Russell Group

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Russell Group
RussellGroup.svg
Formation1994
TypeAssociation of United Kingdom-based universities
Headquarters
Region served
United Kingdom
Membership
  • 24:
  • University of Birmingham
  • University of Bristol
  • University of Cambridge
  • Cardiff University
  • Durham University
  • University of Edinburgh
  • University of Exeter
  • University of Glasgow
  • Imperial College London
  • King's College London
  • University of Leeds
  • University of Liverpool
  • London School of Economics
  • University of Manchester
  • Newcastle University
  • University of Nottingham
  • University of Oxford
  • Queen Mary University of London
  • Queen's University Belfast
  • University of Sheffield
  • University of Southampton
  • University College London
  • University of Warwick
  • University of York
Key people
  • Tim Bradshaw
  • (Chief Executive)
  • Anton Muscatelli
  • (Chair 2017–2020)
  • Nancy Rothwell
  • (Chair 2020–2023)
Websiterussellgroup.ac.uk Edit this at Wikidata

The Russell Group is a self-selected association of twenty-four public research universities in the United Kingdom. The group is headquartered in Cambridge and was established in 1994 to represent its members' interests, principally to government and parliament. It was incorporated in 2007.[2] Its members are sometimes perceived as being the most prestigious universities in the country, although the accuracy of this is disputed.[3]

As of 2017, Russell Group members receive over three-quarters of all university research grant and contract income in the United Kingdom.[4] Fifteen of the country's sixteen universities in the THE top 100 are members of the group. Their graduates hold 61% of all UK jobs that require a university degree, despite being only 17% of all higher education graduates.[5][6] Russell Group members award 60% of all doctorates gained in the United Kingdom.[4] In the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, 68% of world-leading (4*) research and 68% of research with an outstanding (4*) impact was carried out in Russell Group universities.[7] Of the 21 Russell Group universities that have entered the Teaching Excellence and Student Outcomes Framework (TEF), 10 hold gold awards (48%), 10 silver (48%) and one bronze (5%),[8] compared to proportions across all 274 higher education providers with full awards of 28% gold, 50% silver and 22% bronze,[9] and proportions across 139 universities and alternative providers with university status of 40% gold, 50% silver and 10% bronze.[10]

The Russell Group is named after the location of the first informal meetings of the Group, which took place at the Hotel Russell in Russell Square, London.[11]

History[]

The Russell Group Universities was formed in 1994 by 17 British research universities – Birmingham, Bristol, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Imperial College London, Leeds, Liverpool, London School of Economics, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham, Oxford, Sheffield, Southampton, University College London and Warwick, who originally met at Hotel Russell shortly before meetings of the Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals (now Universities UK) in nearby Tavistock Square, close to the University of London buildings and, particularly, Senate House.[11][12] In 1998, Cardiff University and King's College London joined the group.[13] In March 2001, the Russell Group decided against selecting a preferred option for the future funding of higher education, stating that endowments, a graduate contribution, increased public funding and top-up fees should all remain options.[14] In December 2005, it was announced that the Russell Group would be appointing its first full-time director-general as a result of a planned expansion of its operations, including commissioning and conducting its own policy research.[15] In November 2006, Queen's University Belfast was admitted as the twentieth member of the group.[16] In the same month Wendy Piatt, the then deputy director in the Prime Minister's strategy unit, was announced as the group's new Director General and chief executive.[16]

In March 2012, it was announced that four universities – Durham, Exeter, Queen Mary University of London; and York – would become members of the Russell Group in August of the same year.[11] All of the new members had previously been members of the 1994 Group of British universities.[11]

In January 2013, it was announced that the Russell Group would establish an academic board to advise the English exams watchdog Ofqual on the content of A-Levels.[17] In May 2019 the group launched a website "Informed Choices" to advise school children on which A-level subject choices were useful for various degree courses, replacing an earlier teachers' guide that had identified a list of "facilitating subjects'.[18]

Organisation[]

Objectives[]

The Russell Group states that "its aim is to help ensure that our universities have the optimum conditions in which to flourish and continue to make social, economic and cultural impacts through their world-leading research and teaching."[2]

It works towards this by lobbying the UK government and parliament; commissioning reports and research; creating a forum in which its member institutions can discuss issues of common concern; and identify opportunities for them to work together.

Leadership[]

The Russell Group is led by Chief Executive Dr Tim Bradshaw and chaired by Prof Sir Anton Muscatelli, Vice-Chancellor of the University of Glasgow.

In May 2020 the Russell Group appointed the next chair Professor Dame Nancy Rothwell, President and Vice-Chancellor of The University of Manchester, starting September 2020.[19]


Russell Group Chairs 2000–2023[19]
Name Dates Institution
Sir Colin Lucas 2000–2003 Oxford
Professor Sir Michael Sterling 2003–2006 Birmingham
Professor Sir Malcolm Grant 2006–2009 UCL
Professor Michael Arthur 2009–2012 Leeds
Professor Sir David Eastwood 2012–2015 Birmingham
Professor Sir David Greenaway 2015–2017 Nottingham
Professor Sir Anton Muscatelli 2017–2020 Glasgow
Professor Dame Nancy Rothwell 2020–2023 Manchester

Members[]

Map of the UK with location of Russell Group universities highlighted
Oxford
Oxford
Cambridge
Cambridge
London
London
Manchester
Manchester
Nottingham
Nottingham
Bristol
Bristol
Leeds
Leeds
Sheffield
Sheffield
Birmingham
Birmingham
Southampton
Southampton
Liverpool
Liverpool
Newcastle
Newcastle
Warwick
Warwick
Edinburgh
Edinburgh
Glasgow
Glasgow
Cardiff
Cardiff
Queen's
York
York
Durham
Durham
Exeter
Exeter
London:  Imperial College London  King's College London  London School of Economics  Queen Mary University of London  University College London
London:
 Imperial College London
 King's College London
 London School of Economics
 Queen Mary University of London
 University College London
Locations of Russell Group universities

The Russell Group currently has twenty four members,[12] of which twenty are from England, two from Scotland, and one from each of Wales and Northern Ireland. Of the English members, five are from Greater London; three from the Yorkshire and the Humber region; two from each of the North East, North West, West Midlands, South West and South East regions; and one from each of the East Midlands and East regions. Four Russell Group members are constituent colleges of the University of London and a fifth London institution, Imperial College London, was part of the University of London until 2007.

The table below gives the members of the group, along with when they joined, their student and staff numbers, and their Teaching Excellence Framework rating).

University[20] Year of joining Undergraduate students (2019/20)[21] Postgraduate students (2019/20)[22] Total students (2019/20)[23] Total academic staff (2018/19)[24] TEF award[25]
Shield of the University of Birmingham.svg University of Birmingham 1994 23,155 12,605 35,760 4,020 Gold
Shield of the University of Bristol.svg University of Bristol 1994 20,035 7,340 27,375 3,285 Silver
University of Cambridge coat of arms.svg University of Cambridge 1994 12,860 8,475 21,340 6,215 Gold
Shield of the University of Cardiff.svg Cardiff University 1998 23,755 9,505 33,260 3,330 Silver
Durham shield.png Durham University 2012 14,730 4,790 19,520 1,720 Gold
University of Edinburgh arms.svg University of Edinburgh 1994 23,060 12,310 35,375 7,310 N/A
University of Exeter arms.svg University of Exeter 2012 20,320 6,615 26,935 2,810 Gold
Shield of the University of Glasgow.svg University of Glasgow 1994 21,165 11,300 32,465 4,275 N/A
Shield of Imperial College London.svg Imperial College London 1994 10,475 8,925 19,400 4,055 Gold
Shield of King's College London.svg King's College London‡ 1998 19,370 13,740 33,110 4,390 Silver
Shield of the University of Leeds.svg University of Leeds 1994 25,955 10,370 36,330 3,785 Gold
Shield of the University of Liverpool.svg University of Liverpool 1994 22,690 6,910 29,600 3,005 Silver
London School of Economics Coat of Arms.svg London School of Economics‡ 1994 5,160 6,895 12,050 1,725 Bronze
Shield of the University of Manchester.svg University of Manchester 1994 26,630 13,855 40,485 5,080 Silver
Shield of the University of Newcastle.svg Newcastle University 1994 21,300 6,775 28,070 3,010 Gold
Shield of the University of Nottingham.svg University of Nottingham 1994 25,980 8,860 34,840 3,495 Gold
Coat of arms of the University of Oxford.svg University of Oxford 1994 15,270 10,640 25,910 6,905 Gold
Queen Mary, University of London Crest-2.png Queen Mary University of London‡ 2012 14,825 6,840 21,665 3,235 Silver
Queen's University Belfast arms.svg Queen's University Belfast 2006 18,310 6,605 24,915 1,905 N/A
Shield of the University of Sheffield.svg University of Sheffield 1994 19,100 10,955 30,055 3,495 Silver
Shield of the University of Southampton.svg University of Southampton 1994 14,705 7,960 22,665 2,735 Silver
University College London‡ 1994 19,715 21,380 41,095 7,700 Silver
Shield of the University of Warwick.svg University of Warwick 1994 17,635 9,190 26,825 2,635 Silver
University of York coat of arms.svg University of York 2012 14,075 5,715 19,790 1,935 Gold

Notes:
‡ Constituent college of the University of London, awarding its own degrees

Status[]

Research[]

In 2015/16, following the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the 19 English universities with HEFCE research funding allocations (excluding transitional funding) in excess of £20 million were all members of the Russell Group. The only English Russell Group institution to receive an allocation below £20 million was the LSE (£18.6 million), which ranked 22nd behind the Universities of Leicester and Lancaster (both on £19 million).[26]

In 2010/11, 19 of the 20 UK universities with the highest income from research grants and contracts were members of the Russell Group.[27] In terms of total research funding allocations from the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) in 2007/8, the top 15 universities were all Russell Group institutions.[28] LSE was 21st, due to its focus on less costly social sciences research. Queen's University Belfast, Cardiff, Glasgow and Edinburgh, were not included in this table, as they are not English institutions. The Russell Group institutions received 82% of the total HEFCE research funding allocation.[28]

The research funding figures depend on factors other than the quality of research, in particular there are variations due to institutional size and subject spread (e.g. science, technology and medicine tend to attract more money).

In 2008, 18 of the then 20 members were positioned in the top 20 of Research Fortnight's Research Assessment Exercise 'Power' Table. The other two places were occupied by Durham University and Queen Mary University of London, which were not then Russell Group members but have since joined. The two Russell Group institutions outside the top 20 were QUB (21st) and the LSE (27th), while the other two universities to have since joined were York (22nd) and Exeter (25th).[29] In the equivalent table for the 2014 Research Excellence Framework, the 24 Russell Group members occupied the top 24 positions, with the University of Lancaster in 25th being the highest-ranked non-Russell Group university.[30]

Rankings[]

See also: Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom

For 2015–16, all eight UK universities in the ARWU top 100,[31] seventeen of the eighteen in the QS top 100,[32] and fifteen of the sixteen in the THE top 100[33] are members of the Russell Group (the other place in both the QS and THE rankings being occupied by the University of St Andrews). On the 2016 national tables, the Russell Group provides seven of the top ten in the Complete University Guide, six in the Guardian University Guide and eight in the Times/Sunday Times Good University Guide.

University ARWU (Global)a[31] QS (Global)a[32] THE (Global)a[33] Complete (National)b[34] Guardian (National)b[35] The Times (National)c[36]
University of Birmingham 101–150 81 112 13 16 15
University of Bristol 64 49 87 16 23 16=
University of Cambridge 3 7 3 1 1 1
Cardiff University 101–150 154= 198= 26 38 35
Durham University 201–300 78= 133 6 5 5
University of Edinburgh 31 20 30 16 25 24
University of Exeter 151–200 163= 146= 11= 10 14
University of Glasgow 151–200 67 99= 18 14 20
Imperial College London 23 9 10 5 7 4
King's College London 51 33= 36= 25 63 28=
University of Leeds 101–150 93= 155= 14 11 10
University of Liverpool 101–150 181 165 28 50 42
London School of Economics 151–200 44 27= 4 19 11
University of Manchester 33 27 55 15 40 25
Newcastle University 201–300 146 201–250 22 35 26
University of Nottingham 101–150 96 152= 19 18 18
University of Oxford 7 4 1 2 3 2
Queen Mary University of London 151–200 126 110= 41 83 43
Queen's University Belfast 301–400 173= 201–250 37 53 38
University of Sheffield 101–150 78= 117= 33 45 21
University of Southampton 101–150 97 122 20 24 30
University College London 15 8 15 10 22 7=
University of Warwick 101–150 62 77 11= 9 9
University of York 301–400 148 128= 30 20 16=

Notes:
a Global ranking; latest available year (2019/2020)
b National ranking; latest available year (2019/2020)
c National ranking; latest available year (2017/2018)

Selectivity[]

All but two of the universities in the Russell Group are part of the Sutton Trust's group of 30 highly selective universities, the Sutton Trust 30 (the absent members being Queen Mary University of London and Queen's University Belfast).[37] The Sutton 13 group of the 13 most highly selective universities only includes one non-Russell Group member, the University of St Andrews.[38] The top 10 by average UCAS tariff score of new undergraduate students in 2018–19 included four non-Russell Group universities: St Andrews (2nd; 211 points), Strathclyde (5th; 199 points), Aberdeen (9th; 183 points) and Dundee (10th; 177 points);[39] in 2015–16, using the old UCAS tariff, St Andrews was the only non Russell Group university in the top ten, placed fifth with an average score of 525 (and an offer rate of 52.2%).[40] The average offer rate across 'high tariff' UK institutions (as defined by UCAS) was 73.4% in 2019. Offer rates include conditional and unconditional offers.[41]

University Average Entry Tariffa[42] Offer Rate (%)b[41]
University of Birmingham 159 81.9
University of Bristol 170 74.9
University of Cambridge 212 29.0
Cardiff University 153 81.7
Durham University 192 80.4
University of Edinburgh 187 52.3
University of Exeter 163 92.8
University of Glasgow 200 69.0
Imperial College London 190 46.0
King's College London 171 70.3
University of Leeds 160 71.8
University of Liverpool 142 84.7
London School of Economics 168 41.4
University of Manchester 167 70.1
Newcastle University 152 86.5
University of Nottingham 151 81.1
University of Oxford 205 21.8
Queen Mary University of London 149 80.7
Queen's University Belfast 151 83.0
University of Sheffield 151 85.1
University of Southampton 155 78.3
University College London 175 58.6
University of Warwick 163 78.2
University of York 152 86.6

Notes:
a The average UCAS tariff achieved by new students entering the university in 2018–19. This is based on qualifications achieved, for example A-levels: A* = 56, A = 48, B = 40 UCAS points; AS level: A = 20, B = 16, C = 12.[43]
b The average offer rate for 18-year-old June deadline applicants in 2019.

Finances[]

The Russell Group accounted for 49.1% of the income of the higher education sector in the UK in 2013–14, having risen from 44.7% of the total in 2001–02. Over the same period the total income of Russell Group universities rose by 69.9% in real terms, compared to a sector average of 54.4%.[44] Russell Group universities are also seen as "particularly creditworthy" due to their membership of the group, allowing them to borrow money at low interest rates.[45]

The total annual income for Russell Group members for 2016–17 was £16.67 billion of which £4.38 billion was from research grants and contracts, with an expenditure of £15.90 billion. The table below is a record of each Russell Group member's financial data for the 2016–17 financial year.

University Government Funding Body Grants (£m) Teaching Income (£m) Teaching Income as % of Total Income Research Income (£m) Research Income as % of Total Income Total Income (£m) Operating Surplus (£m) Surplus as % of Total Income Endowment Value (£m) Total Net Assets (£m)
University of Birmingham[46] 88.9 243.6 39.4% 155.4 25.1% 617.9 53.3 8.63% 112.6 1,227.6
University of Bristol[47] 78.7 305.1 48.0% 124.0 19.5% 635.6 38.3 6.03% 70.2 890.8
University of Cambridge‡[48] 178 264 15.4% 458 26.7% 1,714 72 4.20% 1,728 4,298
Cardiff University[49] 58.4 254 50.4% 101.2 20.1% 503.8 —8.8 —1.75% 33.1 722.9
Durham University‡[50] 39.4 181.7 50.3% 53.4 14.8% 361.0 33.3 9.22% 72.0 401.5
University of Edinburgh[51] 191.8 278.5 30.7% 265.3 29.3% 905.8 58.3 6.44% 392.1 2,009.7
University of Exeter[52] 40.0 219.2 55.0% 70.2 17.6% 398.9 9.6 2.41% 37.2 496.8
University of Glasgow[53] 160.4 174.7 28.8% 179.8 29.6% 607.5 41.6 6.85% 188.4 791.2
Imperial College London[54] 143.1 265.1 27.0% 348.2 35.4% 983.2 89.3 9.08% 141.7 1,462.8
King's College London[55] 123.0 300.0 38.6% 192.6 24.7% 778.2 14.0 1.80% 213.5 926.2
University of Leeds[56] 82.4 323.0 48.4% 131.1 19.6% 667.2 11.2 1.68% 72.7 748.8
University of Liverpool[57] 77.2 255.2 48.9% 94.5 18.1% 521.8 45.1 8.64% 166.5 651.4
London School of Economics[58] 26.3 199.3 57.4% 31.5 9.1% 347.4 35.5 10.22% 132.7 510.0
University of Manchester[59] 133.9 432.3 43.4% 262.1 26.3% 996.6 30.8 3.09% 222.2 1,576.8
Newcastle University[60] 69.1 216.8 46.1% 107.6 22.9% 470.7 13.6 2.89% 75.2 429.1
University of Nottingham[61] 90.1 309.3 48.5% 123.7 19.4% 637.6 25.6 4.02% 55.1 405.5
University of Oxford‡[62] 194.6 295.3 21.9% 559.0 41.5% 1,345.4 15.4 1.14% 828.7 3,165.2
Queen Mary University of London[63] 68.2 207.7 48.4% 107.6 22.9% 428.8 13.6 2.89% 34.3 472.0
Queen's University Belfast[64] 99.6 98.1 29.1% 79.6 23.6% 337.6 12.5 3.70% 65.4 409.3
University of Sheffield[65] 83.8 281.7 45.8% 155.9 25.4% 614.7 —10.7 —1.74% 42.2 837.5
University of Southampton[66] 76.0 246.3 42.2% 136.3 23.3% 584.0 46.2 7.91% 12.9 499.3
University College London[67] 194.6 460.6 35.3% 458.4 35.1% 1,304.7 73.0 5.60% 111.4 1,187.4
University of Warwick[68] 58.4 287.5 49.9% 120.3 20.9% 576.2 38.6 6.70% 4.8 174.3
University of York[69] 40.9 166.1 50.1% 66.0 19.9% 331.4 13.1 3.95% 7.7 339.8

Notes:
‡ exclusive of colleges

Criticisms[]

'Elite' status questioned[]

In a statement to the Higher Education Policy Institute, David Watson of the University of Oxford suggested that the Russell Group's claim to represent 24 'leading universities' was "a real stretch". In the context of the Russell Group's reputation in the sector, he continued: "particularly dangerous, I think, is the bottom half of the Russell Group…The problem with the Russell Group is that it represents neither the sector as a whole [nor], in many cases, the best of the sector". Performance in research intensity showed that there were dozens of other UK universities "above the bottom Russellers".[70]

A Durham University academic, Vikki Boliver, published a report in 2015 claiming that the prestigious position of the Russell Group was not based on evidence, but rather successful marketing. Only the universities of Oxford and Cambridge were significantly more elite than the majority of "old" universities when a grouping analysis was performed using data on academic selectivity, research activity, teaching quality, socio-economic exclusivity and economic resources. The other 22 members of the Russell Group sit in a second tier of universities along with 17 other "old" universities (University of Aberdeen, University of Bath*, University of Dundee, University of East Anglia*, Goldsmiths*, Heriot-Watt University, University of Kent, Lancaster University*, University of Leicester*, Loughborough University*, University of Reading*, Royal Holloway*, University of St Andrews*, SOAS*, University of Strathclyde, University of Surrey* and University of Sussex*), mostly comprising former members of the defunct 1994 Group (shown by asterisks). Another 13 "old" universities and 54 "new" universities made up a third tier, with a fourth tier of 19 "new" universities. Within each tier, the differences between the institutions were less significant than the differences between the tiers.[71][72] This reflected an earlier result from 2010 that, when the "Golden Triangle" universities (defined in the study as Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial, LSE, and UCL) were omitted, the remaining (then) members of the Russell Group were outperformed by the (then) members of the 1994 Group.[73]

Ant Bagshaw from the Wonkhe think-tank has criticised the use of Russell Group membership as a proxy for selectivity in official Department for Education reports and statistics, as better measures of selectivity are available from UCAS data. He states that the idea that "Russell Group membership is synonymous with 'best'" is "persistent, but unverified". He also notes that this may lead to less scrutiny of the performance of non-Russell Group selective universities with respect to widening participation and improving access.[74]

Protectionism[]

The Institute of Economic Affairs has argued that the Russell Group acts out of protectionist interests. It is claimed that this will "restrict competition, discourage innovation and encourage inefficiency, thereby depriving students of lower prices and/or greater choice".[75]

Tuition fees[]

The Russell Group has been prominent in recent years in the debate over the introduction of tuition fees, a measure which it has strongly supported – much to the dismay of the universities' students' unions. Indeed, members of the group argued that even the fees proposed by the controversial Higher Education Bill would not be sufficient to cover the rising cost of undergraduate teaching, and successfully argued for the right to charge variable fees at much higher rates, so-called top-up fees.[citation needed]

See also[]

  • Ivy League – group of private universities in the Northeastern United States.
  • Association of American Universities – group of US research universities
  • Imperial Universities – group of older universities in Japan
  • Institutes of National Importance – premier universities in India
  • National Institutes of Technology – 31 leading public engineering universities in India.
  • Golden Triangle – informal grouping of universities in London and southeast England
  • SKY (universities) – group of Korean universities
  • C9 League – The Chinese Ministry of Education's formal grouping of elite universities in China
  • TU9, alliance of nine leading Technical Universities in Germany
  • Group of Eight (Australian universities), formal group of eight universities in Australia
  • List of higher education associations and alliances

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