there is only one provider of a product or service.
  • Monopsony, when there is only one buyer in a market.
  • Natural monopoly, a monopoly in which economies of scale cause efficiency to increase continuously with the size of the firm.
  • Oligopoly, in which a market is dominated by a small number of firms which own more than 40% of the market share.
  • Oligopsony, a market dominated by many sellers and a few buyers.

Market-oriented activities[]

Money[]

Money

  • Currency
    • Community currency
    • Dollar
    • Local currency
    • Petrocurrency
    • Reserve currency
    • Time-based currency
    • Yen
    • United States dollar
  • Monetary reform
  • Monetary system
  • Money supply

Resources[]

Resource management[]

Resource management

  • Natural resource management
  • Resource allocation

Factors of production[]

Factors of production

Land[]

Land

  • Natural resources
Labor[]
Capital[]

Capital

Economic theory[]

  • Consumer theory
  • Efficiency wage hypothesis
  • Efficient market hypothesis
  • Marginalism
  • Prospect theory
  • Public choice theory
  • Rational choice theory

Economic ideologies[]

  • Consumerism
  • Monetarism
  • Productivism
  • Utilitarianism

History of economics[]

History of economic thought[]

History of economic thought

  • Ancient economic thought
    • Aristotle
      • Nicomachean Ethics
  • Economics of the Age of Enlightenment
  • Mercantilism
    • British Enlightenment
      • John Locke
      • Dudley North
      • David Hume
    • French Enlightenment: Physiocracy
      • François Quesnay
        • Tableau économique
        • Anne Robert Jacques Turgot
        • Reflections on the Formation and Distribution of Wealth
  • Classical economics, political economy
    • Adam Smith
      • The Wealth of Nations
    • David Ricardo
  • Socialist economics
  • Austrian School of Economics
    • Carl Menger
    • Friedrich von Hayek
    • Ludwig von Mises
  • Neoclassical economics
  • Keynesian economics
  • Neo-Keynesian economics
  • Post-Keynesian economics
  • New Keynesian economics
  • Chicago school of economics
    • Milton Friedman
      • Monetarism

Economic history[]

Economic history

General economic concepts[]

  • Keynesian economics
  • Classical economics
  • Neo-Keynesian economics
  • Neoclassical economics
  • New classical economics
  • New Keynesian economics
  • Participatory economics
  • Home economics
  • Goods
    • Complement good
    • Coordination good
    • Free goods
    • Inferior goods
    • Normal goods
    • Public good
    • Substitute good
  • isms
  • Modern portfolio theory
  • Game theory
  • Human development theory
  • Production theory basics
  • Time preference theory of interest
  • Agent
  • Arbitrage
  • Big Mac Index
  • Big push model
  • Cash crop
  • Canadian and American economies compared
  • Catch-up effect
  • Chicago school
  • Collusion
  • Commodity
  • Comparative advantage
  • Competitive advantage
  • complementarity
  • Consumer and producer surplus
  • Cost
  • Debt
  • Devaluation
  • Disposable income
  • Economic
    • Economic data
    • Economic efficiency
    • Economic growth
    • Economic globalization
    • Economic profits
    • Economic modeling
    • Economic reports
    • Economic system
  • Ecosystem services
  • Elasticity
  • Environmental finance
  • Euro
  • Event study
  • Experience economy
  • Externality
  • Factor price equalization
  • Federal Reserve
  • Financial instruments
  • Fiscal neutrality
  • Full-reserve banking
  • General equilibrium
  • Gold standard
  • Import substitution
  • Income
  • Income elasticity of demand
  • Income velocity of money
  • Induced demand
  • Industrial organization
  • Input-output model
  • Interest
  • Keynes, John Maynard
  • Knowledge-based economy
  • Laissez-faire
  • Land
  • Living wage
  • Local purchasing
  • Lorenz curve
  • Marginal Revolution
  • Means of production
  • Mental accounting
  • Menu costs
  • Missing market
  • Model - economics
  • Model - macroeconomics
  • Monopoly profit
  • Moral hazard
  • Moral purchasing
  • Multiplier (economics)
  • Neo-classical growth model
  • Network effect
  • Network externality
  • Operations research
  • Opportunity cost
  • Output
  • Parable of the broken window
  • Pareto efficiency
  • Price
  • Price discrimination
  • Price elasticity of demand
  • Price points
  • Outline of industrial organization
  • Production function
  • Productivity
  • Profit (economics)
  • Profit maximization
  • Public bad
  • Public debt
  • Purchasing power parity
  • Rahn curve
  • Rate of return pricing
  • Rational expectations
  • Rational pricing
  • Real business cycle
  • Real versus nominal in economics
  • Regression analysis
  • Returns to scale
  • Risk premium
  • Saving
  • Scarcity
  • Seven-generation sustainability
  • Slavery
  • Social cost
  • Social credit
  • Social welfare
  • Stock exchange
  • Subsidy
  • Subsistence agriculture
  • Sunk cost
  • Supply and demand
  • Supply-side economics
  • Sustainable competitive advantage
  • Sustainable development
  • Sweatshop
  • Technostructure
  • The Theory of Moral Sentiments by Adam Smith
  • Transaction cost
  • Triple bottom line
  • Trust
  • Utility
  • Utility maximization problem
  • Uneconomic growth
  • U.S. public debt
  • Virtuous circle and vicious circle
  • Wage rate
  • X-efficiency
  • Yield
  • Zero sum game

Economics organizations[]

  • American Economic Association
  • American Institute for Economic Research
  • American Law and Economics Association
  • Association for Comparative Economic Studies
  • Association for Evolutionary Economics
  • Association for Social Economics
  • Canadian Economics Association
  • Centre for Economic Policy Research
  • China Center for Economic Research
  • Eastern Economic Association
  • Econometric Society
  • European Economic Association
  • International Association for Feminist Economics
  • International Economic Association
  • Latin American and Caribbean Economic Association
  • National Association for Business Economics
  • National Bureau of Economic Research
  • Royal Economic Society
  • Southern Economic Association
  • Western Economic Association International

Economics publications[]

Persons influential in the field of economics[]

Nobel Memorial Prize–winning economic historians[]

  • Milton Friedman won the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1976 for "his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy".
  • Robert Fogel and Douglass North won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1993 for "having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change".
  • Merton Miller, who started his academic career teaching economic history at the LSE, won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1990 with Harry Markowitz and William F. Sharpe.

Other notable economic historians[]

  • Moses Abramovitz
  • T. S. Ashton
  • Roger E. Backhouse
  • Correlli Barnett
  • Jörg Baten
  • Maxine Berg
  • Ben Bernanke
  • Fernand Braudel
  • Rondo Cameron
  • Sydney Checkland
  • Carlo M. Cipolla
  • Gregory Clark
  • Thomas C. Cochran
  • Nicholas Crafts
  • Louis Cullen
  • Peter Davies
  • Brad DeLong
  • Barry Eichengreen
  • Stanley Engerman
  • Charles Feinstein
  • Niall Ferguson
  • Ronald Findlay
  • Roderick Floud
  • Claudia Goldin
  • John Habakkuk
  • Earl J. Hamilton
  • Eli Heckscher
  • Eric Hobsbawm
  • Leo Huberman
  • Thomas M. Humphrey
  • Harold James
  • Ibn Khaldun
  • Charles P. Kindleberger
  • John Komlos
  • Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie
  • David Laidler
  • David Landes
  • Tim Leunig
  • Friedrich List
  • Robert Sabatino Lopez
  • Angus Maddison
  • Karl Marx
  • Peter Mathias
  • Ellen McArthur
  • Deirdre McCloskey
  • Joel Mokyr
  • Cormac Ó Gráda
  • Henri Pirenne
  • Karl Polanyi
  • Erik S. Reinert
  • Christina Romer
  • W. W. Rostow
  • Murray Rothbard
  • Larry Schweikart
  • Ram Sharan Sharma
  • Adam Smith
  • Anna Jacobson Schwartz
  • Robert Skidelsky
  • Graeme Snooks
  • R. H. Tawney
  • Peter Temin
  • Richard Timberlake
  • Adam Tooze
  • Eberhard Wächtler
  • Jeffrey Williamson
  • Tony Wrigley

See also[]

External links[]

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