Sukhoi Su-57

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Su-57
Sukhoi Design Bureau, 054, Sukhoi Su-57 (49581303977).jpg
A Su-57 with serial production pixel camouflage in flight at the MAKS 2019 air show.
Role Multirole fighter
National origin Russia
Manufacturer Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Plant
Design group Sukhoi
First flight 29 January 2010; 11 years ago (2010-01-29)[1]
Introduction 25 December 2020[N 1]
Status In service[2]
Primary user Russian Air Force
Produced 2009–present
Number built 12 (10 test[3] and 2 serials[4]) as of 2020[5][6]
Variants Sukhoi/HAL FGFA

The Sukhoi Su-57 (Russian: Сухой Су-57; NATO reporting name: Felon)[7] is a single-seat, twin-engine stealth multirole fighter developed by Sukhoi.[8] The aircraft is the product of the PAK FA (Russian: ПАК ФА, short for: Перспективный авиационный комплекс фронтовой авиации, romanizedPerspektivnyy Aviatsionnyy Kompleks Frontovoy Aviatsii, lit.''prospective aeronautical complex of front-line air forces'') fighter programme, while Sukhoi's internal designation for the aircraft is T-50. The Su-57 is the first fighter in Russian military service to feature stealth technology.

A multirole fighter capable of aerial combat as well as ground and maritime strike, the design incorporates stealth, supermaneuverability, supercruise, integrated avionics, and substantial internal payload capacity.[9][10] The Su-57 is intended to succeed the MiG-29 and Su-27 in the Russian military aviation arms and form the basis for a family of stealth combat aircraft that would replace those of earlier generations. After a protracted development due to various issues that emerged during trials, the first aircraft entered service with the Russian Aerospace Forces (VKS) in December 2020.[11] The fighter is expected to have a service life of up to 35 years.[12]

Development[]

Origins[]

In 1979, the Soviet Union outlined a need for next-generation fighter aircraft intended to enter service in the 1990s. The project became the I-90 (Russian: Истребитель 1990-х годов, romanized: Istrebitel' 1990-kh godov, lit.'Fighter of the 1990s') and required the fighter to be multirole by having substantial ground attack capabilities, and would eventually replace the MiG-29s and Su-27s in frontline tactical aviation service. Two subsequent programmes were designed to meet these requirements, the MFI (Russian: МФИ, short for: Многофункциональный фронтовой истребитель, romanized: Mnogofunksionalni Frontovoy Istrebitel, lit.'Multifunctional Frontline Fighter') and the smaller LFI (Russian: ЛФИ, Л short for: Легкий, lit.'Light'), with conceptual work beginning in 1983 and a planned one-third MFI and two-thirds LFI fleet number ratio.[13] Mikoyan was selected to develop the MiG 1.44 for the MFI.[14] Though not a participant in the MFI, Sukhoi started its own programme in 1983 to develop technologies for a next-generation fighter, eventually resulting in the S-32 experimental aircraft, later designated S-37 and then Su-47. Due to a lack of funds after the collapse of the Soviet Union, the MiG 1.44 programme was repeatedly delayed and the first flight of the prototype did not occur until 2000, nine years behind schedule.[14] Owing to the high costs, the MiG 1.44 and LFI were eventually cancelled and the Russian Defence Ministry began work on a new next-generation fighter programme; in 1999, the ministry initiated the PAK FA or I-21 (Russian: Истребитель, romanized: Istrebitel, lit.'Fighter') programme, with the competition announced in April 2001.[N 2] Because of Russia's financial difficulties, the programme aimed to produce a single multirole fifth-generation fighter that would replace both the Su-27 and the MiG-29 in order to rein in cost. Further cost-saving measures include an intended size in between that of the Su-27 and the MiG-29 and normal takeoff weight considerably smaller than the MiG MFI's 28.6 tonnes (63,000 lb) and the Su-47's 26.8 tonnes (59,000 lb).[15]

Sukhoi's approach to the PAK FA competition differed fundamentally from Mikoyan's; whereas Mikoyan proposed for the three design bureaus (Mikoyan, Sukhoi, and Yakovlev) to cooperate as a consortium with the winning team leading the design effort, Sukhoi's proposal had itself as the lead designer from the beginning and included a joint work agreement that covered the entire development and production cycle, from propulsion and avionics suppliers to research facilities. Additionally, the two companies had differing design philosophies for the aircraft. Mikoyan's E-721 was smaller and more affordable, with normal takeoff weight of 16–17 tonnes (35,000–37,000 lb) and powered by a pair of Klimov VK-10M engines with 10–11 tonnes (98.1–108 kN, 22,000–24,300 lbf) of thrust each. In contrast, Sukhoi's T-50 would be comparatively larger and more capable, with normal takeoff weight goal of 22–23 tonnes (49,000–51,000 lb) and powered by a pair of Lyulka AL-41F1 engines each with maximum thrust in the 14.5-tonne (142 kN, 32,000 lbf) class.[16]

In April 2002, the Defence Ministry selected Sukhoi over Mikoyan as the winner of the PAK FA competition and the lead design bureau of the new aircraft.[N 3] In addition to the merits of the proposal, Sukhoi's experience in the 1990s was taken into account, with the successful development of various Su-27 derivatives and numerous exports ensuring its financial stability.[17] Mikoyan continued to develop its E-721 as the LMFS (Russian: ЛМФС, short for: Легкий многофункциональный фронтовой самолёт, romanized: Liogkiy Mnogofunktsionalniy Frontovoi Samolyet, lit.'Light Multifunctional Frontline Aircraft') at its own expense.[18][19]

Research and development[]

The research and development programme of the PAK FA was called Stolitsa (Russian: Столица, lit.'Capital city'). In 2002, Alexander Davidenko selected as the T-50's chief designer at Sukhoi.[20] The Novosibirsk Aircraft Production Association (NAPO) and Komsomolsk-on-Amur Aircraft Production Association (KnAAZ) would manufacture the new multi-role fighter, with KnAAZ performing final assembly at Komsomol'sk-on-Amur.[21][22] Following a competition held in 2003, the Tekhnokompleks Scientific and Production Center, Ramenskoye Instrument Building Design Bureau, the Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design (NIIP), the Ural Optical and Mechanical Plant (UOMZ) in Yekaterinburg, the Polet firm in Nizhny Novgorod and the Central Scientific Research Radio Engineering Institute in Moscow were selected for the development of the PAK FA's avionics suite. In 2004, NPO Lyulka-Saturn was signed as the contractor for the AL-41F1 engines with the development designation izdeliye 117.[N 4] To reduce developmental risk and spread out associated costs, as well as to bridge the gap with extant fourth generation fighters, Sukhoi implemented some of its technology and features, such as propulsion and certain avionics, in an advanced derivative of the Su-27 called the T-10BM (Russian: большая модернизация, romanized: bolshaya modernizatsiya, lit.'Major Modernization'), which eventually entered Russian service as the Su-35S.[23][24]

In December 2004, the T-50's conceptual design and shape was complete and approved by the Defense Ministry; government funding of the programme began in 2005 and drastically increased in 2006 when detailed design was underway.[25][20] On 8 August 2007, Russian Air Force Commander-in-Chief (CinC) Alexander Zelin was quoted by Russian news agencies that the programme's development stage was complete and construction of the first aircraft for flight testing would begin.[26][27] Three flyable T-50 prototypes were planned to be built by 2009.[25] In 2009, the aircraft's design was officially approved.[18]

Since the early stages of the PAK FA programme, Russia sought after foreign partnerships on the project to increase funding for its development and also secure large export orders.[28] On 18 October 2007, Russia and India signed a contract for Sukhoi and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) to jointly develop a derivative of the PAK FA called the Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA).[29][30] In September 2010, India and Russia agreed on a preliminary design contract where each country was to invest $6 billion; a memorandum of understanding for the preliminary design was signed in December 2010, and the development of the FGFA was expected to take 8–10 years.[31][32] By 2014, however, India began voicing concerns over performance, cost, and workshare, and eventually left the partnership in 2018.[33]

Prototyping[]

Su-57 prototype at the MAKS 2011 air show

The T-50's maiden flight was repeatedly postponed from early 2007 after encountering unspecified technical problems. In August 2009, Alexander Zelin acknowledged that problems with the engine and in technical research remained unsolved.[34] On 28 February 2009, Mikhail Pogosyan announced that the airframe was almost finished and that the first prototype should be ready by August 2009.[35] On 20 August 2009, Pogosyan said that the first flight would be by year's end. Konstantin Makiyenko, deputy head of the Moscow-based Centre for Analysis of Strategies and Technologies said that "even with delays", the aircraft would likely make its first flight by January or February, adding that it would take five to ten years for commercial production.[36]

Flight testing was further delayed when Deputy Prime Minister Sergei Ivanov announced in December 2009 that the first trials would begin in 2010.[37] The first taxi test was successfully completed on 24 December 2009.[38][39] Flight testing began with T-50-1, the first prototype aircraft, on 29 January 2010.[40] Piloted by Hero of the Russian Federation Sergey Bogdan, the aircraft's 47-minute maiden flight took place at KnAAPO's Dzemgi Airport in the Russian Far East.[41][42] The second prototype, T-50-2, was originally planned to fly in late 2010, but this was pushed back to March 2011.[43] The third and fourth prototypes first flew in November 2011 and December 2012, respectively.[44] By the end of 2013, five prototypes were flown, with the fifth prototype having its first flight on 27 October 2013; with this flight the programme has amassed more than 450 flights.[45]

Su-57 prototype climbing after takeoff, 2011

A total of ten flying and three non-flying T-50 prototypes would be built for flight tests and initial combat trials.[46] Initially, the program was planned to have up to six prototypes before the start of serial production; however testing would reveal that the initial prototypes did not have adequate fatigue life, with early structural cracks forming in the airframe. The aircraft subsequently underwent a structural redesign, with changes including increased composite material usage, reinforced airframe to meet full life cycle requirements, elongated tail "sting", and slightly greater wingspan; the sixth flyable prototype was the first of the redesigned "second stage" aircraft, with the five initial prototypes consequently considered "first stage" vehicles and requiring additional structural reinforcements in order to continue flight tests. The originally planned sixth flying prototype, the last "first stage" airframe, was discarded and cannibalized for parts for the fire-damaged fifth prototype.[N 5][47][48][49] The last two flying prototypes were test articles of production Su-57 aircraft with full mission systems on board.[50] The structural redesign resulted in the aircraft's normal takeoff weight increasing to approximately 25 tonnes (55,000 lb).[51] Issues and accidents during the testing resulted in repeated delays to the programme, with the delivery of the first production aircraft pushed back from 2015 to 2020.[52]

Procurement[]

Sukhoi Su-57 in flight with landing gear deployed, 2010

The procurement plans for the PAK FA have been considerably scaled back and delayed from original plans. In 2011, the Defence Ministry had planned on purchasing the first 10 evaluation aircraft after 2012 and 60 production standard aircraft after 2016.[53][54] These plans were refined under the State Armament Programme from 2011 to 2020 (GPV-2020), with serial production beginning in 2016; the Defence Ministry would acquire 52 aircraft by 2020, and another 150–160 by 2025.[55][56]

Plans were greatly downscaled in 2015 as a result of technical obstacles encountered during testing, India's unclear commitment to the partnership, and Russia's economic downturn due to Western sanctions after its annexation of Crimea and the fall of oil prices. Russian Deputy Minister of Defence Yury Borisov stated in 2015 that the Air Force would slow production, reduce its initial order to 12 fighters, and operate large fleets of upgraded fourth-generation fighters such as the Su-35S and the Su-30SM.[57][58] In 2017, Borisov stated that the Su-57 would most likely enter service in 2018 and it would be part of the new State Armament Programme from 2018 to 2027 (GPV-2027).[59] On 30 June 2018, it was reported that an order for 12 aircraft was agreed, while deliveries to the Russian Armed Forces was pushed back again to 2019 with the first aircraft to join fighter regiments at the Lipetsk Air Center.[60][61][62] At the same time, Borisov praised the Su-35S, stating that it was comparable to the Su-57 except for the stealth features while being more affordable.[63][64][65] Due to the substantially higher unit cost of the Su-57 compared to the Su-35S and Su-30SM, the design was placed on hold for mass production until the need arises. On 22 August 2018, during the International Military-Technical Forum «ARMY-2018», the Defence Ministry and Sukhoi signed the first contract for delivery of two serial Su-57 fighters scheduled for 2019 and 2020 respectively.[66] The Defence Ministry planned to conclude a second contract for 13 more aircraft in 2020.[67]

However, on 15 May 2019, the acquisition plan drastically changed when Russian President Vladimir Putin announced that 76 aircraft will be purchased and delivered to the Air Force by 2028. This came after the negotiations were able to reduce the price of the Su-57 and equipment by 20%.[68] The contract for the 76 aircraft was formally signed on 27 June 2019 at the International Military-Technical Forum «ARMY-2019».[69][70] The same month, General Director of Tactical Missiles Corporation (KRTV) Boris Obnosov reported, a contract for serial production of ammunition for Su-57 fighters was signed, and is being inducted.[71] JSC Sukhoi began the serial production of the aircraft in July 2019.[72]

Further development[]

Sukhoi anticipates that the Su-57 will become the basis for a family of combat aircraft for the Russian Aerospace Forces, similar to the Su-27 family. Under the program name Megapolis (Russian: Мегаполис, lit.'Megalopolis'), the company is further developing the base Su-57 with improved mission systems, reliability and maintenance enhancements, incorporation of electromechanical drives, and the new izdeliye 30 engines. The formal contract was signed in 2018, although preliminary work had begun earlier. Flight test of the improved aircraft, designated Su-57M, is planned to begin in 2022, with serial production in the mid-2020s. The second flying T-50 prototype has been used to test the new izdeliye 30 engine starting in 2017; the third prototype was configured for teaming tests with the Okhotnik UCAV in 2018.[73] Additionally, work is underway to develop a variant of the aircraft that can operate on aircraft carriers.[74][75][76][77]

Sukhoi has also used technology from the Su-57 to develop a more affordable lightweight single-engine aircraft, designated as the LTS (Russian: ЛТС, short for: Лёгкий тактический самолёт, romanized: Liogkiy Takticheskiy Samolyet, lit.'Light Tactical Aircraft'). At the 2021 Moscow Air Show (MAKS-2021), Sukhoi revealed its LTS mockup, named Checkmate, which shares many systems with the Su-57, including radar, main weapons bay, vertical stabilizers, and wings.[78][79]

Design[]

Su-57 view from above
Prototype Su-57 aerodynamic condensation at MAKS-2015

The Su-57 is a fifth-generation multirole fighter aircraft and the first operational stealth aircraft for the Russian armed forces. Although most information is classified, sources within UAC Sukhoi and Defence Ministry have openly stated that the aircraft is to be stealthy, supermaneuverable, have supercruise capability, able to carry large internal payloads, incorporate substantial amounts of composite materials, and possess advanced avionics and software such as active phased-array radar and sensor fusion.[10][22][80]

The aircraft has a wide blended wing body fuselage with two widely-spaced engines and has all-moving horizontal and vertical stabilisers, with the vertical stabilisers canted for stealth; the trapezoid wings have leading edge flaps, ailerons, and flaperons. The aircraft incorporates thrust vectoring and has adjustable leading–edge vortex controllers (LEVCONs) designed to control vortices generated by the leading edge root extensions, and can provide trim and improve high angle of attack behaviour, including a quick stall recovery if the thrust vectoring system fails. To air-brake, the ailerons deflect up while the flaperons deflect down and the vertical stabilisers toe inwards to increase drag.[81][82] Although majority of the structural materials are alloys with 44% aluminum alloys and 18% titanium alloys, the aircraft makes extensive use of composites, with the material comprising 24% of the structural weight and approximately 70% of the outer surface.[83]

Designed from the outset as a multirole aircraft, the Su-57 has substantial internal payload capacity. Weapons are housed in two tandem main weapons bays in the large volume between the widely-spaced engine nacelles and smaller side bays with bulged triangular-section fairings near the wing root. Internal weapons carriage eliminates drag from external stores and enables higher performance compared to external carriage, as well as preserving the stealth shaping.[84]

The high degree of static instability (or relaxed stability), advanced flight control system, and canted thrust vectoring nozzles make the Su-57 departure-resistant and highly maneuverable in both pitch and yaw, enabling the aircraft to perform very high angles of attack maneuvers such as the Pugachev's Cobra and the bell maneuver, along with doing flat rotations with little altitude loss.[85][86][87] The aerodynamics and engines enable it to achieve speeds of Mach 2 and fly supersonic without afterburners, or supercruise, a significant kinematic advantage over previous generations of aircraft.[N 6] Combined with a high fuel load, the fighter has a supersonic range of over 1,500 km (930 mi), more than twice that of the Su-27.[81][85][88] An extendable refueling probe is available to further increase its range. In the Su-57's design, Sukhoi addressed what it considered to be the F-22's limitations, such as its inability to use thrust vectoring to induce roll and yaw moments, a lack of space for weapons bays between the engines resulting in insufficient payload, and complications for stall recovery if thrust vectoring fails.[89][90]

Stealth[]

The Su-57 is planned to be the first operational aircraft in Russian military service to incorporate stealth technology. Similar to other stealth fighters such as the F-22, the aircraft aligns the planform edges to reduce its radar cross-section (RCS); the leading and trailing edges of the wings and control surfaces and the serrated edges of skin panels are carefully angled to reduce the number of directions the radar waves can be reflected.[91] Weapons are carried internally in weapons bays within the airframe and antennas are recessed from the surface of the skin to preserve the aircraft's stealthy shape. The infrared search-and-track sensor housing is turned backwards when not in use and its rear is treated with radar-absorbent material (RAM) to reduce its radar return. The production tolerances are significantly tighter than previous Russian fighters in order to improve stealth characteristics.[92] To mask the significant RCS contribution of the engine face, the walls of the inlet ducts are coated with RAM and the partial serpentine ducts obscure most of the engines’ fan and inlet guide-vanes (IGV); the remaining exposed engine face is masked by a radar blocker similar in principle to that used on the F/A-18E/F. According to Sukhoi's radar blocker patent, the slanted blocker grid is placed in front of the IGV at a distance of 0.7—1.2 times the diameter of the duct. The fuselage of the aircraft is coated with RAM to absorb radar emissions and reduce the reflection back to the source.[93][94][95] The aircraft canopy is coated with 70-90 nm thick metal oxide layers with enhanced radar wave absorbing to minimize the radar return of the cockpit by 30% and protect the pilot from the impact of ultraviolet and thermal radiation.[96]

The combined effect of airframe shape and RAM of the production aircraft is estimated to have reduced the aircraft's RCS to a value thirty times smaller than that of the Su-27.[97] Sukhoi's patent for the T-50 stealth features cites an intention to reduce average RCS to approximately 0.1 to 1 m2,[94] compared to the Su-27's RCS of approximately 10 to 15 m2.[98][99] The Su-57's design emphasizes frontal stealth, with RCS-reducing features most apparent in the forward hemisphere; the shaping of the aft fuselage is less optimized for radar stealth compared to American stealth designs such as the F-22 and F-35, likely as a result of the Russian doctrine of operating the aircraft within the umbrella of friendly integrated air defense systems.[81] As with other stealth fighters, the Su-57's low observability measures are chiefly effective against high-frequency (between 3 and 30 GHz) radars, usually found on other aircraft. The effects of Rayleigh scattering and resonance mean that low-frequency radars, employed by weather radars and early-warning radars are more likely to detect the Su-57 due to its size. Such radars are also large, susceptible to clutter and are less precise.[100][101]

Engines[]

AL-41F1 engine compressor stall at MAKS-2011

The Su-57 is powered by a pair of NPO Lyulka-Saturn izdeliye 117, or AL-41F1, augmented turbofans.[102] The engine is a highly improved and uprated variant of the AL-31 that powers the Su-27 family of aircraft and produces 9 tonnes (88.3 kN, 19,840 lbf) of dry thrust, 14.5 tonnes (142.2 kN, 31,970 lbf) of thrust in afterburner, and 15 tonnes (147.1 kN, 33,070 lbf) of thrust in emergency power, with a dry weight of approximately 1,600 kg (3,530 lb). The engines have full authority digital engine control (FADEC) and are integrated into the flight control system to facilitate maneuverability and handling.[103][81] The AL-41F1 is closely related to the Saturn izdeliye 117S engine, or AL-41F1S, used by the Su-35S, with the latter's separate engine control system being the key difference.[104]

The aircraft employs thrust vector control (TVC) where the vectoring nozzles' rotational axes are each canted at an angle, similar to the nozzle arrangement of the Su-35S. This configuration allows the aircraft to produce thrust vectoring moments about all three rotational axes, pitch, yaw and roll. The nozzles themselves vector in only one plane; the canting allows the aircraft to produce both roll and yaw by vectoring each engine nozzle differently. The engine inlet incorporates variable intake ramps for increased supersonic efficiency and retractable mesh screens to prevent foreign object debris being ingested that would cause engine damage.[81] The AL-41F1 is to also incorporate infrared and RCS reduction measures.[105][106] In 2014, the Indian Air Force openly expressed concerns over the reliability and performance of the AL-41F1; during the 2011 Moscow Air Show, a Su-57 suffered a compressor stall that forced the aircraft to abort takeoff.[107]

The planned Su-57M will be equipped with a new engine, currently under the development designation izdeliye 30. Following a competition between NPO Saturn and MMPP Salyut, the former was selected to develop the new engine that would equip the Su-57M in the mid-2020s.[108][109][110] Compared to the AL-41F1, the new powerplant will have increased thrust, lower costs, better fuel efficiency, and fewer moving parts; the engine also has glass-fibre plastic IGVs and a new nozzle with serrated flaps to reduce the aircraft's radar signature. Those features, along with subsequently improved reliability and lower maintenance costs will improve the aircraft performance and reliability.[111][112][113] The izdeliye 30 is designed to be 30% lower specific weight than its AL-41F1 predecessor, and up to 18% more effective, with an estimated thrust of 107.9 kN (24,300 lbf) dry and 171.7 kN (38,600 lbf) in afterburner.[114] Full scale development began in 2011 and the engine's compressor began bench testing in December 2014.[114] The first test engines were completed in 2016. The new powerplant is designed to be a drop-in replacement for the AL-41F1 with minimal changes to the airframe.[115] First flight of the engine on an Su-57 prototype occurred on 5 December 2017 with the second prototype (T-50-2, bort no. 052).[116][117] Tests of the engine are ongoing.[118]

Armament[]

The Su-57 has two tandem main internal weapon bays each approximately 4.4 m (14.4 ft) long and 0.9 m (3.0 ft) wide and two side weapon bays with triangular section fairings under the fuselage near the wing root.[97][119] Internal carriage of weapons preserves the aircraft's stealth and significantly reduces aerodynamic drag, thus preserving kinematic performance compared to performance with external stores. The Su-57's high cruising speed is expected to substantially increase weapon effectiveness compared to its predecessors.[97] The main bays have two types of ejection launchers made by Vympel, the UVKU-50L for missiles weighing up to 300 kg (660 lb) and the UVKU-50U for ordnance weighing up to 700 kg (1,500 lb); the side bays use the VPU-50 launch rails.[120][121]

For air-to-air combat, the Su-57 is expected to carry four beyond-visual-range missiles in its two main weapons bays and two short-range missiles in the side bays.[119][122] The primary medium-range missile is the active radar-homing R-77M (izdeliye 180), an upgraded R-77 variant with AESA seeker, dual-pulse motor, and conventional rear fins.[123] The short-range missile is the infrared-homing ("heat seeking") R-74M2 (izdeliye 760), an upgraded R-74 variant with reduced cross-section for internal carriage.[121][124] A clean-sheet design short-range missile designated K-MD (izdeliye 300) is being developed to eventually replace the R-74M2.[120] For longer ranged applications, the izdeliye 810 missile, a further development of the R-37M, can be carried with two in each main weapons bay.[119][125]

For striking surface targets, the aircraft can carry the 250 kg (550 lb) KAB-250 or 500 kg (1,100 lb) KAB-500 precision guided bombs in its main bays.[119] Internal weapons also include the Kh-38M air-to-ground missile, Kh-35U (AS-20 "Kayak") anti-ship missile, Kh-58UShK (AS-11 "Kilter") anti-radiation missile, and Kh-59MK2 cruise missile.[126] For missions that do not require stealth, the Su-57 can carry stores on its six external hardpoints which can use most Russian tactical fighter weapons. New hypersonic missile with characteristics similar to the Kh-47M2 Kinzhal ALBM is also being developed for the Su-57. The missile is to have intra-body accommodation and smaller dimensions to allow it to be carried inside the Su-57's main bays.[127] A new missile appeared to be a derivative of R-77, was displayed during Vympel's 70th anniversary on 18 November 2019. The new missile's length was approximately just 2/3 of R-77's 12 feet length, and thought to be designed to fit inside the triangular wing root bays under the Su-57's wings.[128]

The aircraft has a 9A1-4071K (GSh-30-1) 30 mm autocannon with 150 cartridges mounted internally near the right LEVCON root. The weapon has an effective range of 800 m (870 yd) against aerial targets and 1,800 m (2,000 yd) against surface targets.[12][129][130]

Cockpit[]

The Su-57 has a glass cockpit with no analogue gauges; information is displayed on two 38 cm (15 in) main multi-functional LCD displays similar to the arrangement of the Su-35S. Supplementing the primary display is a smaller multi-functional display and digital control panel. The cockpit has a wide-angle (30° by 22°) head-up display (HUD). Primary controls are the joystick and a pair of throttles, with all major functions controlled with hands on throttle and stick (HOTAS).[131][132] The aircraft uses a two-piece canopy, with the aft section sliding forward and locking into place. The canopy is treated with metallized coatings to reduce the aircraft's radar signature.

The aircraft uses the NPP Zvezda K-36D-5 ejection seat and the SOZhE-50 life support system, which comprises the anti-g and oxygen generating system. The pilot is equipped with ZSh-10B helmet which mounts the NSTsI-50 digital display system, which enhances pilot situational awareness through pupil tracking and allows engagement of targets at high angles off-boresight. The 30 kg (66 lb) oxygen generating system provides the pilot with unlimited oxygen supply.[133][134] The life support system enables pilots to perform 9-g maneuvers for up to 30 seconds at a time, while the ejection seat and the new PPK-7 flight suit allows safe ejection at altitudes from 0 to 20,000 m (66,000 ft) and instrument airspeeds from 0 to 1,300 km/h (810 mph); the system also includes a survival kit to assist the pilot after ejection.[131][135][136]

Avionics[]

N036-1-01 X-band AESA radar

One of the main technical goals of the PAK FA programme is to achieve total integration of avionics systems, or sensor fusion, increase the pilot's situational awareness and reduce workload. Integration of the Su-57's onboard systems is controlled by an IUS (Russian: ИУС, short for: Информационно-управляющая система, lit.'Information Management System'), with its computer system developed by GRPZ from Ryazan. The main avionics systems are the Sh-121 (Russian: Ш-121) multifunctional integrated radio electronic system (MIRES) and the 101KS "Atoll" (Russian: 101КС "Атолл") electro-optical system.[137] In a departure from prior Sukhoi aircraft, the IUS systems integration was performed by Sukhoi itself rather than RPKB of Ramenskoye. The integrated avionics suite, called IMA BK (Russian: ИМА БК, short for: Интегрированной модульной авионики боевых комплексов, lit.'Integrated Modular Avionics Combat Systems'), uses fibre optic channels and runs on over 4 million lines of code.[138][139][140]

N036B-1-01 X-band AESA side-looking radar
N036L-1-01 L-band array

The Sh-121 consists of the N036 Byelka radar system and L402 Himalayas electronic countermeasures (ECM) system. Developed by Tikhomirov NIIP Institute, the N036 consists of the main nose-mounted N036-1-01 X band active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, or in Russian nomenclature, active phased array radar (Russian: АФАР, romanized: AFAR, short for: Активная фазированная антенная решётка, romanized: Aktivnaya Fazirovannaya Antennaya Reshotka), with 1,514 T/R modules and two side-looking N036B-1-01 X-band AESA radars with 404 T/R modules embedded in the cheeks of the forward fuselage for increased angular coverage.[91][141] The nose antenna is tilted backwards for stealth. Moreover, the side-looking radar could enable the Su-57 to employ beaming tactics while still able to guide its own missile.[142] The suite also has two N036L-1-01 L band transceivers on the wing's leading edge flaps that are not only used to handle the N036Sh Pokosnik (Reaper) friend-or-foe identification system but also for electronic warfare purposes. Computer processing of the X- and L-band signals by the N036UVS computer and processor enable the system's information to be significantly enhanced.[85][143] The L402 Himalayas ECM suite made by the Kaluga Research Radio Engineering Institute uses both its own arrays and that of the N036 radar system, with one of its arrays mounted in the dorsal sting between the two engines.[112][144] Redundant radio telephone communication and encrypted data exchange among various aircraft and also command centers (ground and sea-based and airborne) are provided by the S-111 system, developed by Polyot.[145][146]

101KS-O DIRCM turret

The UOMZ 101KS "Atoll" electro-optical system consisted of the 101KS-V infrared search and track (IRST), 101KS-O directional infrared counter measures (DIRCM), 101KS-U ultraviolet missile approach warning sensors (MAWS), 101KS-P thermal imager for low altitude flight and landing, and 101KS-N navigation and targeting pod.[91][147] The IRST turret is mounted on the starboard side in front of the cockpit and can track multiple targets simultaneously. When not in use, the receiver is turned backwards and its rear is treated with RAM to preserve stealth. Additionally, the Su-57 is the first fighter to mount a DIRCM system, with one turret mounted behind the canopy and another mounted under the cockpit.[142][148] The aircraft is capable of deploying countermeasures such as flares and radar decoys, as well as single-use programmable ECM transmitters. The dispensers for these countermeasures are mounted in the tail boom between the engines.[149]

For in-flight navigation, the Su-57 uses the BINS-SP2M inertial navigation system developed by Concern Radio-Electronic Technologies (KRET). The system can also integrate with GLONASS, and is controlled by the IVS-50 computing system.[149][150] In 2016, KRET announced it is developing a multifunctional video processing system called "Okhotnik" (Hunter) to increase the Su-57's target detection range as well as to improve automatic detection and tracking of targets.[151][152] A monitoring system mimicking a living organism's nervous system will allow real-time assessment of the aircraft's condition and predict the remaining 'life' of the composite parts of the aircraft by combining optical fibers, with sensitivity to mechanical influences, with the aircraft's network system. The information about the aircraft's condition will be transmitted via laser beam through the optical fiber woven into the structure.[153] It will decrease the aircraft's maintenance costs and allow parts to be repaired preemptively, thus improving flight safety.[154] The Su-57 could also serve as a testbed for advanced AI and man-unmanned teaming technologies intended for use in a future sixth-generation fighter program. The aircraft has also tested autonomous flight without pilot input.[155][156]

Operational history[]

Testing and trials[]

Su-57 flying upside down

Even before the first flight of the T-50 prototype of the Su-57, several subsystems were tested on other aircraft for validation and risk reduction; an Su-27M was used to test the AL-41F1 engine on 21 January 2010, while another tested the KSU-50 flight control system.[157] The T-50 prototype conducted its first high speed taxi run on 21 January 2010 and had its maiden flight several days later on 29 January 2010.[40] First supersonic flight occurred on 14 March 2011 at a test range near Komsomolsk-on-Amur.[158]

The Su-57 tests would consist of preliminary trials PI (Russian: ПИ, short for: Предварительные испытания) conducted by Sukhoi at the Gromov Flight Research Institute (LII) (Russian: ЛИИ, short for: Лётно-исследовательский институт) at Zhukovsky, as well as two stages of joint state trials GSI (Russian: ГСИ, short for: Государственные совместные испытания) conducted by the Defence Ministry at the 929th State Flight Test Centre (GLITs) (Russian: ГЛИЦ, short for: Государственный лётно-испытательный центр) at Akhtubinsk; the completion of the first stage of state trails, GSI-1, would result in the acceptance of the aircraft as a flying machine, and the completion of the second stage, GSI-2 which tests the mission systems and armaments, clears the Su-57 for operational service. The preliminary trials and state trials would occur with some overlap with each other.[159]

Early flight tests would reveal that the initial T-50 design had problems with structural strength and fatigue; when the first two prototypes were showcased publicly in MAKS 2011, the airframes cracked despite flying with a restrictive 5 g limit, which necessitated grounding and structural reinforcing for over a year as well as a structural redesign. Of the ten flying and three non-flying T-50 prototypes, the three non-flying prototypes tested static flight loads, one each for "first stage" and "second stage" structures, and avionics integration. The first two flying prototypes tested flight characteristics and basic mechanical systems, and thus had no mission systems. Testing of mission systems such as the radar and electronic warfare suite began from the third prototype onwards, with each subsequent aircraft having slight variations in the arrangement of avionics and sensor systems.[160][161][162] The final prototypes with were equipped with full mission systems and tested the integrated avionics as a whole.[48]

By February 2014, the first phase of preliminary trials, PI-1, had concluded;[N 7] in the same month, the 929th GLITs received its first T-50 at Akhtubinsk for further testing and GSI state trials.[163][54] However, severe issues were discovered during PI-1; in addition to structural issues, the aircraft suffered from engine problems, including the compressor stall of the AL-41F1 during the MAKS 2011 airshow.[159][164] In June 2014, the fifth prototype was severely damaged by an in-flight fire, and the remains were combined with parts cannibalized from the discarded sixth prototype to return the aircraft to flight. Both preliminary and state trials were delayed by the fire and the structural redesign; the second phase of preliminary trials, PI-2, ran from 2014 to 2019 and mainly used structurally reinforced "first stage" aircraft while GSI-1 was halted until 2016 in order to wait for the updated "second stage" airframes. Armament trials were also delayed, with external weapon trials starting in May 2014 and internal trials starting in March 2016.[165][166] GSI-1 was finished on 8 February 2018 with formal signing in May 2018, and its conclusion was followed by the order of the first two serial Su-57 in August 2018.[167][66] After more than 3,500 flights, GSI-2 was planned to be completed by 2019, but this was pushed to 2020, partly because of the crash of the first production aircraft in December 2019.[159][168]

Su-57 solo display at ARMY-2020 forum

On 27 September 2019, Russian MoD released a video showcasing the first flight of the Okhotnik UCAV alongside Su-57. Reportedly the UAV operated autonomously and flew for more than 30 minutes interacting with the Su-57 to test extending the fighter's radar and target designation range for use of long-range air-launched weapons from the outside of enemy air defenses.[169]

On 28 June 2020, TASS, with reference to anonymous sources within the military-industrial complex, reported that a 'swarm' teaming experiment had been conducted with a group of Su-35s and an Su-57 acting as a command and control aircraft. During the experiment, information was exchanged between fighters in real time: the information control system of each aircraft automatically processed data from its own sensors and sensors of other aircraft, providing a comprehensive battlespace picture and significantly increasing the efficiency of combat missions. Reportedly, the experiment was conducted in "real combat conditions."[170][171][172]

Syrian combat evaluation[]

On 21 February 2018, two Su-57s performed their first international flight as they were spotted landing at the Russian Khmeimim air base in Syria. The aircraft were deployed along with four Sukhoi Su-35 fighters, four Sukhoi Su-25s, and one Beriev A-50 AEW&C aircraft.[173] Three days later two more Su-57s were reported to have arrived in Syria.[174] The deployment was criticised by some experts as overly risky, especially after reports of drone attacks at Khmeimim air base, as well has having limited value due to the short duration. As the deployment overlapped with Russia's Defender of the Fatherland Day, the purpose may have been to support the president's state-of-the-nation speech.[175][176][177] On 1 March 2018, the Russian Defence Minister Sergey Shoygu confirmed that the two Su-57s indeed spent two days in Syria and successfully completed a trials program, including combat trials during which parameters of weapons work were monitored.[178][179] On 25 May 2018, the Russian Defence Ministry disclosed that during the February 2018 deployment to Syria, a Su-57 fired a cruise missile in combat, likely a Kh-59MK2.[180] On 18 November 2018, the Russian Defence Ministry posted an extended video of the fighters' flights, and announced that Su-57 performed 10 flights during its deployment to Syria.[181][182] However, the video did not specify when the test flights took place.[183]

On 18 December 2019, the Chief of the Russian General Staff, Valery Gerasimov said that Russian Defense Ministry has once again tested the Su-57 in Syria, and all tasks have been successfully fulfilled.[184]

Entry into service[]

On 25 December 2020, the Russian Defense Ministry announced the introduction of the first serial multifunctional fifth generation fighter Su-57 which entered service with one of the aviation regiments of the Southern Military District.[2] The first fully operational Su-57 regiment of 24 aircraft is expected to be equipped by 2025.[185]

Potential operators[]

In the early stages of the PAK FA programme, India had planned to be one of the largest foreign customers by procuring the FGFA derivative. It originally planned on buying 166 single-seat and 48 two-seat fighters,[186] but later changed it to 214 single-seat fighters,[187] and later reduced its purchase to 144 fighters by 2012.[188][189] In April 2018, India pulled out of the FGFA project, which it believed did not meet its requirements for stealth, combat avionics, radars and sensors by that time.[33][190][191] Indian Air Force Air Chief Marshall Birender Singh Dhanoa during an interview with Russian Ministry of Defense's official newspaper Krasnaya Zvezda (Red Star), stated that the Su-57 is currently not being considered for the service, but the combat aircraft can be evaluated once it joins active service with the Russian Air Force.[192][193] The General Director of the United Aircraft Corporation Yuri Slyusar however denied the previous reports saying "the topic is not closed" and that Russia and India are still discussing the creation of the fifth-generation fighter.[194][195] However, in October 2019, the Indian Air Force Chief of Air Staff RKS Bhadauria stated that the country will not be importing stealth fighters like the Su-57, and will instead focus on indigenous efforts such as the HAL AMCA.[196]

Sukhoi states that the main export advantage of the PAK FA is its lower cost than current US fifth generation jet fighters.[197] Russia was reported to be offering the PAK FA for South Korea's next generation jet fighter.[198] South Korea's defence procurement agency confirmed that the Sukhoi PAK FA was a candidate for the Republic of Korea Air Force's next-generation fighter (F-X Phase 3) aircraft;[199] however, Sukhoi did not submit a bid by the January 2012 deadline.[200] In 2013, Russia offered Brazil participation and joint production in a next-generation fighter based on the Su-57.[201][202] Instead of Russian Su-57 and French Rafale, Brazil signed an agreement with the Swedish Saab Group to locally produce 36 Gripen E fighters for the Brazilian Air Force.[203][204][205]

In May 2019, as Turkish participation in the F-35 program was in doubt due to Turkey's procurement of the S-400 missile system, CEO of Rostec Sergey Chemezov said that Russia was ready to cooperate with Turkey on the export and local production of the Su-57.[206] On 14 September 2019, an Su-57 took part in the 2019 Technofest festival held in Istanbul.[207] However, on 7 February 2020, President Erdogan announced that the replacement of the F-35 will not be Russian Su-57, but instead will be the Turkish domestic fifth-generation aircraft TF-X fighter.[208]

On 27 December 2019, Algeria reportedly signed a contract for 14 aircraft as part of large military deal that also includes the purchase of Su-34 and Su-35 fighters. The decision was reportedly taken in summer 2019, when Algerian delegation personally inspected the Su-57 at the 2019 MAKS air show.[209][210][211] Once Sukhoi fulfill domestic delivery commitment, Algeria set to receive the first Su-57E in 2028.[212][213]

It has been reported that Vietnam may become a customer of the Su-57.[214] The country is expected to acquire the fighters to replace its aging fleet of 11 Su-27s. On 9 July 2021, Vietnam announced its intention to buy Su-57 aircraft, but it is critical of the aircraft's workmanship.[215][216]

Russia has offered Su-57E fighters to the United Arab Emirates during IDEX 2021.[217] During the 2019 Dubai Air Show, Chemezov talked about the possibility of "localization" of portions of the Su-57 supply chain within other countries that decide to buy those jets, including "...United Arab Emirates, India or Turkey...", depends on the capabilities of the defense industrial base of the customer in question.[218] However, the UAE has refrained from signing a contract with Russia to avoid CAATSA sanctions from the United States.[219] Instead of Su-57E, the UAE has signed an agreement with the United States to buy 50 F-35A fighters from Lockheed Martin.[220][221]

Iraqi military leadership including its inspector for the Iraqi Ministry of Defence Imad Al-Zuhairin stated the country's interest in the Su-57.[222]

Variants[]

Su-57[]

Su-57 is the first production variant for the Russian Aerospace Forces. Flight testing began with the T-50 prototype in 2010, and serial production began in 2019. A total of three regiments, 76 aircraft, are planned with the first aircraft delivered in December 2020.

Su-57E[]

Su-57E is the export version of Su-57.[223] On 28 March 2019, The aircraft first promoted to international customers during the 2019 Langkawi International Maritime and Aerospace Exhibition.[224] The aircraft was officially unveiled at the 2019 MAKS International Aviation and Space Salon in Moscow on 28 March 2019.[225] Rosoboronexport is marketing the aircraft as Perspective multirole fighter (PMF).[223]

Su-57M[]

Su-57M is an upgraded variant of the base Su-57 under the program name Megapolis, and incorporates improved mission systems, reliability and maintenance enhancements, new flight control actuators, and the izdeliye 30 engines. Flight testing is planned to begin in 2022, and serial production is planned for the mid-2020s.[226][74]

FGFA[]

Sukhoi/HAL FGFA was a planned version of Su-57 for Indian Air Force but India withdrew from the FGFA programme in 2018 before any prototype was built.[196] The FGFA was intended to be the primary export version of the PAK FA.[189][227][228] The FGFA was to differ from the PAK FA in 43 ways with improvements to stealth, supercruise, sensors, networking, and combat avionics.[229] There were conflicting reports on the FGFA, with India detailing numerous improvements over the baseline PAK FA, while Mikhail Pogosyan, the head of United Aircraft Corporation, said in 2013 that the PAK FA and the FGFA will use "identical onboard systems and avionics".[230] India has refrained from signing a deal with Russia citing concerns of aircraft's stealth, radar and supercruise capability.[231]

Other versions[]

In 2008, UAC president Alexei Fedorov has said that any decision on applying fifth-generation technologies to produce a smaller fighter (comparable to the F-35) must wait until after the development of the PAK FA is completed.[232]

A naval version of the Su-57 was proposed for the Project 23000E or Shtorm supercarrier. Models of the aircraft carrier project are showing Su-57 on board, with folding wings and stabilators. The Su-57 should be able to use the takeoff ramp as well as the Electromagnetic Aircraft Launch System.[233] The draft of the future state armament program (GVP) for 2024-2033 includes the development of a new carrier-based fighter based on the Su-57, albeit with deep modifications.[234][235]

The aircraft is used as a testbed for integration with UAVs as well as various subsystems (including weapon, control and navigation systems) being developed for Russia's future sixth-generation combat system, both in manned and unmanned version.[236][237][238] In January 2019, it was reported the third flyable Su-57 prototype (bort. no 053) is being used for interaction with the Sukhoi S-70 Okhotnik UCAV, and testing of its avionics systems.[239]

In July 2021, it was officially announced that a two-seater variant of the Su-57 was under development, to be used for training pilots and for ensuring the control of the Sukhoi S-70 Okhotnik UCAV.[240]

Operators[]

 Russia

Accidents[]

On 10 June 2014, the fifth flying prototype, aircraft T-50-5, was severely damaged by an engine fire after landing. The pilot managed to escape unharmed. The remains were combined with parts cannibalized from the sixth prototype to return the aircraft to flying condition.[49]

On 24 December 2019, the first serial Su-57 (bort number "01 blue") crashed 110–120 km away from the Dzyomgi Airport, Khabarovsk Krai, during the final stage of its factory trials due to malfunction of the control system. The pilot ejected and was recovered by helicopter.[4][242][243][244] According to TASS, the test flight took place at an altitude of 8,000 meters when the malfunction occurred, causing the airplane to enter a rapid spiral descent. When all attempts to stabilize the airplane into a horizontal flight using the manual flight control system failed, the pilot ejected at an altitude of 2,000 meters.[245]

Specifications (Su-57)[]

Sukhoi T-50 3-view drawings

Data from Aviation News,[246] Aviation Week,[247] Key Aero[248]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 20.1 m (65 ft 11 in)
  • Wingspan: 14.1 m (46 ft 3 in)
  • Height: 4.6 m (15 ft 1 in)
  • Wing area: 78.8 m2 (848 sq ft)
  • Empty weight: 18,000 kg (39,683 lb)
  • Gross weight: 25,000 kg (55,116 lb) normal takeoff weight, 29,270 kg (64,530 lb) at full load
  • Max takeoff weight: 35,000 kg (77,162 lb)
  • Fuel capacity: 10,300 kg (22,700 lb) internally
  • Powerplant: 2 × Saturn AL-41F1 afterburning turbofan, 88.3 kN (19,900 lbf) thrust each dry, 142.2 kN (32,000 lbf) with afterburner, 147.1 kN (33,100 lbf) in emergency power

Performance

  • Maximum speed: Mach 2 (2,130 km/h; 1,320 mph) at altitude
  • Range: 3,500 km (2,200 mi, 1,900 nmi) subsonic, 4,500 km from 2 outboard fuel tanks[249]
    • Supersonic range: 1,500 km (930 mi, 810 nmi)
  • Service ceiling: 20,000 m (66,000 ft)
  • g limits: +9.0
  • Wing loading: 371 kg/m2 (76 lb/sq ft) normal takeoff weight
  • Thrust/weight: 1.02 (1.19 at normal takeoff weight)

Armament

Avionics

See also[]

  • Fifth-generation jet fighter

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

  • Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor – U.S. fifth-generation fighter aircraft
  • Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II – U.S. fifth-generation fighter aircraft
  • Chengdu J-20 – Chinese fifth-generation fighter aircraft

Related lists

References[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Date of first operational aircraft in military service; first operational Su-57 regiment is to be equipped by 2025.
  2. ^ In the late 1990s, as the status of MFI declined, conceptual work for a next generation fighter was conducted under the LFS (short for: Легкий фронтовой самолёт, romanized: Liogkiy Frontovoi Samolyet, lit.'Light Frontline Aircraft') until efforts shifted to the PAK FA.
  3. ^ Yakovlev would only participate as a subcontractor for the potential short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) module in the future.
  4. ^ The Russian term изделие, translit. izdeliye literally means "manufactured article" or "product".
  5. ^ The sixth flying prototype, the first "second stage" aircraft, was given the "056" bort number of the discarded and dismantled sixth "first stage" prototype.
  6. ^ The initial maximum speed requirement was Mach 2.35 at high altitude, but this was reduced to Mach 2.15 and then to Mach 2.0 in 2006 order to increase the amount of composites used in the airframe.[81]
  7. ^ Conclusion of PI-1 in February 2014 saw envelope expansion to Mach 1.7, instrument airspeed of 1,000 km/h (620 mph), ceiling of 14,000 m (46,000 ft), and g-load of 6.
  8. ^ The new fighter's control systems, avionics and cockpit will be designed on the basis of the Su-35BM's systems.[254]

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Bibliography[]

  • Butowski, Piotr. "Su-57 Felon". Combat Aircraft, Vol. 78, No 3, March 2010, pp. 30–37. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing.
  • Butowski, Piotr. "T-50 Turning and Burning over Moscow". Air International, Vol. 85, No 4, October 2013, pp. 79–82. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing.
  • Butowski, Piotr. "Is Russia's fifth-generation PAK FA fighter programme still on track?". Air International, June 2015, pp. 76–81. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing.
  • Butowski, Piotr. "Russian Raptor?". Combat Aircraft, January 2016, pp. 52–57. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing.
  • Butowski, Piotr (2021). Su-57 Felon. Stamford, UK: Key Books. ISBN 978-1-913870-44-7.
  • Lake, Jon. "Sukhoi T-50 - Russia's Raptor?" Combat Aircraft, Vol. 11, No.4, April 2010.
  • Sweetman, Bill. "Sukhoi T-50 Shows Flight-Control Innovations". Aviation Week & Space Technology, 19 August 2013. New York City, New York, US: Penton Media, Inc.

External links[]

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