C9 League

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For the eSports team, see Cloud9 League of Legends.
C9 League
C9 League.png
Formation4 May 1998; 23 years ago (1998-05-04)
Legal statusMinistry of Education of the People's Republic of China
HeadquartersBeijing, China
Membership
Official language
Chinese
Websitewww.c9league.com

The C9 League (Chinese: 九校联盟; pinyin: Jiǔ xiào liánméng) is an official alliance of nine universities in China, initiated by the Chinese Central Government through the Project 985 to promote the development and reputation of higher education in China.[1] Collectively, universities in the C9 League account for 3% of the country's researchers, but receive 10% of national research expenditures.[2] They produce 20% of the nation's academic publications and 30% of total citations.[3] People's Daily, an official newspaper of the Chinese Communist Party, refers to the C9 League as China's Ivy League.[4] The grouping has been compared to other elite university groupings around the world such as the Ivy League, Russell Group, U15, and Group of Eight.[5]

Membership[]

The C9 league comprises China's most leading public research universities.[3] Its members are:

C9 League schools are allocated special resources, and have special arrangements for sharing resources with one another.[4] They have a higher fraction of elite academics who have been awarded one of China's top academic honors, the Thousand Talents Plan Professorship and the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Professorship, and often have a few who have been awarded both.[1] C9 League schools receive substantial funding from both national and local governments in order to build new research centers, improve facilities, hold international conferences, attract world-renowned faculty and visiting scholars, and help Chinese faculty attend conferences abroad.[6]

All the C9 League schools are members of the Project 211, the Project 985 and the Double First Class University Plan, representing China's most prestigious universities.[7]

Admissions[]

The C9 members' undergraduate program is highly competitive. Five of the C9 members, namely Tsinghua University, Peking University, Zhejiang University, Fudan University, and Shanghai Jiao Tong University, are the hardest for students to get in. Only less than 0.2% of National Higher Education Entrance Examination ("Gaokao") takers get admitted every year (as a comparison to 0.6% of SAT-takers accepted in the five most selective Ivy League schools in 2012).[8] It should be noted, however, that over ten million students take the Gaokao every year, and less than 2.2 million take the SAT: these rates are not directly comparable.[9][10]

Rankings and reputation[]

The C9 members are viewed as some of the most prestigious universities of all Chinese universities and consistently rank among the best in the world.[4][11] Two of the C9 members (Tsinghua and Peking universities) are the two best universities in the whole of Asia-Oceania region and emerging countries, according to the THE World University Rankings, THE Asia University Rankings and the THE Emerging Economies University Rankings.[12][13][14] Moreover, the C9 league has dominated the QS BRICS University Rankings and the THE Emerging Economies University Rankings, claiming seven of the top 10 spots for both rankings.[15][13] In the QS Asia University Rankings, five of the C9 universities appear in the Asia Top 10.[16]

All the C9 members are ranked in the world's top 100 universities according to the Performance Ranking of Scientific Papers for World Universities, the University Ranking by Academic Performance, and the SCImago Rankings.[17][18][19] All the C9 members are ranked in the world's top 150 universities in the Academic Ranking of World Universities and the Nature Index Annual Tables.[11][20] Seven of the C9 universities are ranked among the top 150 universities in the world according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the QS World University Rankings, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and the U.S. News & World Report Best Global University Ranking.[21][22][11][23] The C9 League as a grouping has been rapidly catching up with other elite groupings in terms of global rankings, even collectively passing Canada’s U15 within the ARWU league table in 2015.[5]

Internationally, Tsinghua and Peking were regarded as the two most reputable Chinese universities by the THE World Reputation Rankings where they have ranked 10th and 15th in the world respectively, together with Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, University of Science and Technology of China, Zhejiang University and Nanjing University in the global top 100 universities, and Xi'an Jiaotong University and Harbin Institute of Technology in the global top 200 universities.[24]

Tsinghua and Peking graduates are highly desired worldwide, with its Graduate Employability rankings placed at 6th and 19th in the world respectively in 2020 QS Graduate Employability Rankings, together with Fudan University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Zhejiang University in the Global Top 50th Universities with high-achieving graduates every year.[25]

University City QS

(2022)[26]

THE

(2022)[27]

ARWU

(2021)[11]

USNWR

(2022)[23]

CWTS(2021)[28][note 1] Scimago(2021)[19] URAP(2022)[18] Nature

(2021)[20]

NTU(2021)[17] Average
Tsinghua University Beijing 17 =16 28 26 7 3 10 18 14 15
Peking University Beijing 18 =16 45 45 27 16 22 12 23 25
Zhejiang University Hangzhou 45 75 52 115 21 10 15 22 19 42
Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai =50 84 59 105 29 14 11 30 17 44
Fudan University Shanghai 31 60 77 141 74 54 45 33 47 62
University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 98 88 63 110 53 71 62 11 57 68
Nanjing University Nanjing 131 105 101-150 135 90 82 81 14 88 94
Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an 290 401-500 101-150 255 51 63 63 127 81 167
Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin 236 501-600 151-200 203 35 47 75 106 95 169

International Connections[]

The C9 League is a signatory member of the worldwide association of leading research universities, including the Association of American Universities (USA), the League of European Research Universities (Europe) and the Group of Eight (Australia), that signed the prestigious Hefei Statement (the ten characteristics of contemporary research universities) in 2013.[29]

History[]

The Chinese government has four main categories of elite universities. The first and largest of these groups is the Project 211, which was established in 1995 to strengthen research standards in China’s top universities, with universities that exceed a threshold receiving significantly increased funds.[2] As of 2018, 116 higher education institutions were members of the Project 211.[2]

The second, established in 2015, is the Double First Class University Plan to create 42 world class universities by 2050.[30] A third, more selective group is the Project 985, established in 1998. The Chinese government included 39 universities in the Project 985, and capped membership to these 39 in 2011.[2]

The final and most selective group is the C9 League, established by the Chinese central government on May 4, 1998 as part of the Project 985 with the goal of advancing Chinese higher education by formalizing an elite group of universities to foster better students and share resources.[4] Nine universities were selected and allocated funding, and on October 10, 2009, the relationship between these nine universities was formalized into China's C9 League.[31][32]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Measured by number of top 1% publication P(top 1%), ordered by P(top 1%) using fractional counting.

References[]

  1. ^ a b Li F, Miao Y, Yang C (2015). "How do alumni faculty behave in research collaboration? An analysis of Chang Jiang Scholars in China". Research Policy. 44: 438–450. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2014.09.002.
  2. ^ a b c d "Best universities in China 2018". Times Higher Education. 6 September 2017.
  3. ^ a b "Eastern stars: Universities of China's C9 League excel in select fields". Times Higher Education.
  4. ^ a b c d "China's Ivy League: C9 League". People's Daily. Retrieved 17 Apr 2018.
  5. ^ a b Allen R (2017). "A Comparison of China's "Ivy League" to Other Peer Groupings Through Global University Rankings". Journal of Studies in International Education. 21: 395-411. doi:10.1177/1028315317697539.
  6. ^ "World Education News & Reviews". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ^ "China to develop 42 world-class universities - People's Daily Online". en.people.cn. Retrieved 2021-12-22.
  8. ^ Staff Writers (2012-08-14). "15 Facts About China's Grueling College Entrance Exam -". collegestats.org. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  9. ^ "Explainer: Everything You Need to Know About the Gaokao". That's Online. Retrieved 2021-11-02.
  10. ^ https://newsroom.collegeboard.org/nearly-22-million-students-class-2020-took-sat-least-once. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ^ a b c d "Academic Ranking of World Universities 2021". Shanghai Ranking Consultancy. Retrieved 15 August 2021.
  12. ^ "Asia University Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). 2020-05-28. Retrieved 2020-09-27.
  13. ^ a b "Emerging Economies". Times Higher Education (THE). 2020-01-22. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  14. ^ "World University Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). 2020-08-25. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  15. ^ "QS University Rankings: BRICS 2019". Top Universities. 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2020-09-13.
  16. ^ "QS University Rankings: Asia 2021". Top Universities. 2020-11-19. Retrieved 2020-12-15.
  17. ^ a b "World University Rankings 2021". nturanking.lis.ntu.edu.tw. Retrieved 2 September 2021.
  18. ^ a b "University Ranking by Academic Performance (URAP) announced 2021-2022 World University Ranking". University Ranking by Academic Performance. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 22 December 2021.
  19. ^ a b "University Rankings 2021". www.scimagoir.com. Retrieved 2021-06-16.
  20. ^ a b "2020 tables: Institutions | 2020 tables | Institutions | Nature Index". www.natureindex.com. Retrieved 2020-10-16.
  21. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2021". Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  22. ^ "World University Rankings 2021". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 16 October 2020.
  23. ^ a b "Top World University Rankings | US News Best Global Universities 2022". www.usnews.com. Retrieved 26 October 2021.
  24. ^ "World Reputation Rankings". Times Higher Education (THE). 2021-10-25. Retrieved 2021-10-27.
  25. ^ "Graduate Employability Rankings 2020". Top Universities. 2019-09-10. Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  26. ^ "QS World University Rankings 2022". Top Universities. Retrieved 2021-06-16.
  27. ^ "World University Rankings 2022". Times Higher Education (THE). 2021-08-25. Retrieved 2021-09-02.
  28. ^ "CWTS Leiden Ranking 2021 - P (top 1%)". CWTS Leiden Ranking. Retrieved 2021-06-16.
  29. ^ "Hefei Statement". LERU. October 2013. Retrieved 2021-09-10.
  30. ^ "China to develop 42 world-class universities". People's Daily. 21 September 2017.
  31. ^ "九校高校签订《一流大学人才培养合作与交流协议书》". Archived from the original on 2012-08-05.
  32. ^ Sainsbury, Michael (4 November 2009). "China establishes group of Ivy League universities". The Australian.
Retrieved from ""