Sun Fo

Sun Fo
Sun Fo
孫科
2nd Premier of the Republic of China
	In office; 26 November 1948 – 12 March 1949
President	Chiang Kai-shek
3rd Premier of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China
	In office; 1 January 1932 – 28 January 1932
President	Lin Sen
Minister of Communications, Republic of China
	In office; 1926 - 1927
Succeeded by
Minister of Finance, Republic of China
	In office; 1928
Succeeded by	T. V. Soong
Minister of Railways, Republic of China
	In office; 1928 - 1931
Preceded by	None
Succeeded by	Wang Jingwei
President of the Legislative Yuan
	In office; 29 January 1932 – 24 December 1948
President of the Examination Yuan
	In office; 1 September 1966 – 13 September 1973
Personal details
Born	21 October 1891; Zhongshan, Guangdong, Qing dynasty, China
Died	13 September 1973 (aged 81); Taipei, Taiwan
Nationality	Republic of China
Political party	Kuomintang
Spouse(s)	Chen Suk-ying (1893–1990)
Relations	Sun Yat-sen (father); Lu Muzhen (mother)
Children	Sun Tse-ping (孫治平); Sun Tse-kiong (孫治強); Sun Sui-ying (孫穗英); Sun Sui-hwa (孫穗華); Sun Sui-Fong (孫穗芳, illegitimate daughter); Sun Sui-fen (孫穗芬, illegitimate daughter)
Alma mater	University of California, Berkeley; Columbia University

Sun Fo or Sun Ke (Chinese: 孫科; pinyin: Sūn Kē; 21 October 1891 – 13 September 1973), courtesy name Zhesheng (哲生), was a high-ranking official in the government of the Republic of China. He was the son of Sun Yat-sen, the founder of the Republic of China, and his first wife Lu Muzhen.

Biography[]

Sun Fo (left) and Sun Yat-sen in 1911

Former residence of Sun Fo in Nanjing.

Sun was born in Xiangshan (now Zhongshan), Guangdong, China. He travelled abroad to study, graduated in 1911 from Saint Louis College (now Saint Louis School, K-12, Honolulu, Hawaii), earned a Bachelor of Arts from the University of California, Berkeley in 1916 and a Master of Science from Columbia University in 1917. He also received an honorary LL.D. from Columbia. He married Chen Suk-ying and had two sons (Sun Tse-ping and Sun Tse-kiong) and two daughters (Sun Sui-ying and Sun Sui-hwa).

After returning to China, Sun was appointed Mayor of Guangzhou (Canton), where the Kuomintang's government headed by his father was headquartered, serving from 1920 to 1922 and again from 1923 to 1925 (between 1922 and 1923, Sun Yat-sen was exiled by Chen Jiongming). As recorded in a China Mail (a Chinese newspaper) on 4 June 1923, there was controversy in relation to a case involving 50,000 yuan and Sun Fo. The case was voiced in public through (陳步賢; 1883–1965), a Senator of Guangzhou.^[1] In the Nationalist government, Sun served as Minister of Communications from 1926 to 1927, as Minister of Finance from 1927 to 1928 and Minister of Railways from 1928 to 1931.^[2]

In 1928, he became President of Chiao Tung University in Shanghai, and made many administrative and educational reforms, including introducing a Moral Education Department. He created the Science College, which incorporated three departments (Mathematics, Physics, and Chemistry).

In 1931, the near civil war caused by the arrest of Hu Hanmin and the invasion of Manchuria forced Chiang Kai-shek to resign. For one month, he was President of the Executive Yuan (Premier). He found the government was paralyzed by the absence of the party's Big Three: Hu, Chiang, and Wang Jingwei. High level negotiations brought the latter two back into politics with Wang becoming premier.

Sun disagreed with Chiang extensively on their objectives, Sun desired to put off war against the Communists in favor of war against Japan, and reach an agreement with the Communists.^[3]

Sun Fo (center) with his family during a diplomatic mission in France in 1938. Pictured from left to right are daughters Sun Sui-ying and Sun Sui-hwa, Sun Fo, his wife Chen Suk-ying, and younger son Sun Tse-kiong. Eldest son, Sun Tse-ping, not pictured, was then living and working in the U.S.A.

Sun became President of the Legislative Yuan from 1932 to 1948 (the first to head the Legislative Yuan under the 1947 Chinese Constitution, which he helped frame). From 1947 to 1948 he was Vice Chairman of the Nationalist Government and he served again as President of the Executive Yuan from 1948. During this time, he gained the reputation of having an "iron neck" —an outspoken liberal against Chiang Kai-shek's authoritarian tendencies, he could not be purged because he was the son of Sun Yat-sen. In the first election for president and vice president under the new Constitution in 1948, Sun stood for the vice presidency against Li Zongren and Cheng Chien.^[4] Despite his previous veiled criticisms of Chiang, Sun remained the favored choice of Chiang, but Li (one of Chiang's rivals in the Kuomintang) won the election.

He was a member of the Kuomintang Central Executive Committee from 1926 to 1950. Leading the left wing of the Kuomintang, he advocated cooperation with the Communist Party of China in the fight against the Japanese military occupation of 1931–1945, and represented his party in negotiations with Zhou Enlai.

Following the full-scale Japanese invasion of 1937, Sun Fo was tasked with obtaining military assistance from the Allied Powers. Turned down by the U.S., Britain, and France, he turned to the Soviet Union. In direct talks with Joseph Stalin in 1937, 1938, and 1939, he secured the crucial arms and ammunition that prevented the total defeat of Nationalist forces. But while Chiang Kai-shek wanted the arms primarily to fight the Communists, Sun Fo insisted that the threat to China's national integrity came foremost from the invading outside forces.

At the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, he exiled himself to Hong Kong until 1951, and moved to Europe (stops in Paris and Spain) from 1951 to 1952, and finally resided in the United States (Los Angeles) from 1952 to 1965.

After years of political differences with Chiang Kai-shek, Sun Fo returned to serve in the government of the Republic of China in Taipei as a senior advisor to President Chiang from 1965, and as President of the Examination Yuan from 1966 until his death in 1973. He was also Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Soochow University in Taiwan from 1966 to 1973.

Sun Fo and his wife are buried at Yangmingshan Private Cemetery, in the Beitou District, Taipei, Taiwan.

References[]

^ Rebecca Chan Chung, Deborah Chung and Cecilia Ng Wong, "Piloted to Serve", 2012
^ "Foreign News: Chiang's Cabinet". TIME. 29 October 1928. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2011.
^ John Gunther (1939). Inside Asia. Harper & Brothers. p. 256. Retrieved 4 June 2011.
^ U.S. Department of State, The China White Paper (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1967), 275.

Sun Fo

Government offices
Preceded by Chen Mingshu	Premier of the Republic of China 1931–1932	Succeeded by Wang Jingwei
Preceded by Shao Yuanchong	President of the Legislative Yuan 1932–1948	Succeeded by
Preceded by Wong Wen-hao	Premier of the Republic of China 1948–1949	Succeeded by He Yingqin
Preceded by Mo Teh-hui	President of Examination Yuan 1966–1973	Succeeded by

[1] Rebecca Chan Chung, Deborah Chung and Cecilia Ng Wong, "Piloted to Serve", 2012

[2] "Foreign News: Chiang's Cabinet". TIME. 29 October 1928. Archived from the original on 21 November 2010. Retrieved 22 May 2011.

[3] John Gunther (1939). Inside Asia. Harper & Brothers. p. 256. Retrieved 4 June 2011.

[4] U.S. Department of State, The China White Paper (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1967), 275.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

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Presidents of Executive Yuan (Mainland China)	Tan Yankai T. V. Soong Chiang Kai-shek Chen Mingshu Sun Fo Wang Jingwei H. H. Kung Zhang Qun Weng Wenhao He Yingqin
Presidents of Executive Yuan (Taiwan)	Yan Xishan Chen Cheng Yu Hung-chun Yen Chia-kan Chiang Ching-kuo Sun Yun-suan Yu Kuo-hwa Lee Huan Hau Pei-tsun Lien Chan Vincent Siew Tang Fei Chang Chun-hsiung Yu Shyi-kun Frank Hsieh Su Tseng-chang Liu Chao-shiuan Wu Den-yih Sean Chen Jiang Yi-huah Mao Chi-kuo Chang San-cheng Lin Chuan William Lai Su Tseng-chang
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Sun Fo
孫科


2nd Premier of the Republic of China
In office 26 November 1948 – 12 March 1949
President	Chiang Kai-shek
3rd Premier of the Nationalist Government of the Republic of China
In office 1 January 1932 – 28 January 1932
President	Lin Sen
Minister of Communications, Republic of China
In office 1926 - 1927
Succeeded by
Minister of Finance, Republic of China
In office 1928
Succeeded by	T. V. Soong
Minister of Railways, Republic of China
In office 1928 - 1931
Preceded by	None
Succeeded by	Wang Jingwei
President of the Legislative Yuan
In office 29 January 1932 – 24 December 1948
President of the Examination Yuan
In office 1 September 1966 – 13 September 1973

Personal details
Born	(1891-10-21)21 October 1891 Zhongshan, Guangdong, Qing dynasty, China
Died	13 September 1973(1973-09-13) (aged 81) Taipei, Taiwan
Nationality	Republic of China
Political party	Kuomintang
Spouse(s)	Chen Suk-ying (1893–1990)
Relations	Sun Yat-sen (father) Lu Muzhen (mother)
Children	Sun Tse-ping (孫治平) Sun Tse-kiong (孫治強) Sun Sui-ying (孫穗英) Sun Sui-hwa (孫穗華) Sun Sui-Fong (孫穗芳, illegitimate daughter) Sun Sui-fen (孫穗芬, illegitimate daughter)
Alma mater	University of California, Berkeley Columbia University