Siret

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For the river, see Siret (river). For other uses, see Siret (disambiguation).
Siret
Town
Former Siret town hall
Former Siret town hall
Coat of arms of Siret
Coat of arms
Location in Suceava County
Location in Suceava County
Siret is located in Romania
Siret
Siret
Location in Suceava County
Coordinates: 47°57′11″N 26°4′21″E / 47.95306°N 26.07250°E / 47.95306; 26.07250Coordinates: 47°57′11″N 26°4′21″E / 47.95306°N 26.07250°E / 47.95306; 26.07250
Country Romania
CountySuceava
Government
Area
 • Total43.40 km2 (16.76 sq mi)
Population
 (2011)
 • Total7,976
 • Density180/km2 (500/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+2 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (CEST)

Siret (Romanian pronunciation: [siˈret]; Ukrainian: Серет, romanized: Seret; German: Sereth; Yiddish: סערעט‎, romanized: Seret) is a town, municipality and former Latin bishopric in Suceava County, north-eastern Romania. It is situated in the historical region of Bukovina. Siret is the 11th largest urban settlement in the county, with a population of 7,721 inhabitants, according to the 2011 census. It is one of the oldest towns in Romania and was the capital of the medieval Principality of Moldavia during the late 14th century. Furthermore, the town administers two villages: Mănăstioara and Pădureni.

Administration and local politics[]

Town council[]

The town's current local council has the following political composition, according to the results of the 2020 Romanian local elections:[2]

    Party Seats Current Council
  National Liberal Party (PNL) 10                    
  Social Democratic Party (PSD) 5                    

Geography[]

The town of Siret is located at the north-eastern limit of Suceava County, 2 kilometres (1 mile) from the border with Ukraine, being one of the main border passing points in the north of the country, having both a road border post and a rail connection.

The rail is on a standard gauge on the Romanian side and continues as a Russian-style broad gauge into Ukraine. Siret (actually the nearby border passing point called Vicșani – Vadul Siret) is one of the few places in Romania which provides a gauge change equipment, allowing transportation without transfer.

Siret is situated at the half distance between Chernivtsi and Suceava, on the right banks of Siret River. The European route E85 crosses the city.

History[]

Holy Trinity Church (1352), one of the oldest in Romania
Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church in Siret

One of the oldest settlements of Bukovina with traces of settlement from the Neolithic and Trypillia culture is still preserved in Seret. It was first mentioned in historical documents in 1334.[3]

During the period 1211–1225, on a hill near Siret a fortress was built by the Teutonic Knights. The town and the Teutonic castle were destroyed by the Tatars in 1241. The first document of Siret dates back to 1339, according to some historical sources. Seret is mentioned as a Russian city in Wallachia in the List of Russian cities (1370-1390). The town was the capital of the former principality of Moldavia, in the late 14th century.

The Russian Imperial Army occupied the town in 1770, and, as a consequence, an epidemic of cholera broke out. Together with the rest of Bukovina, Siret was under the imperial rule of the Habsburg Monarchy (later Austria-Hungary) from 1775 to 1918.

During the Austro-Hungarian Empire (1774-1918) Siret was a city with a number of important Ukrainian institutions (branches of the and the society; the , etc.).[3]

During World War II, Siret was captured on 3 April 1944 by Soviet troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front in the course of the Dnieper–Carpathian Offensive.

Religions[]

Given the 14th century decline of the Byzantine empire as Orthodox regional superpower-ally and Latin mendicant orders missions since the 13th century, the prince Bogdan I of Moldavia obtained virtual independence in 1359 as founding voivode (autonomous prince), seeking aid and protection from Poland, welcomed Latin missionaries, Francescans (founding a monastery at Siret in 1340) and Dominicans. His son and indirect successor Lațcu of Moldavia (1365-1373) promised Rome his and the people's conversion to Catholicism and asked Pope Urban V to send missionaries and erect a Latin diocese in his principality's capital, Siret, which happened in 1371, initially directly subject to the Holy See until 1412 when it was made suffragan of the Archbishopric of Lviv (Lwów in Polish; now in Ukraine). This Roman Catholic Diocese of Siret started to decline in 1388 when prince Petru of Moldavia transferred the Moldavian voivode's capital from Siret to Suceava, and was effectively suppressed, but from circa 1418, the Holy See erected another Moldavian bishopric, the Diocese of Baia, which inherited its territory (1434?).

There was a Jewish community by the mid-16th century. Zionist activity began at the turn of the 20th century, a time when most of the local Jews worked in commerce. From 1912 to 1918, the mayor was Jewish and the town council included Jews. During World War I, Jews fled in advance of the Imperial Russian Army, and found their property destroyed when they returned. After the union of Bukovina with Romania, the new authorities revoked licenses for Jewish members of the free professions and removed Jewish officials from their posts. In 1930, there were 2,121 Jews or 14% of the town's population. In 1936, Baruch Hager of the Vizhnitz dynasty was named rabbi and opened a yeshiva. During the interwar period, there was activity by Zionist youth movements. On June 20, 1941, just before Romania's entry into World War II, the authorities of the Ion Antonescu regime forced the Jews of Siret to march to Dornești before transporting them to Craiova and Calafat and finally Transnistria (see The Holocaust in Romania). Soviet troops liberated 460 Siret Jews there in 1944; 400 of them subsequently left for Palestine.[4]

Today, most of the population is Romanian Orthodox, with Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Greek-Catholic and Christian Evangelical minorities.

Demographics[]

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1910 7,948—    
1930 9,905+24.6%
1948 8,058−18.6%
1956 5,664−29.7%
1966 8,018+41.6%
1977 8,264+3.1%
1992 10,071+21.9%
2002 9,329−7.4%
2011 7,721−17.2%
2016 9,720+25.9%
Source: Austrian and Romanian census data and/or official estimates
  Siret (City) Siret (Suburbs)
Year Ukrainians Romanians Jews Germans Poles Ukrainians Romanians Jews Germans Poles
1900 1,882 669 3,093 1,566 256 - - - - -
1910 - - - - - 26,809[a] 19,199 - - -
1930 14.86%[b] 43.43% 21.25% 16.72% 3.03% - - - - -
2011 15.29% 82.11% - - - - - - - -

According to the 1900 census, the city had 1,082 households and 7,614 inhabitants: 1,882 Ukrainians, 669 Romanians, 3,093 Jews, 1,566 Germans, and 256 Poles.[5]

According to the 1910 census, there were 26,809 (41.8%) Ukrainians living in Siret County,[3] and 19,199 (29.4%) Romanians.

At the end of the Second World War, the city was occupied on April 3, 1944[6] by the First Ukrainian Front during the Proskuriv-Chernivtsi operation.

In the 1950s, there were parallel classes with the Ukrainian language of instruction in the gymnasium and pedagogical school in Siret.

Siret reached its peak population in 1992, when more than 10,000 people were living within the town limits. In 2016, Siret had a population of c. 10,000 inhabitants.[7]

According to the 2011 census data, 7,721 inhabitants lived in Siret, a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2002 census, when the town had a population of 9,329 inhabitants. In 2011, of the total population, 95.85% were ethnic Romanians, 2.55% Ukrainians, 0.72% Poles, 0.42% Germans (Bukovina Germans), 0.28% Russians (Lipovans). Siret is the eleventh most populated urban locality in Suceava County.

Notable natives[]

International relations[]

Siret is a member of the Douzelage, a unique town twinning association of 24 towns across the European Union. This active program began in 1991, and regular events, such as a produce market from each of the other countries[clarification needed] and festivals.[9][10] Discussions regarding membership are also in hand with three additional towns (Agros in Cyprus, Škofja Loka in Slovenia, and Tryavna in Bulgaria).

Twin towns – sister cities[]

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania

Siret is twinned with:

Gallery[]

  • Statue of Margareta Mușat in downtown Siret

  • Petru Mușat High School

  • The Chronic Diseases Hospital

  • The Old Train Station

  • Iacob Zadik House

  • Simion Florea Marian House

  • Simion Florea Marian Statue

  • Teodor V. Ștefanelli Statue

  • The Roman Catholic Church

  • The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church

  • The Old Evangelical Church

  • The Jewish Temple

Notes[]

  1. ^ 41.8%[3]
  2. ^ Romanian census divided in Ruthenians (10.20%) and Russians (4.66%). There were also Bulgarians (1 person), Hungarians (6 people), and Czechs/Slovaks (10 people)

References[]

  1. ^ "Results of the 2020 local elections". Central Electoral Bureau. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
  2. ^ "Rezultatele finale ale alegerilor locale din 2020" (Json) (in Romanian). Autoritatea Electorală Permanentă. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Seret". Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
  4. ^ Shmuel Spector, Geoffrey Wigoder (eds.), The Encyclopedia of Jewish Life Before and During the Holocaust: Seredina-Buda-Z, p. 1186-87. NYU Press, 2001, ISBN 978-081-4793-78-7
  5. ^ Ludwig Patryn (1907). online Gemeindelexikon der im Reichsrate vertretenen Königreiche und Länder, bearbeitet auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Volkszählung vom 31. Dezember 1900, XIII. Bukowina Check |url= value (help). Wien. p. 65.
  6. ^ "Освобождение городов".
  7. ^ "Populaţia României pe localitati la 1 ianuarie 2016" (in Romanian). INSSE. 6 June 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  8. ^ Match, Richard (July 20, 1947). "Trouble in Sereth". Review of Seedtime by Leo Katz. The New York Times. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  9. ^ "Douzelage.org: Home". www.douzelage.org. Archived from the original on February 17, 2010. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
  10. ^ "Douzelage.org: Member Towns". www.douzelage.org. Archived from the original on April 6, 2009. Retrieved October 21, 2009.
  11. ^ "Partnerstwo Samorządów Siłą Europy". Europa Miast (in Polish). Retrieved 2013-08-13.

External links[]

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