Svarog

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For Serbian metal band, see Svarog (band).
Svarog
Svarog by Andrey Shishkin.jpg
Svarog, Andrey Shishkin, 2015
AnimalsRarog?
Ethnic groupSouth Slavs or East Slavs
Personal information
ChildrenSvarozhits, Dazhbog

Svarog (Old East Slavic: Сваро́гъ; Russian: Сварог) is a Slavic god with unclear functions, but most often interpreted as a sky god or a god of fire and smithing. He appears in only one source, which is problematic because of the unclear circumstances of its origin. His name can mean "wrangler" or be related to "heaven". Father of Svarozhits, Dazhbog.

Etymology[]

Generally, the root svar- is combined with the word svar 'quarrel, argument', and the derivative svariti 'to quarrel, argue'.[1] In such a case, Svarog would be a "god-wrangler". Cognates in other languages include Old English andswaru (→ English swear), Old Norse sverja 'to swear',[2] or Sanskrit svarati (स्वरति) 'to sing, sound, praise', all from Proto-Indo-European *swer-. Ethnographer recorded a saying of a Polesian fisherman "Boh svarycsa" in reaction to thunder, similar to Polish saying "Bóg swarzy".[3]

Some scholars suggest a celestial meaning of the root and suggest an affinity of the theonym with Indian svárgas 'heaven', Old High German gi-swerc 'storm clouds', Old English sweorc 'darkness, cloud, fog', or Dutch zwerk 'cloud, cloudy sky'.[1] According to some scholars, e.g. Trubachov,[4] ,[5] or Klejn,[6] this root was borrowed from Indo-Iranian (cf. svàr (स्वर्) 'radiance, sky, sun'). Vasmer disagreed with this view.[1] Moreover, the Slavs and Indo-Iranians were separated by a large space that would have made borrowing difficult.[7] Václav Machek pointed to the Indian svarāj (स्वराज 'independent ruler') as the nickname of several supreme deities,[3] although combining Svarog with svarāj was also opposed by Vasmer, and he also argued against combining it with Latin rex, Indian rājan (राजन्) 'king', and Iranian xvar 'sun'.[1]

Svarog may have become the root word for the Romanian word sfarog meaning 'dried, burnt (about food)'.[5][8]

Svarog-Svarozhits[]

A god named Svarozhits appears in the sources as well. Some scholars have suggested that Svarozhits means 'young Svarog' or is a diminutive of Svarog. The argument for the existence of only one god is based on the fact that in Serbian the suffix -ić means 'young' or 'small' (e.g., Djurdjić is not the 'son of Djurdjo', but 'little Djurdjo').[9] Brückner also believed that the Lithuanians called their gods fondly, e.g. Perkune dievaite meaning 'little god Perkun' and not 'god Perkun'.[10] However, most scholars disagree with this interpretation.[1][11][12] The suffix -its, -ich (from Proto-Slavic *-iťь) is most often a patronymic suffix (e.g. Polish pan 'master' → panicz 'son of a master'). The family relationship between Svarog and Svarozhits is also indicated by accounts of these gods.[9]

Source[]

The only source that mentions Svarog is the Slavic translation of the Chronicle (Chronography) of John Malalas, which was placed in the Primary Chronicle under year 1114. In this translation, in glosses, the Greek god of fire and smithing Hephaestus is translated as Svarog, and his son, the sun god Helios, is translated as Dazhbog (glosses are in italics[13]):

And after the flood and the division of the languages, the first to reign was Mestrom, of the line of Cam, after him Hermes, after him Hephaestus, whom the Egyptians call Svarog. During the reign of this Hephaestus in Egypt, at the time of his reign, tongs fell from the sky and he began to forge weapons, as before that they beat each other with sticks and stones. This Hephaestus established the law that women should marry a single man and behave in a chaste way, and he ordered that those who committed adultery should be punished. For this reason he was also called the god Svarog, as before this women fornicated with whomsoever they wished and fornicated with cattle. If they gave birth to a child they gave it to whomsoever they wished: “Here is your child”. And the person held a feast and accepted it. But Hephaestus eliminated this law and decreed that a man should have one wife, and that a woman should marry a single man, and that if anyone were to violate (that law), they should be thrown into a fiery furnace; this is why he was called Svarog, and the Egyptians blessed him. And after him reigned his son, called Sun, who was known as Dazhbog, for seven thousand four hundred and seventy days, which make twenty and a half years. Because neither the Egyptians (nor) others knew how to count; some counted by the moon and others counted the years by days; the figure of 12 months was known later, from the time that men began to pay tax to the emperors. The emperor Sun, son of Svarog, who is Dazhbog, was a strong man. Having heard from someone that a certain Egyptian woman, who was rich and respected, that someone wished to fornicate with her, he sought her to apprehend her so she did not break the law of her father Svarog. Taking with him some of his men, having discovered the moment at which the adultery would take place by night, he surprised her and did not find her husband with her but found her lying with another, with who she wanted. He seized her and tortured her and ordered her to be taken around the country for opprobrium and he beheaded her lover. And life was pure in all Egypt, and they began to praise him.[13]

This source is problematic for several reasons. The first problem is place and time the glosses about Svarog and Dazhbog were included in the Slavonic translation of the Chronography.[14] Some scholars believe that these glosses come from the 10th-century Bulgarian translator of the Chronography (the first Slavic translation in general), and some scholars assume that the glosses were added by a Ruthenian copyist. Aleksander Brückner supported this thesis by adding that the Bulgarian texts avoided mentioning Slavic or Turkic paganism in Bulgaria. Vatroslav Jagić suggested that the glosses were written in Novgorod because the Chronography translation also contains references to Lithuanian paganism, which the Bulgarian translator could not do. The downside of this theory is that the glosses must have been written before 1118 (this is probably when they first found their way into the compilation of the Primary Chronicle), and in the 11th century Ruthenian writers were not interested in Lithuanian paganism because of underdeveloped contacts with Lithuania. For this reason, has proposed that the Baltic interpolation and glosses came into translation in 1262 in Lithuania or Western Rus. However, this explanation raises some objections: Svarog is not mentioned in any other Russian sources (unlike Dazhbog), and he is also omitted by Nikon in his list of deities worshipped by Vladimir the Great. According to Henryk Łowmiański, who identified Svarozhits with Dazhbog, an argument for the Bulgarian origin of the glosses is the fact that in these glosses Dazhbog is called "the son of Svarog" – in Bulgarian the patronymic suffix -ic, -ič has been forgotten, so that Dazhbog could not be called simply Svarozhits. If the Bulgarian origin of the glosses is recognized, Svarog must also be considered a South Slavic god, not an East Slavic one.[15]

The second problem is that it is not clear which information in the glosses pertains to Slavic mythology and which to Greek mythology.[14] According to the glosses Svarog is: (1) the Slavic equivalent of Hephaestus, the Greek god of fire and smithing, (2) the father of Dazhbog, and (3) the creator of monogamy. According to Andrzej Szyjewski, the myth of the adulterous wife fits Hephaestus (pagan Slavs were polygamous[16]), whereas the myth of the blacksmith god being the father of the Sun does not appear anywhere in Greek mythology.[14] Łowmiański believed that Hephaestus was not translated as Svarog because of his association with fire and smithing, but precisely because of his being the father of the Sun.[11] Brückner and Dimitri Obolensky interpreted this account as a distorted myth about a blacksmith god who forged a sun disk. Such an affinity may be indicated by the Baltic parallel where Teliavelis forges the sun and casts it on the sky.[14]

Interpretations[]

Svarog, Marek Hapon, 2013

Because it is unclear to what extent the fragmentary translation of the Chronography can be used, and because of only a single source about Svarog, as well as uncertain clues in folklore, the interpretation of this god is problematic. Some scholars have even suggested that Svarog was created from the figure of Svarozhits and never existed in the beliefs of the Slavs.[17]

Sky god[]

On the basis of solar and celestial etymology, Svarog is often interpreted as a celestial creator deity whose role in cult mythology has been overlooked. Svarog would have been the heir of a hypothetical Proto-Indo-European *Dyḗus. In this case, he would correspond to deities such as the Vedic Dyaus or the Baltic Dievs, but also to the Greek Zeus or the Roman Jupiter – the latter two deities, however, took on thunderer characteristics and occupied an important place in their respective pantheons.

Michal Téra interprets Svarog as the counterpart of the Vedic sky-god Dyaus, who according to some accounts is the father of the fire-god Agni-Svarozhits and of the sun-god Surya-Dazhbog. He also links him to the mystical figure Svyatogor, whose place in the bylinas is taken by Ilya Muromets, Perun's heir – according to Téra described as tired, whose weight the earth cannot bear, and he compares this last motif to the mythical separation of Heaven and Earth which is necessary to put the world in order. He also believes that Svarog appears in the myths of the creation of the world.[18]

Łowmiański developed a theory that the cult of the Proto-Indo-European god *Dyḗus developed among the Slavs in two forms: in the form of Svarog among the West Slavs, and in the form of Perun among the Easte Slavs. Subsequently, the cult of Svarog was to be transported in the 6th century by Serbs and Croats from West Slavs to the Balkans.[19]

God of fire, blacksmithing, sun[]

Czech historians Martin Pitro and Petr Vokáč believe that Svarog is a god who receded into the background after the creation of the world, but at the same time is a celestial smith and sun god.[20]

It is possible that Svarog echoes the mythology of northern Europe: the smith god in Norse and Baltic mythology forges weapons for the Thunderer, and as in Finnish mythology, the smith god Ilmarinen is the creator of the Sun, the sky, and many wondrous objects. The smith god also fights the powers of chaos in defense of his creation.[21]

Aleksander Gieysztor interpreted Svarog as celestial fire – the sun, Perun as atmospheric fire – the thunderbolt, and Svarozhits-Dazhbog as earthly fire.[22]

Jiří Dynda rejects the understanding of Svarog as a sovereign deity of heaven or a deus otiousus type deity, and points out that in the source Svarog, or rather his prefiguration, does not bear the characteristics of such a deity, except for the paternity of the solar deity, which he considers a secondary feature. Instead, he compares him to the figure of the magician and hero Volkh Vseslavyevich from Russian bylines, and to the ancient blacksmiths who, in Russian folklore, make weapons for heroes and weld the hair of men and women symbolically uniting them into marriage, which include, for example, the blind father of the hero Svyatogor.[17]

It is possible that Svarog is related in some way to mythological bird Rarog (saker falcon), perhaps on the taboo basis pointed out by Roman Jakobson. In Vedism Indra is sometimes called Indra Vritrahan, "Indra the victor of Vritra". In the Iranian version of this motif, Veretragna is transformed into the falcon Varhagan during his duel with Vritra. Czech Raroh, Rarach is a generous yet vengeful demonic being, associated with the bonfire, taking the form of a bird or dragon, with a body and hair of flame, and flying out through the chimney as a ball of fire or whirlwind.[23]

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Vasmer's dictionary : Query result". starling.rinet.ru. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
  2. ^ "Vasmer's dictionary : Query result". starling.rinet.ru. Retrieved 2020-12-18.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Gieysztor 2006, p. 172.
  4. ^ Trubaczow 1999, p. 182.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Mansikka 2005, p. 297.
  6. ^ Klejn 2004, p. 239-240.
  7. ^ Borissoff 2014, p. 14.
  8. ^ Gieysztor 2006, p. 177.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b Gieysztor 2006, p. 171.
  10. ^ Brückner 1985, p. 135.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b Łowmiański 1979, p. 98.
  12. ^ Szyjewski 2003, p. 111.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b Alvarez-Pedroza 2021, p. 294-296.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Szyjewski 2003, p. 105.
  15. ^ Łowmiański 1979, p. 93-97.
  16. ^ Alvarez-Pedroza 2021, p. 319.
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b Dynda 2019, p. 60-64.
  18. ^ Téra 2009, p. 310-324.
  19. ^ Łowmiański 1979, p. 99.
  20. ^ Pitro & Vokáč 2002, p. 15.
  21. ^ Szyjewski 2003, p. 106-107.
  22. ^ Gieysztor 2006, p. 308-309.
  23. ^ Gieysztor 2006, p. 177-178.

Bibliography[]

  • Szyjewski, Andrzej (2003). Religia Słowian (in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo WAM. ISBN 83-7318-205-5.
  • Gieysztor, Aleksander (2006). Mitologia Słowian (in Polish). Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. ISBN 978-83-235-0234-0.
  • Brückner, Aleksander (1985). Mitologia słowiańska (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. ISBN 8301062452.
  • Mansikka, Viljo J. (2005). Религия восточных славян (in Russian). Moscov: Gorky Institute of World Literature. ISBN 5-9208-0238-3.
  • Klejn, Leo S. (2004). Воскрешение Перуна. К реконструкции восточнославянского язычества (in Russian). Petersburg: Gorky Institute of World Literature. ISBN 5-8071-0153-7.
  • Trubachyov, Oleg N. (1999). Indoarica в Северном Причерноморье (in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. ISBN 5-02-011675-0.
  • Łowmiański, Henryk (1979). Religia Słowian i jej upadek, w. VI-XII (in Polish). Warsaw: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. ISBN 83-01-00033-3.
  • Alvarez-Pedroza, Juan Antonio (2021). Sources of Slavic Pre-Christian Religion. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-44138-5.
  • Téra, Michal (2009). Perun: Bůh hromovládce (in Czech). Červený Kostelec: Pavel Mervart. ISBN 978-80-86818-82-5.
  • Dynda, Jirí (2019). Slovanské pohanství ve středověkých ruských kázáních (in Czech). Červený Kostelec: Scriptorium. ISBN 978-80-88013-87-7.
  • Borissoff, Constantine Leo (2014). "Non-Iranian origin of the Eastern-Slavonic god Xŭrsŭ/Xors". Studia Mythologica Slavica. 17: 9–36. doi:10.3986/sms.v17i0.1491. ISSN 1581-128X.
  • Pitro, Martin; Vokáč, Petr (2002). Bohové dávných Slovanů (in Czech). Praga: ISV. ISBN 80-85866-91-9.
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