Suicide by pilot
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Airbus_320-Germanwings_D-AIPX_2014-06-08_retouched.jpg/280px-Airbus_320-Germanwings_D-AIPX_2014-06-08_retouched.jpg)
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg/220px-North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg)
Suicide by pilot is an aviation event in which a pilot deliberately crashes or attempts to crash an aircraft in a suicide attempt, sometimes to kill passengers on board or people on the ground. This is sometimes described as a murder–suicide.[1] It is suspected as being a possible cause of the crashes of several commercial flights and is confirmed as the cause in others. Generally, it is difficult for crash investigators to determine the motives of the pilots, since they sometimes act deliberately to turn off recording devices or otherwise hinder future investigations.[2] As a result, pilot suicide can be difficult to prove with certainty.[3][4]
Investigators do not qualify aircraft incidents as suicide unless there is compelling evidence that the pilot was doing so. This evidence would include suicide notes, previous attempts, threats of suicide, or a history of mental illness. In a study of pilot suicides from 2002–2013, eight cases were identified as definite suicides, with five additional cases of undetermined cause that may have been suicides.[5] Investigators may also work with terrorism experts, checking for links to extremist groups to try to determine whether the suicide was an act of terrorism.[6][7][8]
Most cases of suicide by pilot involve general aviation in small aircraft. In most of these, the pilot is the only person on board the aircraft. In about half of the cases, the pilot had used drugs, usually alcohol or anti-depressants, which would normally have led to a flying ban. Many of these pilots have had mental illness histories that they have hidden from regulators.[5]
World War II suicide attacks[]
During World War II, the Russian aviator Nikolai Gastello was the first Soviet pilot credited with a (later disputed) "fire taran" in a suicide attack by an aircraft on a ground target, although his aircraft had been shot down and was in a rapid partially controllable descent.[9] In the following years there were more suicide attacks; the best known by military aviators are the attacks from the Empire of Japan, called kamikaze, against Allied naval vessels in the closing stages of the Pacific campaign of World War II. These attacks were designed to destroy warships more effectively than was possible with conventional attacks; between October 1944 and 1945, 3,860 kamikaze pilots committed suicide in this manner.[10]
List of declared or suspected pilot suicides[]
This list excludes World War II suicide attacks on ground targets (see section above).
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg/220px-WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg)
Legend:
Confirmed suicide | |
Believed to be suicide | |
Possible suicide | |
Attack on aircraft halted |
By pilots in control of whole flight[]
Crash date | Perpetrator | FlightType | Flight | Fatalities | Theories | Aircraft | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mar 27, 1972 | Pilot | Generalaviation | Stolenaircraft | 1 (pilot) | Timofei Shovkunov crashed an Antonov An-2 into his own apartment. He was the lone casualty. | ![]() |
[11] | |
Sep 26, 1976 | Pilot | Generalaviation | Stolenaircraft | 5 (pilot,4 on theground) |
Vladimir Serkov attempted to pilot his Antonov An-2 plane into his ex-wife's parents' apartment where she and his two-year-old son were visiting. See An-2 incidents. | ![]() |
[12] | |
Jan 5, 1977 | Pilot | Generalaviation | Connellanairdisaster | 5 (pilot,4 on theground) |
Colin Richard Forman, a disgruntled former employee of Connellan Airways (Connair), flew a Beechcraft Baron into the Connair complex at the Alice Springs Airport, Northern Territory, Australia. | ![]() |
[13] | |
Aug 22, 1979 | Pilot | Generalaviation | Stolenaircraft | 4 (pilot,3 on theground) |
A 23-year-old aircraft mechanic working at Bogota El Dorado Airport stole a Hawker-Siddeley HS-748 and crashed it into a Bogota suburb. | [14] | ||
Jun 1, 1980 | Pilot | Generalaviation | Barra do Garças air disaster | 7 (pilot, 4 passengers,2 on ground) |
After an argument with his wife and mother-in-law, Brazilian pilot Mauro Milhomem attempted to crash his Embraer EMB 721 Sertanejo, which was also carrying four passengers, into a hotel owned by a family member after he discovered that his wife had cheated on him. He failed to hit the hotel, and instead hit several objects before crashing the plane into another building. His wife killed herself a few days later. In total, seven people were killed and four were wounded. | [15] | ||
Feb 9, 1982 | Pilot | Commercialflight | JALFlight 350 | 24 |
Pilot engaged number 2 and 3 engines' thrust-reversers in flight. The first officer and flight engineer were able to partially regain control. | [16] | ||
Sep 15, 1982 | Pilot | Generalaviation | Bankstown Airport incident | 1 |
Philip Henryk Wozniak, a student pilot, stole a SOCATA Tobago and killed himself by deliberately crashing into Bankstown Airport in the City of Bankstown, New South Wales, Australia. Two aircraft on the ground were also destroyed. | [17][18][19][20][21] | ||
Mar 23, 1994 | Pilot | Generalaviation | Unscheduled solo flight from Spirit of St. Louis Airport in Chesterfield, Missouri. | 1 |
Bob Richards was having marital and other personal problems. He deliberately crashed his Piper Cherokee single-engine airplane onto the ground. He was alone in the plane, and thus the only fatality. | [22][dead link] | ||
Jul 13, 1994 | Pilot | Military | Stolenaircraft | 1 |
A Russian air force engineer stole an Antonov An-26 at Kubinka air base outside Moscow. He circled the aircraft until it ran out of fuel and crashed. | [23] | ||
Aug 21, 1994 | Pilot | Commercialflight | Royal Air Maroc Flight 630 | 44 |
Crashed intentionally by pilot | [24] [25] | ||
Sep 12, 1994 | Pilot | Generalaviation | Stolenaircraft | 1 |
Crashed intentionally by Frank Eugene Corder on the White House south lawn. | ![]() |
[26] | |
Apr 2, 1997 | Pilot | Military | Craig D. Button incident | 1 |
While on a training mission, Button flew off course and ceased radio contact. The A-10 Thunderbolt II later crashed into a mountain in Colorado. | |||
Dec 19, 1997 | Pilot | Commercialflight | SilkAirFlight185 | 104 |
The United States' NTSB ruled the incident a suicide, but the Indonesian NTSC listed the cause as undetermined. A private investigation blamed a flaw in the plane's rudder. | ![]() |
[27] | |
Sep 6, 1998 | Pilot | Generalaviation | Stolenaircraft | 1 | Crashed intentionally by off duty flight instructor at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, Florida. | ![]() |
[28] | |
Oct 11, 1999 | Pilot | Stolen commercial aircraft | 1999 Air Botswana incident | 1 |
Pilot commandeered and then crashed an Air Botswana aircraft into a group of aircraft at Sir Seretse Khama International Airport in Gaborone, Botswana | ![]() |
[29] | |
Oct 31, 1999 | First officer | Commercialflight | EgyptAirFlight 990 | 217 |
After the captain left the cockpit, relief first officer Gameel Al-Batouti turned off the autopilot and engines while repeatedly saying "I rely on God" in Arabic, causing the plane to go into a dive and crash into the Atlantic Ocean. The reason for his inputs was not determined[30][31][32] The U.S. National Transportation Safety Board concluded that the crash was a suicide while the Egyptian Civil Aviation Authority blamed a fault in the elevator control system.[33] | ![]() |
[34] | |
Jan 5, 2002 | Pilot | Generalaviation | 2002 Tampa airplane crash | 1 (pilot, damagedan office) |
Crashed into Bank of America Plaza. The pilot, teen Charles J. Bishop, credited and praised Osama bin Laden for September 11, 2001 attacks in his suicide note. | [36] | ||
Apr 18, 2002 | Pilot | Generalaviation | 2002 Pirelli Tower airplane crash | 3 (pilot, 2 on ground) |
65-year old Luigi Fasulo piloted his aircraft, a Rockwell Commander 112, and crashed into the Pirelli Tower in Milan, Italy. | [37] | ||
Jul 22, 2005 | Pilot | Generalaviation | 2005 Berlin airplane crash | 1 | A 39-year old pilot deliberately crashed his own light aircraft, a Platzer Kiebitz, in a field right in front of the Reichstag in Berlin. | [38] | ||
Feb 18, 2010 | Pilot | Generalaviation | 2010 Austin suicide attack | 2 (pilot,1 on theground) |
Andrew Joseph Stack III deliberately crashed his single-engine Piper Dakota light aircraft into Building I of the Echelon complex housing IRS offices in Austin, Texas, United States. | [39] | ||
Jul 17, 2012 | Pilot | Stolen commercial aircraft | Stolen Canadair RegionalJet | 1 |
A commercial pilot stole the aircraft at the St. George Regional Airport in St. George, Utah. The aircraft ran for several meters before it struck part of the terminal building and ended up in a parking lot. The pilot then shot himself once, killing himself inside the plane. | [40][41] | ||
Nov 29, 2013 | Pilot | Commercialflight | LAM Mozambique AirlinesFlight 470 | 33 |
The pilot intentionally crashed the aircraft. The co-pilot was locked out of the cockpit, according to the voice recorder. | ![]() |
[24] | |
Mar 8, 2014 | Pilot | Commercialflight | Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 | 239 | The flight data recorder and CVR have never been discovered. Several possible explanations for the disappearance of the aircraft have been offered. A leading theory amongst experts is that either the pilot or the co-pilot committed an act of murder–suicide.[42] A Canadian air crash investigator also believes the crash was a murder-suicide.[43] Former Australian Prime Minister, Tony Abbott, has also stated that Malaysian officials always believed the crash to have been caused by a suicidal pilot.[44] [45] An investigation by the Malaysian government asserted that the plane was manually flown off course. The lead in investigator was quoted as saying that the turns made by MH370 were "not because of anomalies in the mechanical system. The turn back was made not under autopilot but under manual control... We can confirm the turn back was not because of anomalies in the mechanical system"[46] | |||
Mar 24, 2015 | First officer | Commercialflight | Germanwings Flight 9525 | 150 |
Co-pilot Andreas Lubitz, previously treated for depression and suicidal tendencies, locked the captain out of the cockpit before crashing the plane into a mountain near Prads-Haute-Bléone, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France. | ![]() |
[47] | |
Oct 11, 2016 | Student pilot | Generalaviation | East Hartford, CT Piper PA-34 Seneca crash | 1 |
Jordanian student pilot Feras Freitekh was killed and his instructor injured after they argued and wrestled for control of the airplane on landing approach; the plane crashed into a utility pole near the Pratt & Whitney headquarters. Investigators concluded the crash was an intentional act motivated by suicide based on the surviving instructor, who said there was an argument and struggle for control. The FBI was investigating, but he was not known to intelligence agencies, no religious statements were heard, and nothing else pointed to terrorism. | [48] | ||
Mar 15, 2017 | Pilot | Generalaviation | Manitouwadge Cessna crash | 1 | Xin Rong, an experienced pilot, departed from Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, in a Cessna 172P and disappeared. The aircraft was found wrecked near Manitouwadge, Ontario, Canada, with the right-hand door open, but no human remains nor footprints in the snow were found at the crash site. Investigators believe that Rong deliberately jumped out somewhere en route and the Cessna subsequently ran out of fuel. His body has not been found and he was subsequently declared dead. | [49][50] | ||
Aug 10, 2018 | Ground service employee | Stolen commercial aircraft | 2018 Horizon Air Q400 incident | 1 | Horizon Air ground service employee Richard "Beebo" Russell conducted an unauthorized take-off in a Bombardier Dash 8 Q400 from Sea-Tac International Airport, performing aerobatic maneuvers over SeaTac and Puget Sound whilst being pursued by fighter jets. Though the air traffic controller on duty at Sea-Tac attempted to convince Russell to land the plane safely, Russell instead crashed the plane into Ketron Island in the South Puget Sound. | ![]() |
[51][52] | |
Aug 13, 2018 | Pilot | Stolen private aircraft | Stolen Cessna525 CitationJet | 1 | A man who was released after arrest for domestic assault charges stole an aircraft then crashed at his own home in Payson, Utah, in an attempt to murder his spouse. The man, who was an experienced pilot, was killed while no one in the house was harmed. | [53] | ||
Mar 23, 2019 | Pilot | Generalaviation | Beechcraft B200 Super King Air | 1 | A man who was an uninvited guest at a private party earlier that day crashed the airplane into a clubhouse at Matsieng Air Strip, Botswana. The clubhouse was evacuated prior to the crash, so that the perpetrator remained the sole fatality. | [54] |
By hijackers[]
Crash date | Attacker | Flight Type | Flight | Fatalities | Theories | Aircraft | Refs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
May 7, 1964 | Passenger | Commercial flight | Pacific Air Lines Flight 773 | 44 | Francisco Paula Gonzales, a depressed man in debt, shot both pilots before shooting himself, causing the plane to crash. All 44 people on board died. | ![]() |
[55] | |
March 17, 1970 | Passenger | Commercial flight | Eastern Air Lines Shuttle Flight 1320 | 1 (first officer) |
Passenger John J. Divivo shot both pilots, but the first officer took Divivo's gun and shot him before succumbing to his own wounds. Despite gunshot wounds in both arms, the captain landed the aircraft safely. Divivo subsequently hanged himself while awaiting trial. | ![]() |
[56][57] | |
February 22, 1974 | Terrorist hijacker | Commercial flight | Delta Air Lines Flight 523 | 3 (hijacker, co-pilot, police officer) |
Samuel Byck intended to crash into the White House in the hope of killing U.S. President Richard Nixon. He killed a police officer and hijacked the aircraft, but the aircraft never left the gate. Byck shot the co-pilot before being wounded by police in a shootout and committing suicide. | [58] | ||
December 7, 1987 | Former employee | Commercial flight | Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771 | 43 (all; five believed shot before impact) |
The plane was hijacked by David A. Burke, a disgruntled former employee of USAir, who is believed to have shot his former boss, both pilots, a flight attendant and another person before crashing the plane near Cayucos, California, United States. | ![]() |
[59] | |
April 7, 1994 | Employee and off duty pilot | Commercial flight | Federal Express Flight 705 | 0 (4 injured) |
Deadheading Federal Express pilot Auburn Calloway smuggled weapons aboard and attempted to hijack the cargo jet and crash it in an insurance fraud scheme for his family's benefit. Despite severe injuries inflicted by Calloway, the crew subdued him using a number of techniques including high-speed aerobatic maneuvers, and landed safely. | ![]() |
[60] | |
December 24, 1994 | Terrorist hijackers | Commercial flight | Air France Flight 8969 | 7 (all 4 hijackers, 3 passengers) |
After having killed three passengers, the hijacker intended to crash the aircraft into the Eiffel Tower in Paris. When the aircraft reached Marseille, a counterterror unit of the French National Gendarmerie (GIGN) raided the aircraft and killed all four hijackers. | ![]() |
[61] | |
September 11, 2001 | Terrorist hijackers | Commercial flight | American Airlines Flight 11 | 1692 (87 passengers and crew, 5 hijackers, about 1600 on the ground) |
Aircraft hijacked and crashed into the North Tower of the World Trade Center by hijackers as part of the September 11, 2001 attacks. | ![]() |
[62] | |
September 11, 2001 | Terrorist hijackers | Commercial flight | United Airlines Flight 175 | 965 (60 passengers and crew, 5 hijackers, about 900 on the ground) |
Aircraft hijacked and crashed into the South Tower of the World Trade Center by hijackers as part of September 11, 2001 attacks. | ![]() |
[62] | |
September 11, 2001 | Terrorist hijackers | Commercial flight | American Airlines Flight 77 | 189 (59 passengers and crew, 5 hijackers, 125 on the ground) |
Aircraft hijacked and crashed into the Pentagon by hijackers as part of September 11, 2001 attacks. | ![]() |
[62] | |
September 11, 2001 | Terrorist hijackers | Commercial flight | United Airlines Flight 93 | 44 (40 passengers and crew, 4 hijackers) |
Aircraft hijacked as part of September 11, 2001 attacks. Passengers revolted against the hijackers, resulting in the jet crashing in Stonycreek Township, Pennsylvania. Although all aboard died, the passengers prevented the hijackers from reaching their target, thought to be the White House or the Capitol Building. | ![]() |
[62] | |
July 7, 2021 | Passenger | Commercial flight | Ryan Air Services flight | 0 | A passenger grabbed the controls of a Cessna 208 Caravan on approach to Aniak Airport and placed the aircraft in a dive. He was restrained by other passengers and the pilot regained control and landed safely. The hijacker was arrested by Alaska State Troopers and admitted that the incident was an attempted murder-suicide. | [63][64] |
Published studies[]
In a 2016 study published in Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance, Kenedi et al. systematically review suicide and homicide-suicide events involving aircraft. They note that "In aeromedical literature and in the media, these very different events are both described as pilot suicide, but in psychiatry they are considered separate events with distinct risk factors." The study (1999–2015) reviews medical databases, internet search engines, and aviation safety databases and includes 65 cases of pilot suicide (compared to 195 pilot-errors in those years) and six cases of passengers who jumped from aircraft. There are also 18 cases of homicide-suicide involving 732 deaths. Pilots perpetrated 13 homicide-suicide events. Compared to non-aviation samples, a large percentage of pilot suicides in this study were homicide-suicides (17%).[65]
Kenedi et al. note that homicide-suicide events occur only extremely rarely, but that their impact, in terms of the proportion of deaths, is significant when compared to deaths from accidents. They state: "There is evidence of clustering where pilot suicides occur after media reports of suicide or homicide-suicide. Five of six homicide-suicide events by pilots of commercial airliners occurred after they were left alone in the cockpit. This, along with a sixth incident in which active intervention by a Japan Air crew saved 150 lives (Japan Airlines Flight 350), suggests that having two flight members in the cockpit is potentially protective. No single factor was associated with the risk for suicide or homicide-suicide. Factors associated with both events included legal and financial crises, occupational conflict, mental illness, and relationship stressors. Drugs and/or alcohol played a role in almost half of suicides, but not in homicide-suicides."[65]
Prevention[]
U.S. regulations require at least two flight crew members to be in the cockpit at all times for safety reasons, to be able to help in any medical or other emergency, including intervening if a crew member tries to crash the plane.[66][67] Following the deliberate crash of Germanwings Flight 9525 on March 24, 2015, some European, Canadian and Japanese airlines adopted a two-in-cockpit policy[68][69] as did all Australian airlines for aircraft with 50 or more passenger seats.[70]
See also[]
- Aviation accidents and incidents
- Aviation safety
- List of aircraft hijackings, for instances where a hijacker crashed the aircraft
- Kamikaze
- Vehicle ramming attack
- Mental health in aviation
- Suicide by cop
References[]
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- ^ Jump up to: a b Kenedi, Christopher; Friedman, Susan Hatters; Watson, Dougal; Preitner, Claude (April 2016). "Suicide and Murder-Suicide Involving Aircraft". Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance. Aerospace Medical Association. 87 (4): 388–396. doi:10.3357/AMHP.4474.2016. PMID 27026123.
- ^ Reducing Risks After the Germanwings Crash Archived August 21, 2017, at the Wayback Machine (New York Times, March 26, 2015)
- ^ Could the Germanwings Crash Have Been Avoided? Archived December 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (The Atlantic, March 26, 2015)
- ^ Germanwings crash prompts airlines to introduce cockpit ‘rule of two’ Archived February 20, 2017, at the Wayback Machine (The Guardian, March 26, 2015)
- ^ The disturbing history of pilots who deliberately crash their own planes Archived August 21, 2017, at the Wayback Machine (Vox, March 26, 2015)
- ^ Germanwings: Australia tightens cockpit safety laws in wake of French Alps plane crash Archived March 30, 2015, at the Wayback Machine (Australian Broadcasting Corporation News, March 30, 2015)
External links[]
- Deliberate acts: 5 cases of pilots intentionally crashing at cnn.com
- List of aircraft accidents and incidents intentionally caused by pilots at aviation-safety.net
- Pilot suicide cases few and far between at canberratimes.com
- Aviation accidents and incidents involving deliberate crashes
- Airliner accidents and incidents caused by hijacking
- Suicide methods
- Murder–suicides
- Lists of aviation accidents and incidents
- Aviation and health
- Kamikaze
- Aviation risks