Sangiric languages
| Sangiric | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | northern Sulawesi |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | sang1335 |
The Sangiric languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken in North Sulawesi, Indonesia and several small islands to the north which belong to the Philippines. They are classified as a branch of the Philippine subgroup.[1]
Classification[]
The following classification scheme is from James Sneddon (1984:57).[2]
- North Sangiric
- Talaud
- Sangirese (two variants: Sangir in Indonesia and Sangil in the Philippines)
- South Sangiric
- Bantik
- Ratahan
The North Sangiric languages are spoken in the Sangir and Talaud archipelagos of Indonesia just north of Sulawesi, as well as the Sarangani Islands of the Philippines just south of Mindanao. The South Sangiric languages are spoken in scattered locations on the northern tip of Sulawesi. Bantik is spoken in the Manado region, while Ratahan is spoken just south of Lake Tondano.
Reconstruction[]
| Proto-Sangiric | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Sangiric languages |
Reconstructed ancestors | Proto-Austronesian
|
Proto-Sangiric (PSan) has been reconstructed by Sneddon (1984).[2]
Phonology[]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | *i | *u | |
| Mid | *e | *ə | *o |
| Open | *a |
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | *p | *t | *k | *ʔ | |
| voiced | *b | *d | *g | |||
| Fricative | *s | |||||
| Nasal | *m | *n | *ŋ | |||
| Lateral | *l | |||||
| Approximant | *w | *y | *R | |||
The exact phonetic nature of *R is unclear. Its reflexes are Sangil [r], Sangir, Ratahan [h], Talaud [ʒ ~ k:], Bantik zero. Sneddon speculates that it may have been a coarticulated apical trill with velar friction, which is the usual realization of Sangil [r].
Vocabulary[]
The comparison table (a small selection from Sneddon 1984:61–114) illustrates the correspondences between the Sangiric languages, including inherited vocabulary as well as Sangiric innovations.
| Words inherited from Proto-Austronesian (PAn) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Talaud | Sangir | Sangil | Bantik | Ratahan | PSan | PAn | Meaning |
| biβikka | biβihəʔ | biβirəʔ | bíbihiʔ | βiβi | *bibiR | *bibiR | 'lip' |
| tallu | təlu | taw | tulu | tulú | *təlu | *təlu | 'three' |
| anumma | ənuŋ | nuŋ | nuŋ | num | *ənum | *ənəm | 'six' |
| manuʔa | manuʔ | manuʔ | manuʔ | manuk | *manuk | *manuk | 'fowl' |
| duʒi | duhi | duri | duhi | rui | *duRi | *duRi | 'bone' |
| paɭ̆adda | paɭ̆edəʔ | paɭ̆edəʔ | páledeʔ | paler | *paled | *palaj | 'palm, sole' |
| daɭ̆anna | daɭ̆eŋ | daɭ̆eŋ | daleŋ | ralen | *dalen | *zalan | 'road' |
| Sangiric innovations | |||||||
| Talaud | Sangir | Sangil | Bantik | Ratahan | PSan | PAn | Meaning |
| inassa | kinaʔ | kinaʔ | kínasaʔ | kinas | *kinas | (*Sikan) | 'fish' |
| deno | denoʔ | denoʔ | deno | reno | *deno | (*diRus) | 'bathe' |
| ʒodo | horo | roro | hodow | ʰorow | *Rodaw | (*Cazəm) | 'sharp' |
See also[]
- Minahasan languages
- Gorontalo–Mongondow languages
- Languages of Sulawesi
References[]
- ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander & Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2005). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. London: Routledge.
- ^ Jump up to: a b Sneddon, James N. (1984). Proto-Sangiric and the Sangiric languages. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. doi:10.15144/PL-B91
External links[]
- Sangiric at Ethnologue (23rd ed., 2020).
- Sangiric languages
- Philippine languages
- Languages of Sulawesi