Santa Maria Formation

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Santa Maria Formation
Stratigraphic range: Carnian
~236–233 Ma
↓
FormacaoX.PNG
Santa Maria Formation. Source: UFSM
TypeGeological formation
Unit of
Sub-unitsPasso das Tropas & Alemoa Members
UnderliesCaturrita Formation
OverliesSanga do Cabral Formation
Location
Coordinates29°41′42″S 53°47′43″W / 29.695042°S 53.795403°W / -29.695042; -53.795403Coordinates: 29°41′42″S 53°47′43″W / 29.695042°S 53.795403°W / -29.695042; -53.795403
Region Rio Grande do Sul
Country Brazil
ExtentParaná Basin

The Santa Maria Formation is a sedimentary rock formation found in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It has a Late Anisian[1][2] to Early Norian age[3][2] (Early to Late Triassic[4]), and is notable for its fossils of early dinosaurs and other dinosauromorphs,[5][6] including the herrerasaurid Staurikosaurus, the basal sauropodomorphs Buriolestes and Saturnalia, and the lagerpetid Ixalerpeton.[7][8][9][10] It received this name because it was discovered first in the city of Santa Maria, on the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state.

The distinguished English paleontologist Arthur Smith Woodward determined the age of Santa Maria Formation dated Mesozoic Era, Upper Triassic period (about 220 million years).[citation needed] A U-Pb (Uranium decay) dating of a locality of the Upper portion of the Santa Maria Formation dated around 233.23±0.73 million years ago, putting that locality 1.5 million years older than the Ischigualasto Formation, instead being in the temporal range of the Los Chañares Formation, and making the two formations (Santa Maria and Ischigualasto) approximately equal as having the earliest dinosaur localities.[3][6][11][12][13]

The Santa Maria Formation is part of the Candelária Sequence,[2][4] and is biostratigraphically subdivided into Dinodontosaurus (latest Ladinian-earliest Carnian), Santacruzodon (earliest Carnian-middle Carnian), and Hyperodapedon (middle Carnian-latest Carnian) Assemblage Zones (from the oldest to youngest).[14] Moreover, the Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone is subdivided into Hyperodapedon Acme Zone (most of the zone, where the rhynchosaur Hyperodapedon is widely reported) and Exaeretodon Sub-Zone (restricted to 3 known and sampled localities, where Hyperodapedon is almost absent, but the traversodontid cynodont Exaeretodon is widely reported).[15] These subdivisions are also known as Lower and Upper Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, respectively.[14][15]

Vertebrate paleofauna[]

Synapsids[]

Synapsids of the Santa Maria Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Belesodon[16] Rio Grande do Sul[17] Junior synonym of Chiniquodon
Chiniquodon NT small.jpg
Candelariodon[18] C. barberenai[18] Rio Grande do Sul[18] A partial mandible having some complete teeth[18] A cynodont[18]
Chiniquodon C. theotonicus Several skulls A chiniquodontid cynodont
Exaeretodon[19] E. riograndensis Cranial material A traversodontid cynodont
Exaeretodon BW.jpg
Protuberum[20] P. cabralensis Rio Grande do Sul ribs, vertebrae, partial articulated skeleton, skull A traversodontid cynodont
Santacruzodon[21] S. hopsoni[21] Rio Grande do Sul[21] Cranial remains[21] A traversodontid cynodont[21]
Trucidocynodon[22] T. riograndensis An ecteniniid cynodont
Trucidocynodon riograndensis.jpg

Archosauromorphs[]

Archosauromorphs of the Santa Maria Formation
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Aetobarbakinoides[23] A. brasiliensis Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Alemoa Member, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Partial postcranial skeleton A stagonolepidid aetosaur pseudosuchian
Aetosauroides [24] A. scagliai Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Alemoa Member, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone An almost complete skull and incomplete postcranial elements An aetosaur pseudosuchian
Aetosauroides scagliai life restoration.jpg
Bagualosaurus [25] B. agudoensis Agudo, Rio Grande do Sul Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Exaeretodon Sub-Zone Almost complete skull with lower jaws, several vertebrae, partial pelvic girdle, partial hindlimbs A basal sauropodomorph
Bagualosaurus NT.jpg
Barberenasuchus[26] B. brasiliensis Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Alemoa Member, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone poorly preserved skull and axis vertebra An archosauriform of uncertain affinities
Brasinorhynchus[27] B. mariantensis Porto Mariante, Rio Grande do Sul Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone A complete skull, atlas, axis, third neck vertebra A stenaulorhynchine rhynchosaur archosauromorph
Buriolestes [28][29] B. schultzi São João do Polêsine, Rio Grande do Sul Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone parts of the skull, vertebrae, left forelimb, and left hindlimb The basalmost sauropodomorph dinosaur
Buriolestes schultzi restoration.png
Cerritosaurus [30] C. binsfeldi Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Badly preserved skull and postcranial elements A proterochampsid archosauromorph
Chanaresuchus[31][32] C. bonapartei Candelária-Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul Middle Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Santa Cruz Sequence, Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone Disarticulated cranial and postcranial elements A proterochampsid archosauromorph
Chanaresuchus.jpg
Dagasuchus [33] D. santacruzensis Santa Cruz do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul Middle Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Santa Cruz Sequence, Santacruzodon Assemblage Zone an illium and a pair of ischia A "rauisuchian"/loricatan pseudosuchian archosaur
Decuriasuchus [34] D. quartacolonia Dona Francisca, Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Assemblage of several individuals, which together preserved virtually all the skeleton A "rauisuchian"/loricatan pseudosuchian archosaur
Decuriasuchus.jpg
Dynamosuchus [35] D. collisensis Agudo, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Exaeretodon Sub-Zone Semi articulated partial skull and disarticulated fragmentary postcranial skeleton An ornithosuchid pseudosuchian archosaur
Dynamosuchus Castro life restoration.png
Gnathovorax [36] G. cabreirai São João do Polêsine, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone A complete semi-articulated skeleton, part of a multiataxic fossil assemblage, including two cynodonts and two rhynchosaurs A herrerasaurid dinosaur
Gnathovorax cabreirai J..jpg
Hyperodapedon [37][14] H. sanjuanensis

H. mariensis

H. huenei

 Santa Maria-Agudo-Candelária, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone Complete skulls, and most postcranial elements A hyperodapedontine rhynchosaur archosauromorph
Hyperodapedon NT small.jpg
Ixalerpeton [28] I. polesinensis São João do Polêsine, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone partial skull including a partial maxilla and both dentaries, most of the presacral vertebrae, two sacral vertebrae, several caudal verterae and associated chevrons, scapula and humerus, femora of at least two individuals, and tibia A basal lagerpetid dinosauromorph
Ixalerpeton models.jpg
Nhandumirim [38] N. waldsangae Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Several vertebrae, partial pelvic girdle, partial hindlimb A saurischian dinosaur, with possible theropod affinities
Pagosvenator [39] P. candelariensis Candelária, Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Poorly preserved skull and cervical elements An erpetosuchid archosaur
Pampadromaeus[40] P. barberenai Agudo, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Exaeretodon Sub-Zone Almost complete skull and lower jaws, several vertebrae, partial pectoral girdle, partial forelimb, partial pelvic girdle, partial hindlimb A basal sauropodomorph dinosaur
Pampadromaeus life.png
Polesinesuchus [41] P. aurelioi São João do Polêsine, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Several postcranial elements An aetosaur pseudosuchian
Prestosuchus [42][43][44] P. chiniquensis
P. loricatus 		Candelária-Dona Francisca-São Pedro do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Virtually all the skeleton is known A "rauisuchian"/loricatan pseudosuchian archosaur
Prestosuchus-chiniquensis (2).jpg
Procerosuchus[45] P. celer São Pedro do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone A "rauisuchian"/loricatan pseudosuchian archosaur
Proterochampsa P. nodosa Candelária, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Skull and partial postcranial elements A proterochampsid archosauromorph
Proterochampsa BW.jpg
Rauisuchus [46] R. tiradentes Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Incomplete skeleton including skull elements, several vertebrae and partial hindlimb A "rauisuchian"/loricatan pseudosuchian archosaur
Rauisuchus tiradentes.jpg
Rhadinosuchus [47] R. gracilis Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Badly preserved skull and postcranial elements A proterochampsid archosauromorph
Saturnalia [10] S. tupinquim Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Three partial skeleton, including partial skull and lower jaw, complete cervical, dorsal and partial caudal vertebral series, pectoral girdle, partial forelimb, pelvic girdle, partial hindlimb A basal sauropodomorph dinosaur
Saturnalia NT small.jpg
Spondylosoma [48] S. absconditum São Pedro do Sul, Rio Grande do Sul Lower Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Pinheiros-Chiniquá Sequence, Dinodontosaurus Assemblage Zone Several postcranial remains An avemetatarsalian aphanosaur
Staurikosaurus [7][8] S. pricei Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Partial postcranial skeleton with mandible A basal herrerasaurid dinosaur
Staurikosaurus new NT.jpg
Unnamed lagerpetid[6] Unnamed Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul Upper Santa Maria Formation, Alemoa Member, Candelária Sequence, Hyperodapedon Assemblage Zone, Hyperodapedon Acme Zone Specimen UFSM 11611 (partial left femur) A basal lagerpetid dinosauromorph

Formations[]

Geological formations in Rio Grande do Sul:

See also[]

References[]

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