Surigaonon language

Surigaonon
Surigaonon
Tandaganon
Native to	Philippines
Region	Surigao del Norte, most parts of Surigao del Sur, and some portion of Dinagat Islands, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur and Davao Oriental
Ethnicity	Surigaonon
Native speakers	500,000 (2009)
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Greater Central Philippine Central Philippine Bisayan Southern Bisayan Surigaonon; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Official status
Official language in	Regional language in the Philippines
Regulated by	Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either:; sgd – Surigaonon; tgn – Tandaganon
Glottolog	suri1274
	Area where Surigaonon is spoken according to Ethnologue

Surigaonon is an Austronesian language spoken by Surigaonon people. As a regional Philippine language, it is spoken in the province of Surigao del Norte, Dinagat Islands, Surigao del Sur, and some portions of Agusan del Norte, especially the towns near the Mainit Lake, Agusan del Sur and Davao Oriental.

External relationships[]

Surigaonon is a member of the Bisayan languages.^[2]^[3] It has been heavily influenced by Cebuano due to the influx of many Cebuanos in the region. However, most Cebuano speakers can hardly understand Surigaonon speakers, except for Cebuanos who have been living in the region for years.

Surigaonon is very closely related to the Tausug language of Sulu and the Butuanon language of Butuan.

Varieties[]

Tandaganon[]

Tandaganon^[4] (also called Tinandag, Naturalis, Tagon-on) is a closely related variety spoken in Tandag and central Surigao del Sur municipalities of San Miguel, Tago, Bayabas, Cagwait, Marihatag, San Agustin, and most of Lianga. It can be classified as a separate language or alternatively as a southern variety of Surigaonon. There are about 100,000 speakers.

Surigaonon (also called Jaun-Jaun, Waya-Waya) itself on the other hand is the northern (Surigao del Norte) variety, with about 400,000 speakers. Surigaonon speakers are distributed throughout Surigao del Norte, northern Surigao del Sur, and northern Agusan del Norte.^[5] Surigaonon and Tandaganon speakers can understand each other well, even if they use their own languages in conversation (similar to the mutual intelligibility between the Boholano dialect and the general Cebuano dialect).

Together, Surigaonon and Tandaganon are spoken in Surigao del Norte and most parts of Surigao del Sur, except in the City of Bislig, municipalities of Barobo, Hinatuan, Lingig, and Tagbina. In the non-Surigaonons-speaking areas of Surigao, most of the inhabitants are descended from Cebuano-speaking migrants, and the rest are natives who speak Kamayo, a Mansakan language.

Phonology[]

According to Dumanig (2015),^[6] Surigaonon has a similar phonological inventory as its sister Bisayan languages, Cebuano and Boholano.

Vowels[]

Below is the vowel system of Surigaonon.

Surigaonon vowels^[6]
	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Open		a

Consonants[]

Below is a chart of Surigaonon consonants.

Surigaonon consonants^[6]
		Bilabial	Dental	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Plosive	Voiceless	p	t		k	ʔ
Plosive	Voiced	b	d		ɡ
Affricate				d͡ʒ
Fricative			s			h
Flap			ɾ
Lateral			l
Approximant		w		j

Note: [j] is spelled y, [d͡ʒ] is spelled j and [ŋ] is spelled ng.

Clusters[]

Surigaonon has 25 consonant clusters (br, bl, bw, by, dr, dy, dw, gr, gw, kr, kl, kw, mw, my, nw, pr, pl, pw, py, sw, sy, tr, tw, ty, hw) and 4 diphthongs (aw, ay, iw, uy), which is similar to Cebuano.^[6]

Comparison between Surigaonon, Cebuano, and Tausug[]

English	Tausug	Surigaonon	Cebuano
What is your name?	Unu in ngān mu?	Omay imo ngayan? (Surigaonon), Unu an ngayan mu? / Unu may imo pangayan? / Unu an pangayan nimo? / Unu'y pangan mo? (Tandaganon)	Unsa ang ngalan / ngan nimo?
My name is Juan	In ngān ku Juan	An ako ngayan ay Juan (Surigaonon), An ngayan ku kay Juan / An ako ngayan kay Juan / Ang pangayan ko si Juan / An ako pangan (ngan) kay Juan (Tandaganon)	Ang ngan naku kay Juan
How are you?	Maunu-unu nakaw?	Kumusta naman kaw? / "Kumusta na kaw?" (Surigaonon), "Kumusta nasa kaw?" (Tandaganon)	Kumusta na ka?
I am fine, (too)	Marayaw da isab	Madayaw da (sab (isab) or da nu-un) aku (Tandaganon) or Marajaw da / ra i- / sab aku (Surigaonon)	Maayo da / ra (usab)
Where is Ahmad?	Hawnu hi Ahmad?	Hain si Ahmad? (Tandaganon) / Haman si Ahmad?	Haman / Hain man / asa si Ahmad?
He is in the house	Ha bāy siya	Sa bay siya or yaun siya sa bahay (Tandaganon) / Jaon sija sa bayay? or jadto sija sa bayay (Surigaonon)	Naa siya sa balay / bay
Thank you	Magsukul	Salamat	Salamat
‘I am staying at’ or ‘I live at’	Naghuhula’ aku ha	Yaghuya aku sa (Tandaganon) / Naghuya aku sa (Surigaonon) or taga ___	Nagpuyo ako sa
I am here at the house.	Yari aku ha bay.	Yadi aku sa bay (Tandaganon). / Jari aku sa bayay	Dia ko sa bay.
I am hungry.	Hiyapdi' aku.	In-gutom aku or Paga-gutom ako (Tandaganon). / Tag gutom ako	Gi-gutom ko.
He is there, at school.	Yadtu siya ha iskul.	Yadtu siya sa iskuylahan (Tandaganon). / Jadto sija sa iskuylahan.	Tu-a sya sa iskuylahan
Person	Tau	Tao (Tandaganon) Tawo (Surigaonon)	Taw / Tawo
(Sea / River) current	Sug	Suwg (Tandaganon) Suyug (Surigaonon)	Sug / Sulog
Day	Adlaw	Buntag (Tandaganon) Buntag (Surigaonon)	Adlaw / Buntag
Night	Duwm	Gabi-i / Duwm (Tandaganon) / Duyum (Surigaonon)	Gabi-i
Today	Biháun	Kuman na adlaw (Tandaganon and Surigaonon)	Karon / Karong Adlawa
Yesterday	Káhapun	Káhapun	Gahapon
The day before yesterday	Ta’kisa	Min-agi na adlaw (Tandaganon) Nin-agi na adlaw (Surigaonon)	Miaging adlaw / usang adlaw
Tomorrow	Kunsuwm	Siluwm / Silom (Tandaganon) Silum (Surigaonon)	Ugma
The day after tomorrow	Ku’nisa	Sunod na adlaw (Surigaonon / Tandaganon)	Sunod adlaw
Tonight	Duwm ini	Kuman na duwm or Kuman duwm (Tandaganon) / Kuman na duyum or Kuman duyum (Surigaonon)	Karong gabii
Last night	Kábi-i	Kábi-i (Surigaonon / Tandaganon)	Kagabii
Morning	Mahinaat / Maynaat	Buntag (Surigaonon / Tandaganon)	Buntag
Afternoon	Mahapun	Hapun (Surigaonon / Tandaganon)	Hapun
Noon	Mataas Suga	Gabi-i (Tandaganon) Udto (Surigaonon)	Udto
Midnight	Tungaan Duwm	Tunga-tunga nan Duwn or Tunga'y Duwm (Tandaganon) Tungay-duyum (Surigaonon)	Tunga sa gabi-i / tungang gabii
What day is today?	Adlaw unu biháun?	Unu na adlaw kuman? or Unu kuman na adlawa? (Tandaganon) Oman na adlaw kuman? (Surigaonon)	Unsa nga adlaw karon? / unsang adlawa 'ron?
What day will you leave?	Adlaw unu kaw tumulak?	Unu na adlaw kaw mu-larga or Kun-o kaw mo-larga (Surigaonon) / Kanus-a kaw mu-larga (mu-panaw) (Tandaganon)	Unsa nga adlaw ka mo-larga? / unsang adlawa ka mo-larga?
My walked last Saturday.	Miyanaw aku sin sabtu’ yaun.	An ako panaw adton sabado (Surigaonon) – An ako panaw nan sabado yadtu. (Tandaganon)	Ang lakaw naku niadtong sabado.
When did they eat?	Ka’nu sila kimaun?	Kagan-o sila nangaon? (Surigaonon), Kinun-u sila kin-maun? / Kagan-o sila nangaon (mikaon) ? (Tandaganon)	Kanus-a sila mikaon?
When did you arrive?	Ka’nu kamu dimatung?	Kagan-o man kaw nin-abot? (Surigaonon), Kinun-u / Kagan-o kamu (kaw) min-abot?	Kanus-a kamo miabot?
When are going to school?	Ku’nu kaw pa iskul?	Kun-o man kaw mukadto sa iskuylahan? (Surigaonon), kinun-u / Kun-o kaw mokadto sa iskuylahan? (Tandaganon)	Kanus-a ka mo-adto sa iskuylahan?
Where are you going?	Pakain kamu manaw?	Haman kaw pasingud? or haman kaw mukadto? (Surigaonon), Pahain kamu mamanaw? (Tandaganon) / Hain kaw pasingud? (Tandaganon)	Asa ka pa-ingon?
Who is that guy?	Hisiyu in usug yaun?	Siman jaon? or siman jaon sija? (Surigaonon), Sin-o yaun? / Sin-o taraw yaon (informal) ? (Tandaganon)	Kinsa na nga tawhana?
Who own this shirt?	Kansiyu in badju ini?	Kanin-o ini baro? or simay tag-ija ini na baro? (Surigaonon), Kanin-o ini badu? (Tandaganon)	Kang kinsa nga sinina kini?
Where is mother?	Hain hi Inah?	Haman si mama? (Surigaonon), Hain si nanay? (Tandaganon)	Asa si mama? / hain si nanay?
When was your birth date?	Ka’nu kaw piyag-anak?	Kagan-o man kaw natawo? or kagan-o man kaw tag-anak? (Surigaonon), Kinun-u kaw in anak? / Kagan-o kaw gi-anak? / Kagan-o kaw ya Tao (Tandaganon)	Kanus-a ka gipanganak / natawo?
Why are you crying?	Mayta’ kaw timangis?	Oman nag tuwaw (haja) man kaw? (Surigaonon), Nasa ga-hilak (ga-tyaho) sa kaw? (Tandaganon)	Ngano nga nagahilak ka?
How do you sleep?	Biyariin kaw magtuwg?	Un-hon man nimo pagkatuyog? (Surigaonon), Paga unu mo pagkaturog? (Tandaganon) / Paga unu mo sa taraw pagkaturug? (informal)	Unsaon man nimo pagkatug / pagkatulog?
How is mother doing?	Maunu-unu na hi Inah?	Kumusta man si Mama? (Surigaonon), Ya-unu na sa si Ina? / Kumosta na si mama (nanay) ? (Tandaganon)	Kumusta na man si nanay / mama?

References[]

^ Surigaonon at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Tandaganon at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Lobel (2013).
^ Zorc (1977).
^ ISO 639-3 Registration Authority (2009). "Request for New Language Code Element in ISO 639-3" (PDF). request number 2009-087. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
^ "Surigaonon". Ethnologue.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Dumanig, Francisco Perlas (2015). "Descriptive Analysis of the Surigaonon Language". Polyglossia. 27: 1–10. doi:10.34382/00011430. hdl:10367/6111.