Panduranga (Champa)
Champa Pāṇḍuraṅga | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1471–1697 | |||||||||
 Campa (South) | |||||||||
| Capital | Phan Rang - Tháp Chàm 11°34′N 108°59′E / 11.567°N 108.983°E | ||||||||
| Common languages | Cham Vietnamese | ||||||||
| Religion | Cham folk religion, Hinduism, Bani Islam, Sunni Islam, Vietnamese folk religion, Buddhism | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| King | |||||||||
• 1471–1494 (first) | |||||||||
• 1659–1692 (last independent) | |||||||||
| Historical era | New Imperialism | ||||||||
• Established | 1471 | ||||||||
• War with Portuguese | 1594 | ||||||||
• Principality of Thuan Thanh under Nguyen domain | 1697 | ||||||||
• Annexed by Vietnam | 1832 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Today part of | Vietnam | ||||||||
| History of Champa |
|---|
 |
Panduranga was the rump state successor of the Champa kingdom, which was destroyed by Vietnamese emperor Le Thanh Tong in 1471. Established by Bố Trì Trì, a Cham general who fled to the south after northern Champa was annexed by Dai Viet. It stood until late 17th century as the Nguyen lords of Cochinchina, a powerful Vietnamese clan, vassalized it and put the Cham polity under the name Principality of Thuan Thanh.
History[]
Early period[]
On 1 March 1471, after the loss of the capital Vijaya to the Vietnamese force under Le Thanh Tong, a Cham general, Bố Trì Trì (T'chai Ya Ma Fou Ngan in Chinese annals), had fled to Phan Rang and set up his own rule. On 7 March, he submitted to Thanh Tong as vassal. Thanh Tong agreed, but he divided the Cham remnants into three smaller polities: Kauthara, Panduranga, and the northern part of Central Highlands.[1] Champa was reduced in six regions: Aia Ru (Phú Yên), Aia Trang (Khánh Hòa), Panrang (Phan Rang), Kraong (Long Hương), Parik (Phan Rí Cửa) and Pajai (). Panduranga continued to send tribute to the Dai Viet court until Mac Dang Dung usurped power from the Le in 1526.[2]
The last diplomatic mission between Champa and China was in 1543.[3][4]
Revival[]
During the sixteenth century, as Dai Viet fragmented in the north, Panduranga Champa again gained prosper from the rise of the international trade. Throughout the seventeenth century, Cham merchants traded actively in Siam, Manila, Macao, Malacca, Johor, Pahang, Patani, and Makassar. A Spanish record reported that "many Muslims live in Champa, whose Hindu king wanted Islam to be spoken and taught, resulted in many mosques existed along with Hindu temples.[5] The Bani Cham religion was formed as a combination of Chamic-Hindu traditions and Shi'a faiths.
In 1578, Panduranga attacked Nguyen Lord's territories near Đà Rằng River.[6] In 1594 Champa sent troops to Johor Sultanate to fight the Portuguese.[7] In 1611, in a attempt to retake land from the Nguyen lord, Champa mounted an attack in Phu Yen, but gain no success.[7]
Later period[]
With the rise of nearby Hội An, most foreign traders now were leaving Champa. Japanese seal trade ships ceased to trade with Champa in 1623.[8] In 1611, lord Nguyen Phuc Nguyen sent an army led by Văn Phong attacked Panduranga, annexed entire the Kauthara Principality. Nguyen lord then resettled 30,000 Trinh POWs in Phu Yen.[9]
During the reign of Po Rome (r. 1627–1651), Dutch merchants were allowed to freely trade in the country.[10] In 1653 or 1655, Po Nraup raided Phu Yen. Lord Nguyễn Phúc Tần responded by sent an army of 3,000 under Hùng Lộc attacked Panduranga, arrested Po Nraup in front of French missionary Joseph Tissanier (1618–1688). The Vietnamese then annexed Cam Ranh, set up Khánh Hòa Province.[11]
The Nguyen and Mạc lords from Dai Viet, who had heavily influenced on Cambodian politics since the sixteenth century, have claimed Bien Hoa in 1658. Panduranga was surrounded by Nguyen lord in both north and south.[12] In 1692, lord Nguyễn Phúc Chu invaded Panduranga, arrested King and renamed Champa to Trấn Thuận Thành (). The lord established Bình Thuận District inside the Principality as free lands for ethnic Viet.[13] In December 1693, Cham people revolted against Nguyen lord, called for independence. Because of the movement's pressures, Nguyễn Phúc Chu decided to abolish the Bình Thuận District, and agreed to grant the Cham rulers autonomy.[14]
References[]
Citations[]
- ^ Po 2013, pp. 71–72.
- ^ Miksic & Yian 2016, p. 527.
- ^ Po 2013, p. 72.
- ^ Zottoli 2011, p. 102.
- ^ Kiernan 2019, pp. 236–237.
- ^ Po 2013, p. 73.
- ^ a b Kiernan 2019, p. 236.
- ^ Zottoli 2011, p. 210.
- ^ Po 2013, p. 74.
- ^ Po 2013, p. 75.
- ^ Po 2013, p. 76.
- ^ Po 2013, pp. 77–78.
- ^ Po 2013, p. 79.
- ^ Po 2013, p. 80.
Work cited[]
- Hubert, Jean-François (2012). Art of Champa. Ho Chi Minh: Parkstone Press International.
- Kiernan, Ben (2019). Việt Nam: a history from earliest time to the present. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-190-05379-6.
- Miksic, John Norman; Yian, Goh Geok (2016). Ancient Southeast Asia. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415735544.
- Po, Dharma (2013). Le Panduranga (Campa). Ses rapports avec le Vietnam (1802-1835). International Office of Champa.
- Taylor, Keith W. (2013). A History of the Vietnamese. Cambridge University Press.
- Zottoli, Brian A. (2011), Reconceptualizing Southern Vietnamese History from the 15th to 18th Centuries: Competition along the Coasts from Guangdong to Cambodia, University of Michigan
- History of Champa
- Former countries in Southeast Asia
- Former countries in Vietnamese history
- 1471 establishments
- 1697 disestablishments