Vietnam People's Air Force

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Vietnam People's Air Force
Vietnam People's Air Force emblem.svg
Insignia of the Vietnam People's Air Force
Founded24 January 1959; 62 years ago (1959-01-24)
Country Vietnam
AllegianceCommunist Party of Vietnam[1]
TypeAir force
RoleAerial warfare
Size35,000 personnel (2009)
est. 280+ active aircraft
Part ofPeople's Army of Vietnam
Colours   Azure, Dark Green
Anniversaries3 March 1955; 66 years ago (1955-03-03) (Founded)
3 April 1955; 66 years ago (1955-04-03) (Win first battle)
Engagements
  • Vietnam War
  • Cambodian-Vietnamese War
  • Sino-Vietnamese War
DecorationsVietnam Hero ribbon.png Hero of the People's Armed Forces
Vietnam Gold Star ribbon.png
Gold Star Order (Vietnam)
Vietnam Hochiminh Order ribbon.pngHo Chi Minh Order
Vietnam Independence Order ribbon.png Independence Order
Vietnam Military Exploit Order ribbon.png Military Exploit Order
Vietnam Fatherland Defense Order ribbon.png Fatherland Defense Order
Battle honoursOperation Linebacker
Operation Linebacker II
The 1975 Spring Offensive
Commanders
Commander-in-ChiefPresident Nguyễn Xuân Phúc
CommanderLieutenant General Vũ Văn Kha (Acting)
Political CommissarLieutenant General Lâm Quang Đại
Chief of StaffMajor General Nguyễn Văn Hiền
Insignia
RoundelRoundel of Vietnam.svg
FlagFlag of the Vietnam People's Air Force.svg
Aviator badgeAir Force wings.jpg
AwardsHero of the People's Armed ForcesGold Star Order (Vietnam)Ho Chi Minh OrderOrder of IndependenceMilitary Exploit OrderFatherland Defense Order
Aircraft flown
AttackSu-22
FighterSu-30, Su-27
HelicopterMil Mi-17
TrainerYak-52, L-39NG, Yak-130
TransportCASA C295

The Vietnam People's Air Force (Vietnamese: Không quân Nhân dân Việt Nam) is the air force of Vietnam. It is the successor of the former North Vietnamese Air Force and absorbed the Republic of Vietnam Air Force following the reunification of Vietnam in 1975. The Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) is one of three main branches of the Vietnam People's Army, which is a part of the Ministry of Defence. The main mission of the VPAF is the defence of Vietnamese airspace and the provision of air cover for operations of the People's Army of Vietnam.

History[]

Early years[]

The first aircraft in service for the Vietnamese Armed Forces were two trainers, a de Havilland Tiger Moth and a Morane-Saulnier, which were initially the private property of the emperor Bảo Đại.[2] In 1945, Bảo Đại gave the aircraft to the Vietnamese government. Until 1950, even though the Vietnam People's Army (VPA) had acquired credible offensive capabilities on the ground, it was almost powerless against reconnaissance or attacking operations from the French Expeditionary Air Force. On 9 March 1949, General Võ Nguyên Giáp was authorised to establish the Air Force Research Committee (Ban Nghiên cứu Không quân) under the General Staff to study ways to deal with the air war. The first Vietnamese service aircraft flight was made by the Tiger Moth on 15 August 1949.[2] A small-scale training was carried out in the following years.

Further development of aviation in North Vietnam began in 1956, when a number of trainees were sent to the USSR and China for pilot training. They were organised into two groups, pilots and mechanics, respectively; and among others, utilised the Czechoslovak Zlín Z-226 and Aero Ae-45. The first unit of the VPAF was the No. 919 Transport Regiment (Trung đoàn Không quân Vận tải 919), organised on 1 May 1959, with An-2, Li-2, Il-14 aircraft, followed by the No. 910 Training Regiment (Trung đoàn Không quân 910) with Yak-18 trainers.[2] In 1963 the Air Force and Air Defence Force were merged into the Air and Air Defence Force (Quân chủng Phòng không – Không quân).

Vietnam War[]

Anti-aircraft systems the North used against US aircraft during Operation Linebacker and Linebacker II

The first North Vietnamese combat plane was a T-28 Trojan trainer, whose pilot defected from the Royal Lao Air Force; it was utilised from early 1964 by the Vietnam People's Air Force (VPAF) as a night fighter. The T-28 was the first North Vietnamese aircraft to shoot down a US aircraft, a C-123, on 15 February 1964.[2]

The VPAF received its first jet fighter aircraft, the MiG-17 in February 1964, but they were initially stationed at air bases on Mainland China, while their pilots were being trained. On 3 February 1964, the first fighter regiment No. 921 (Trung đoàn Không quân Tiêm kích 921), aka "Red Star squadron", was formed, and on 6 August it arrived from China in North Vietnam with its MiG-17s.[2] On 7 September, the No. 923 fighter regiment, aka "Yen The Squadron", led by Lt. Col. Nguyen Phuc Trach, was formed. In May 1965, No. 16 bomber company (Đại đội Không quân Ném bom 16) was formed with Il-28 twin engine bombers. Only one Il-28 sortie was flown in 1972 against Royal Laotian forces.

USAF's F-105 Thunderchief bomber was hit and crashed by VPAF's SA-2 missile

The VPAF's first jet air-to-air engagement with U.S. aircraft was on 3 April 1965. The VPAF claimed the shooting down of two United States Navy (USN) F-8 Crusaders, which was not confirmed by U.S. sources, although they acknowledged having encountered MiGs.[2] Consequently, 3 April became "North Vietnamese Air Force Day". On 4 April the VPAF scored the first confirmed victories to be acknowledged by both sides. The U.S. fighter community was shocked when relatively slow, post-Korean era MiG-17 fighters shot down advanced F-105 Thunderchief fighters-bombers attacking the Thanh Hóa Bridge. The two downed F-105s were carrying their normal heavy bomb load, and were not able to react to their attackers.[2]

In 1965, the VPAF were supplied with supersonic MiG-21s by the USSR which were used for high-speed Ground-controlled interception (GCI) controlled hit and run intercepts against American air strike groups. The MiG-21 tactics became so effective that by late 1966 an operation was mounted to especially deal with the MiG-21 threat. Led by Colonel Robin Olds on 2 January 1967, Operation Bolo lured MiG-21s into the air, thinking they were intercepting an F-105 strike group, but instead found a sky full of missile-armed F-4 Phantom IIs set for aerial combat. The result was a loss of almost half the inventory of MiG-21 interceptors, at a cost of no U.S. losses. The VPAF stood down for additional training after this setback.

In 1965, the VPAF had only 36 MiG-17s and a similar number of qualified pilots, which increased to 180 MiGs and 72 pilots by 1968. The Americans had at least 200 USAF F-4s and 140 USAF F-105s, plus at least 100 U.S. Navy aircraft (F-8s, A-4s and F-4s) which operated from the aircraft carriers in the Gulf of Tonkin, plus scores of other support aircraft. The Americans had a multiple numerical advantage.[3]

Meanwhile, the disappointing performances of U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy airmen, even though flying the contemporary advanced aircraft of those times, combined with a legacy of successes from World War II and the Korean War, resulted in a total revamping of aerial combat training for the USN in 1968 (Top Gun school; established 1969). The designs for an entire generation of aircraft, with engineering for optimised daylight air-to-air combat (dog fighting) against both older, as well as for emerging MiG fighters, were being put to the drawing board. U.S. forces could not consistently track low flying MiGs on radar, and were hampered by restrictive rules of engagement (ROE) which required pilots to visually acquire their targets, nullifying much of the advantage of radar guided missiles, which often proved unreliable when used in combat.

The VPAF was a defensive air arm, with the primary mission of defending North Vietnam, and until the last stages of the war, did not conduct air operations into South Vietnam; nor did the NVAF conduct general offensive actions against enemy naval forces off the coast. However, it did conduct limited attacks on the opposing naval vessels, notably damaging the U.S. Navy destroyer USS Higbee in 1972. In a separate incident, MiG-17s that ventured over water were shot down by surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) fired by US warships. The VPAF also conducted an air attack mission against a USAF radio navigation installation in Laos.

President Ho Chi Minh congratulates his highest ranking ace, Capt. Nguyen Van Coc, who flew MiG-21s during the war

The VPAF did not engage all US sorties. Most U.S. aircraft were destroyed by SA-2 surface-to-air missiles or anti-aircraft artillery (AAA), and in some cases, even small arms. Typically, VPAF MiGs would not engage unless it was to their advantage. Some of the aerial tactics used were similar to Operation Bolo, which lured the VPAF to the fight.

On 24 March 1967, regiments Nos. 921, 923 and 919 were incorporated into the 371st Air Division "Thăng Long" (Sư đoàn Không quân 371). In 1969, No. 925 fighter regiment was formed, flying the Shenyang J-6 (the Chinese-built MiG-19). In 1972 the fourth fighter regiment, No. 927 "Lam Son", was formed.[2]

VPAF flew their interceptors with superb guidance from ground controllers, who positioned the MiGs in perfect ambush battle stations. The MIGs made fast and devastating attacks against US formations from several directions (usually the MiG-17s performed head-on attacks and the MiG-21s attacked from the rear). After shooting down a few American planes and forcing some of the F-105s to drop their bombs prematurely, the MiGs did not wait for retaliation, but disengaged rapidly. This "guerrilla warfare in the air" proved very successful. In December 1966 the MiG-21 pilots of the 921st FR downed 14 F-105s without any losses.[4]

The U.S. Air Force and the U.S. Navy continued to lay down great expectations on the F-4 Phantom, assuming that the massive arms, the perfect on-board radar, the highest speed and acceleration properties, coupled with the new tactics would provide F-4s an advantage over the MiGs. But in encounters with lighter VPAF's MiG-21, F-4 began to suffer defeat. From May to December 1966, the US lost 47 aircraft in air battles, destroying only 12 enemy's fighters. From April 1965 to November 1968, in 268 air battles conducted over North Vietnam, VPAF claimed to have shot down 244 US or Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) aircraft and they lost 85 MiGs.[5]

On 12 January 1968, in one of the few offensive air attacks by the VPAF during the entire conflict, the Battle of Lima Site 85, a four aircraft formation of An-2 biplanes was reported flying towards a secret USAF TACAN and radar site in Laos guiding American bombers over North Vietnam. Two aircraft flew on to the strike, while the other two split off.[6] As the two continuing An-2s flew over, their crews dropped 120 mm mortar shells as bombs through the aircraft's floor and also strafed their targets with 57 mm rockets from the wing pods.[7] However, as the two aircraft flew back and forth attacking the facility, one aircraft was heavily damaged by ground fire from the facility and crashed. Meanwhile, crew at Lima Site 85 managed to call in a nearby Air America helicopter; a crew member aboard the helicopter armed with an assault rifle fired on the last biplane and caused it to crash.[8] The site was eventually overrun by People's Army of Vietnam commando climbers.

U.S. map of North Vietnamese airfields

In the spring and summer of 1972, to illumine the theatre of war 360 tactical fighters of the U.S. Air Force and 96 Navy fighters, a great number of which were F-4s of recent modifications, opposed only 71 VPAF aircraft (including 31 MiG-21).[5]

The culmination of the struggle in the air in the spring of 1972 was 10 May, when the VPAF aircraft completed 64 sorties, engaging in 15 air battles. The VPAF claimed seven F-4s were shot down (the U.S. confirmed five F-4s were lost[9]). Those, in turn, managed to shoot down two MiG-21s, three MiG-17s and one MiG-19. On 11 May, two MiG-21, which played the role of "bait", brought the four F-4 to two MiG-21s circling at low altitude, the MiGs attacked the F-4s and 3 missiles shot down two F-4. On 18 May, VPAF aircraft made 26 sorties in eight air engagements, which cost the 4 F-4s; VPAF fighters on that day did not suffer losses. On 13 June, a MiG-21 unit intercepted a group of F-4s, the second pair of MiGs made a missile attack and was hit by two F-4s and did not suffer losses.[5]

Over the course of the air war, between 3 April 1965[10] and 8 January 1973, each side would ultimately claim favourable kill ratios. A total of 201 air battles took place between American and Vietnamese planes in 1972 sorties. VPAF lost 54 MiGs (including 36 MiG-21s and one MiG-21US) and they claimed 90 U.S. aircraft were shot down, including 74 F-4 fighter and two RF-4C (MiG-21s shot down 67 enemy aircraft, MiG-17s shot down 11 and MiG-19s shot down 12 enemy aircraft[citation needed])

Acepilots of the 923. Fighter Aviation Regiments: Lê Huy Chao, Lê Hải, Mai Đức Toại and Hoàng Văn Kỳ. Each claiming 6 air victories.

US Navy ace Randy Cunningham believed that he shot down a Mig-17 piloted by the mythical "Nguyen Toon" or "Colonel Tomb" while flying his F-4. However, no research has been able to identify Col. Tomb's existence; Cunningham most likely downed a flight leader of the 923rd Regiment. Legend states Col. Toon had allegedly downed 13 US aircraft during his tenure.[11] Many VPAF pilots were not only skilled but unorthodox, as Cunningham found out after making elementary tactical errors.[12] The resulting dogfight became extended. Cunningham climbed steeply, and the MiG pilot surprised Cunningham by climbing as well. Using his Top Gun training, Cunningham finally forced the MiG out ahead of him and destroyed it. In fact, there wasn't any pilot in VPAF named Nguyễn Toon, he was a fictional character of the American pilots and they often made jokes with the dissertation. An invention of the American pilots, Colonel Toon was a combination of good pilots in Vietnam, like the "solo artist" lonely night bombing in World War II was called Washing Machine Charlie.

There were several times during the war that the US bombing restrictions of VPAF airfields were lifted. Many VPAF aircraft were destroyed on the ground, and those that were not, were withdrawn to a sanctuary in the north west of the country or in China. In December 1972, the North Vietnamese air defences used their supply of surface-to-air missiles trying to down the high-flying B-52 raids over the North. The North Vietnamese Air Defence Network was degraded by electronic countermeasures (ECM) and other suppression of Enemy Air Defences (SEAD) measures. Though the North Vietnamese forces claim over 81 US aircraft as shot down during Operation Linebacker II, (including 34 B-52s, two attributed to the VPAF),[13][dubious ], U.S sources acknowledge only 27 aircraft lost by the Americans (including 15 B-52s).[14]

Within 12 days of the Operation Linebacker II (18–29 December), during the eight air battles seven US aircraft (including four F-4s]]) and three VPAF MiG-21s were shot down.[5]

After the negotiated end of American involvement in early 1973, the No. 919 transport air group (Lữ đoàn Không quân vận tải 919), was formed; and equipped with fixed-wing aircraft, as well as helicopters (rotor-wing) in November.

The MiG-21 N. 4324 of the Vietnam People's Air Force. This fighter aircraft, flown by various pilots, was credited for 14 kills during the Vietnam War

During the 1975 Spring Offensive, the bombing of Tan Son Nhut Air Base, the only airstrike conducted by the VPAF, occurred on 28 April 1975, just two days before the Fall of Saigon. The operation was carried out by the VPAF's Quyet Thang Squadron, using captured A-37 aircraft flown by VPAF pilots and RVNAF defectors led by Nguyen Thanh Trung who had bombed the Presidential Palace in Saigon, less than one month earlier before defecting to the north.

During the war, the VPAF used the MiG-17F, PF (J-5); MiG-19 (J-6), MiG-21F-13, PF, PFM and MF fighters.[2] They claimed to have shot down 266 US aircraft and the U.S. claimed to have shot down or destroyed 204 MiG aircraft and at least six An-2s, of which 196 were confirmed with multiple witnesses/physical evidence (100 MiG-17s, 10 MiG-19s and 86 MiG-21s). However, VPAF admits only 154 MiGs were lost through all causes, including 131 in air combat (63 MiG-17s, 8 MiG-19s and 60 MiG-21s)[15]). Using those figures, total kill ratio would be 1:1.3 to 1:2.[16][17] With the number of losses to MiGs confirmed by US (121 aircraft shot down and 7 damaged[16][17]), the kill ratio turns 1.6:1 against the MiGs, or 1.1:1 even accepting the VPAF's figure of only 131 in air combat.

According to and Lester W. Grau, the number of U.S. aircraft lost confirmed by themself is unconfirmed since the U.S. figures are also suspect. If a plane was badly damaged, but managed to land, the USAF did not count as a loss, even if it was too damaged to fly again.[18]

Post-war developments[]

The VPAF did not play a major role during the Ho Chi Minh Campaign in 1975. The only sorties flown were conducted by five captured RVNAF A-37s. SA-2s were transported into South Vietnam to counter possible US military air strikes. The US could not bring back their air power during the 1975 offensive, which had proven decisive in 1972, and the RVNAF did not have the capability to strike targets in the north nor to defend against the onslaught in the south.

After the end of the Vietnam War in May 1975, more regiments were formed. No. 935 fighter regiment "Đồng Nai" and no. 937 fighter-bomber regiment "Hậu Giang", followed by no. 918 transport regiment "Hong Ha" and no. 917 mixed transport regiment "Đồng Tháp" were created in July 1975. In September 1975, the four newly created regiments were formed into the 370nd Air Division "Lê Lợi" and the 372nd Air Division "Hai Van" was formed, including among others the 925th fighter regiment.[2]

On 31 May 1977, the VPAF (Không quân Nhân dân Việt Nam) was separated from the Air Defence Force (Quân chủng Phòng không).[2]

When South Vietnam was overrun by PAVN forces on 30 April 1975, approximately 877 aircraft were captured by PAVN. Of that number, 41 were F-5s and 95 were A-37s.[19] When Vietnam helped Cambodia in 1979 with the Pol Pot situation, former VNAF A-37s flew most of the ground support missions. These aircraft were more suited to the role than the MiGs. Former VNAF F-5Es, C-123s, C-130s, and UH-1s were used by the VPAF for many years after the end of the War.

In the years between 1953 and 1991, approximately 700 warplanes, 120 helicopters, and 158 missile complexes have been supplied to North Vietnam by the USSR and PR China (primarily the MiG-19 (J-6 series). Even today, three-quarters of Vietnamese weaponry has been made in post-Cold-War Russia.[20]

Today the VPAF is in the midst of modernisation. It still operates late model Su-22s, aircraft of the Cold War era.[21][22] However, it has recently been modernising its air force with models of the Su-27-SK air superiority fighter following closer military ties, and an array of arms deals with Russia. To date, Vietnam has ordered and received 12 of these aircraft. In 2004, it also acquired 4 modified variants of the Su-30 MK2V, newer models of the Su-27. In May 2009, they inked a deal to procure additional 12 aircraft from the Russians to bolster their ageing fleet. The Vietnamese air force has also acquired new advanced air defence systems, including two S-300 PMU1 (NATO designation: SA-20) short-to-high altitude SAM batteries in a deal worth $300 million with Russia.[20]

In June 2015, it was reported that the air force was interested in acquiring European and U.S. aircraft as part of its ongoing modernisation. Possible candidates included the Eurofighter Typhoon, Dassault Rafale, General Dynamics F-16 and Saab Gripen E/F.[23]

With the lifting of the US embargo on lethal weapons exports to Vietnam, the first lethal Western arms procured were Israeli-sourced medium-range SAM-system SPYDER-MR. First deliveries began in 2016.[24]

Organisation[]

Order of battle[]

The organisational levels of Vietnam People's Air Force, from highest to lowest are:

  • High Command of Vietnam People's Air Force
  • Air Division (Vietnamese: Sư đoàn không quân)
  • Air Regiment/Wing/Group (Vietnamese: Trung đoàn không quân)
  • Air Flight/Squadron (Vietnamese: Phi đội)
  • Air Section/Flight (Vietnamese: Biên đội)
Aircraft Air Defence Missiles Air Defence Artillery Paratroops Radar Surveillance
Vietnam People's Air Force pilot.jpg
Vietnam People's Air Force Missile.jpg
Vietnam People's Air Force Anti Aircraft gun.jpg
Vietnam People's Air Force Paratroops.jpg
Vietnam People's Air Force Radar.jpg

Air bases[]

Vietnam Fighter Regiments

Some airbases in the south were built by the French, Japanese* (World War II), United States Air Force or United States Navy for South Vietnam. The northern bases were likely built with assistance and/or use by the French, China or the Soviet Union during the Vietnam War.

Equipment[]

Most of the aircraft were supplied by the Soviet Union, but hundreds were left over by the United States via the Republic of Vietnam, most which are no longer in service.

Aircraft[]

Mil Mi-8 of the Vietnam People's Air Force
Aircraft Origin Type Variant In service Notes
Combat Aircraft
Sukhoi Su-22 Soviet Union fighter-bomber 34[26]
Sukhoi Su-27 Russia fighter Su-27P/SK/UBK 11[27] 5 UBK’s used for training
Sukhoi Su-30 Russia multirole Su-30MMK 36[27]
Maritime Patrol
PZL M28 Poland maritime patrol M28B-1R[27] 1[26]
Transport
CASA C-295 Spain transport 3[26]
CASA C-212 Indonesia Transport NC212i 3[26]
Helicopters
Mil Mi-8 Russia utility Mi-8MT/17[27] 87[26]
Kamov Ka-27 Russia utility Ka-32 2[26]
Trainers
Aero L-39 Czech Republic jet trainer L-39C 25[26] 12 L-39NG’s on order[28]
Yakovlev Yak-130 Russia LIFT 12 on order[26]
A VPAF MiG-21

Retired[]

Some notable aircraft that were operated consisted of the MiG-15UTI, MiG-17F, MiG-21, the American F-5 Tiger II, and the A-37B Dragonfly. Transport aircraft were the C-47 Dakota, C-130 Hercules, An-2 Colt, Antonov An-26, and the Beriev Be-12. Helicopters comprised of the Ka-25 Hormone, Mil Mi-24, Mil Mi-6, Mil Mi-4, and the CH-47A Chinook[29][30] Most of these aircraft have now been sold off or scrapped, due to loss of parts. Vietnam's rapid economic development is opening the country to foreign investment and has resulted in Hanoi’s new acquisition of more modern equipment. The air force is deemed efficient but financial problems mean it's improvement programs will be slow at best[31]

Armament[]

Name Origin Type Notes
Air-to-air missile
AA-11[32] Russia air-to-air missile 375 short range missiles[32]
AA-2 Soviet Union air-to-air missile 2,300 missiles of which 750 were the AA-2C’s[32]
AA-8 Soviet Union air-to-air missile 400 missiles[32]
RVV-AE Russia air-to-air missile unknown number[33]
Anti-ship missile
AS-13 Russia anti-surface missile 200 missiles[32]
AS-17 Russia anti-surface missile 100 missiles[32]
AS-14 Russia anti-surface missile 100 missiles[32]
The VPAF use the S-125 Pechora like this one

Air Defence[]

Name Origin Type In service Notes
SAM
S-300 Russia SAM system 12 launchers[34]
SPYDER-MR Israel SAM system 30 launchers Five systems (including 6 launchers each) and 750 missiles ordered[24]
S-125 Pechora 2TM Russia SAM system 40[32]
S-75 Dvina Soviet Union SAM system 65[32] received 30 updated S-75M3 Volga-2
2K12 Kub Soviet Union SAM system 10[32] tracked medium-range surface-to-air missile system
9K35 Strela-10 Soviet Union SAM system 20[32] tracked short-range surface-to-air missile system
SA-7 Russia MANPADS 80[32]
SA-16/18 Russia MANPADS 400 (SA-16) 50 (SA-18)[32]
Air Defence Artillery
ZSU-23-4 Soviet Union Mobile anti-aircraft 100[32]
ZSU-57-2 Soviet Union Mobile anti-aircraft 100[32]

Ranks[]

Commissioned officer ranks[]

The rank insignia of commissioned officers.

Rank group General/flag officers Field/senior officers Junior officers Officer cadet
 Vietnam People's Air Force[35]
Vietnam People's Air Force Colonel General.jpg Vietnam People's Air Force Lieutenant General.jpg Vietnam People's Air Force Major General.jpg Vietnam People's Air Force Senior Colonel.jpg Vietnam People's Air Force Colonel.jpg Vietnam People's Air Force Lieutenant Colonel.jpg Vietnam People's Air Force Major.jpg Vietnam People's Air Force Captain.jpg Vietnam People's Air Force Senior Lieutenant.jpg Vietnam People's Air Force Lieutenant.jpg Vietnam People's Air Force SubLieutenant.jpg Vietnam People's Air Force student officer.jpg
Thượng tướng Trung tướng Thiếu tướng Đại tá Thượng tá Trung tá Thiếu tá Đại úy Thượng úy Trung úy Thiếu úy Học viên Sĩ quan

Other ranks[]

The rank insignia of non-commissioned officers and enlisted personnel.

Rank group Senior NCOs Junior NCOs Enlisted
 Vietnam People's Air Force[35]
Vietnam People's Air Force Sergeant major.jpg Vietnam People's Air Force Sergeant.jpg Vietnam People's Air Force Corporal.jpg Vietnam People's Air Force First Private.jpg Vietnam People's Air Force Second Private.jpg
Thượng sĩ Trung sĩ Hạ sĩ Binh nhất Binh nhì

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Giap, Vo Nguyen (1970). Oath of Honor. ISBN 9780853451938. Retrieved 31 October 2015. To sacrifice himself undeservedly for the fatherland, fight for the cause of national independence and socialism, under the leadership of the Vietnam Workers Party...
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Ivanov, S.V. (2000). "Boyevoye primenenye MiG-17 i MiG-19 vo Vietnamye (Боевое применение МиГ-17 и МиГ-19 во Вьетнаме)". Voyna V Vozdukhye (16).
  3. ^ "Vietnamese Aces - MiG-17 and MiG-21 pilots". Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 31 May 2014.
  4. ^ "Vietnamese Aces – MiG-17 and MiG-21 pilots". Acepilots.com. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Mig-21 against the Phantom". Archived from the original on 29 November 2014.
  6. ^ Chauhan, p. 25
  7. ^ Hamilton-Merritt, p.180
  8. ^ Hamilton-Merritt, p. 181
  9. ^ "Vietnamese Air-to-Air Victories, Part 2". Archived from the original on 4 March 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  10. ^ Anderton 1987, pp. 70–71.
  11. ^ Sherman, Stephen (October 2002). "Randy Cunningham". Acepilots.com. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
  12. ^ Hall, George (1987). Top Gun: The Navy's Fighter Weapons School. Presidio Press.
  13. ^ "Vạch nhiễu tìm thù hạ "ngáo ộp" B52". Tin nhanh Việt Nam ra thế giới (World News Vietnam) – Vietbao.vn. 23 December 2007. Archived from the original on 19 September 2011. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  14. ^ See "Published Government Documents" and "Secondary Sources" below.
  15. ^ Migs over North Vietnam: The Vietnam People's Air Force in Combat, 1965–75, Stackpole Military History
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b ACIG Team (16 September 2003). "Vietnamese Air-to-Air Victories, Part 1". Indochina Database. Air Combat Information Group. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b ACIG Team (16 September 2003). "Vietnamese Air-to-Air Victories, Part 2". Indochina Database. Air Combat Information Group. Archived from the original on 4 March 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2010.
  18. ^ PATTERNS AND PREDICTABILITY: THE SOVIET EVALUATION OF OPERATION LINEBACKER II, by Dana Drenkowski and Lester W. Grau. P. 3
  19. ^ Toperczer (29) p. 80, 81
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b Blagov, Sergei (5 September 2003). "Russian missiles to guard skies over Vietnam". Asia Times Online. Moscow. Archived from the original on 25 June 2012. Retrieved 11 September 2007.CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  21. ^ "Su-17,-20,-22 FITTER (SUKHOI)". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 18 September 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
  22. ^ "MiG-21 FISHBED". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 11 September 2007.
  23. ^ Siva Govindasamy; Ho Binh Minh; Martin Petty; Greg Torode; Andrea Shalal; Dean Yates (5 June 2015). "Exclusive: Vietnam eyes Western warplanes, patrol aircraft to counter China". Reuters. Reuters. Archived from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2017.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b "Trade Registers". armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved 5 July 2021.
  25. ^ MiG-17 and MiG-19 Units of the Vietnam War by István Toperczer
  26. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h "World Air Forces 2021". Flightglobal Insight. 2021. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b c d "Peace Research Institute". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2017. Archived from the original on 14 April 2010. Retrieved 11 May 2018.
  28. ^ Herk, Hans van. "Vietnam orders the Aero Vodochody L-39NG jet trainer". www.scramble.nl. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  29. ^ "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 105". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  30. ^ "Chiến binh bầu trời - Kỳ 4: Nằm lại cùng những huyền thoại An-26". Báo Thanh Niên (in Vietnamese). 25 December 2020. Retrieved 10 May 2021.
  31. ^ "World Air Forces 2004 pg. 100". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Trade Registers. Armstrade.sipri.org. Retrieved on 29 May 2015
  33. ^ "Vietnam equipped RVV-AE to Su-30MK2". soha.vn.
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Published Government Documents

  • Boyne, Walter J. (May 1997). "Linebacker II". Air Force Magazine. 80 (11).
  • Gilster, Herman L. The Air War in Southeast Asia: Case Studies of Selected Campaigns. Maxwell Air Force Base AL: Air University Press, 1993.
  • Head, William P. War from Above the Clouds: B-52 Operations During the Second Indochina War and the Effects of the Air War on Theory and Doctrine. Maxwell AFB AL: Air University Press, 2002.
  • McCarthy, Brig. Gen. James R. and LtCol. George B. Allison, Linebacker II: A View from the Rock. Maxwell Air Force Base AL: Air University Press, 1979.
  • Nalty, Bernard C. Air War Over South Vietnam: 1969–1975. Washington, D.C.: Center of Air Force History, 1995.
  • Schlight, John, A War Too Long. Washington, D.C.: Center of Air Force History, 1993.
  • Tilford, Earl H. Setup: What the Air Force Did in Vietnam and Why. Maxwell Air Force Base AL: Air University Press, 1991.
  • Thompson, Wayne, To Hanoi and Back: The US Air Force and North Vietnam, 1966–1973. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2002.

Secondary Sources

  • Asselin, Pierre, A Bitter Peace: Washington, Hanoi and the Making of the Paris Agreement, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.
  • Ambrose, Stephen E., The Christmas Bombing in Robert Cowley, ed. The Cold War: A Military History, New York: Random House, 2005.
  • Casey, Michael, Clark Dougan, Samuel Lipsman, Jack Sweetman, Stephen Weiss, et al., Flags into Battle. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1987.
  • Dorr, Robert. Boeing's Cold War Warrior: B-52 Stratofortress. Osprey Publishing, 2000. ISBN 978-1-84176-097-1
  • Drendel, Lou, Air War over Southeast Asia: Vol. 3, 1971–1975. Carrollton TX: Squadron/Signal Publications, 1984.
  • Hobson, Chris, "Vietnam Air Losses USAF/NAVY/MARINE, Fixed-wing aircraft losses Southeast Asia 1961–1973. 2001. ISBN 978-1-85780-115-6
  • Karnow, Stanley, Vietnam: A History. New York: Viking Books, 1983.
  • Lipsman, Samuel, Stephen Weiss, et al., The False Peace: 1972–74. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1985.
  • Littauer, Raphael and Norman Uphoff, The Air War in Indochina. Boston: Beacon Press, 1972.
  • McCarthy, Donald J. Jr. MiG Killers: A Chronology of US Air Victories in Vietnam 1965–1973. North Branch, Minnesota: Speciality Press, 2009. ISBN 978-1-58007-136-9.
  • Morocco, John, Rain of Fire: Air War, 1969–1973. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1985.
  • Pribbenow, Merle L.(trans) Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam. University Press of Kansas, 2002. ISBN 0-7006-1175-4
  • Zaloga, Steven J. Red SAM: The SA-2 Guideline Anti-Aircraft Missile. Osprey Publishing, 2007. ISBN 978-1-84603-062-8

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