The Sword in the Stone (1963 film)

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The Sword in the Stone
SwordintheStonePoster.JPG
Original theatrical release poster
Directed byWolfgang Reitherman
Story byBill Peet
Based onThe Sword in the Stone
by T. H. White
Produced byWalt Disney
Starring
  • Rickie Sorensen
  • Karl Swenson
  • Junius Matthews
  • Sebastian Cabot
  • Norman Alden
  • Martha Wentworth
Edited byDonald Halliday
Music byGeorge Bruns
Production
company
Walt Disney Productions
Distributed byBuena Vista Distribution
Release date
  • December 25, 1963 (1963-12-25)
Running time
79 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$3 million[1]
Box office$22.2 million (United States and Canada)[2]

The Sword in the Stone is a 1963 American animated musical fantasy comedy film produced by Walt Disney and released by Buena Vista Distribution. The 18th Disney animated feature film, it is based on T. H. White's novel of the same name, which was published as a standalone novel in 1938 and then revised and republished in 1958 as the first book of White's Arthurian tetralogy The Once and Future King. Directed by Wolfgang Reitherman, the film features the voices of Rickie Sorensen, Karl Swenson, Junius Matthews, Sebastian Cabot, Norman Alden, and Martha Wentworth. It was the last animated film from Walt Disney Productions to be released before Walt Disney's death on December 15, 1966.

Disney first acquired the film rights to the novel in 1939, and there were various attempts at developing the film over the next two decades before production on the film officially began. Bill Peet wrote the story for the film, while the songs were written by the Sherman Brothers. This was the first animated Disney film to feature songs by the Sherman Brothers; they would go on to contribute music to such Disney films as Mary Poppins (1964), The Jungle Book (1967), The Aristocats (1970), and The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh (1977). George Bruns composed the film's score, following his work on the previous two animated Disney films, Sleeping Beauty (1959) and One Hundred and One Dalmatians (1961). He would also compose the scores of the next three animated Disney films, The Jungle Book, The Aristocats, and Robin Hood (1973).

The film received mixed reviews, but it became a box-office success. It was re-released to theaters on March 25, 1983, on a double bill with the animated cartoon short Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore. A live-action remake entered development in 2015 and is set to be directed by Juan Carlos Fresnadillo and released on Disney+.[3]

Plot[]

The story is set in a fictional England somewhat resembling that of the 15th Century. When King Uther Pendragon dies leaving no heir, a sword magically appears in an anvil, itself embedded in a stone, with an inscription proclaiming that whoever removes the sword is the rightful King of England. None succeed in removing the sword, which eventually becomes forgotten, leaving England in a situation akin to the Wars of the Roses.

An 11 year old orphan named Arthur, who is given the nickname Wart, accidentally scares off a deer his older foster brother Sir Kay was hunting, causing Kay to launch his arrow into the forest. While attempting to retrieve the arrow, Arthur meets Merlin, an elderly wizard who lives with his talking pet owl Archimedes. Merlin declares himself Arthur's tutor and returns with him to his home, a castle run by Sir Ector, Arthur's foster father and Kay’s father. Ector's friend, Sir Pellinore, arrives with the news that the winner of the upcoming New Year's Day tournament in London will be crowned king. Ector decides his son Kay will be a contestant, putting him through serious training for the tournament. He also appoints Arthur to be Kay's squire.

To educate Arthur, Merlin transforms himself and the boy into fish and they swim in the castle moat to learn about physics. Arthur is attacked by a pike and nearly eaten, but he is saved by Archimedes. After the lesson, Arthur is sent to the kitchen as punishment after he attempts to relate what happened to a disbelieving Ector and Kay. Merlin enchants the dishes to wash themselves and then takes Arthur out for another lesson, turning them into squirrels to learn about gravity. The pair also get a lesson in male-female relationships when they catch the eye of two amorous female squirrels. They return to human form and go back to the castle again, where Ector accuses Merlin of using black magic on the dishes, which he and Kay discovered and unsuccessfully tried to fight off. Arthur defiantly defends Merlin, but Ector refuses to listen and punishes Arthur by giving Kay another squire, Hobbs, taking away Arthur's chance to visit London.

Resolving to make amends, Merlin plans on educating Arthur full-time. However, Merlin's knowledge of future events, such as trains, planes, and the revelation that Earth is round, confuses the boy, prompting Merlin to appoint Archimedes as Arthur's teacher. Merlin transforms Arthur into a sparrow and Archimedes teaches him how to fly. A hawk chases Arthur and he seeks refuge in what turns out to be the house of Madam Mim, an eccentric, evil witch who is Merlin's nemesis. She decides to destroy Arthur, but Merlin arrives to rescue him. Mim challenges Merlin to a wizards' duel and, despite Mim's cheating, Merlin outsmarts her by transforming into a germ and infecting her, thus illustrating the importance of knowledge over strength.

On Christmas Eve, Kay is knighted. When Hobbs comes down with the mumps, Ector reinstates Arthur as Kay's squire. Arthur's delight at this turn of events causes Merlin to think he cares more about war games than his education. Arthur defends himself, and in his anger Merlin transports himself to 20th-century Bermuda.

At the tournament in London, Arthur realizes he has left Kay's sword back at the inn. He finds the doors locked, as everyone is watching the tournament, but Archimedes notices a sword in a nearby churchyard. Arthur, who does not know about the legendary "Sword in the Stone", removes the sword from the anvil almost effortlessly, fulfilling the prophecy. When Arthur returns with the sword, Ector recognizes it and the tournament is halted. Ector places the sword back in its anvil, demanding Arthur prove that he pulled it. Kay attempts to pull the sword himself first, prompting the other knights to insist Arthur be given a fair chance. Arthur pulls it once again, revealing that he is England's rightful king. Ector remorsefully apologizes to Arthur as the knights cheer for him.

Later, the newly crowned King Arthur sits in the throne room with Archimedes, feeling unprepared for the responsibility of ruling. Merlin returns from his vacation in Bermuda and resolves to help Arthur become the great king he has foreseen him to be.

Cast[]

  • Rickie Sorensen, Richard Reitherman, and Robert Reitherman as Arthur, also known as Wart, the boy who will grow up to become the legendary British leader King Arthur. Sorensen entered puberty during the film's production, forcing director Wolfgang Reitherman to cast two of his sons, Richard and Robert, to replace him.[4][5] This resulted in Arthur's voice noticeably changing between scenes, and sometimes within the same scene. The three voices also portray Arthur with an American accent, sharply contrasting with the English setting and the accents spoken by most of the other characters.[6] Mari Ness of the online magazine Tor.com suggests, "Given that the film is about growing up, this problem might have been overcome" with the three voices being interpreted as symbolizing Arthur's mental and physical development, but "[Reitherman] inexplicably chose to leave all three voices in for some scenes, drawing attention to the problem that they were not the same actor." She notes even further that "Two [of the voice actors] were brothers, and sound somewhat similar; the third was not, and sounds distinctly different." Finally, she notes the issue of the American accents of the voices contrasting with the English setting and the accents spoken by most of the other characters in the film, noting, "The only positive: the vocal issues with Wart do help distract attention from the fact that the Brits aren't particularly good here, either."[6]
  • Karl Swenson as Merlin, an old and eccentric wizard who aids and educates Arthur. Reitherman estimated that 70 actors read for the part, but "none evidenced that note of eccentricity that we were seeking. We wanted Merlin to be eccentric, but not hokey." Swenson initially read for Archimedes, but the filmmakers eventually decided to cast him as Merlin.[4]
  • Junius Matthews as Archimedes, Merlin's crotchety, yet highly educated, pet owl and servant, who has the ability to speak.
  • Sebastian Cabot as Sir Ector, Arthur's foster father and Kay’s father. Though he clearly cares for Arthur, he often treats him more like a servant than a son. Cabot also provides the narration at the beginning and end of the film.
  • Norman Alden as Sir Kay, Arthur's morose and inept older foster brother and Ector's son.
  • Martha Wentworth as Mad Madam Mim, a black-magic proficient witch and Merlin's nemesis. Mim's magic uses trickery, as opposed to Merlin's scientific skill. Wentworth also voiced the Granny Squirrel, a dim-witted, elderly female squirrel that develops an attraction to Merlin.
  • Alan Napier as Sir Pellinore, Ector's friend, who announces the jousting tournament.
  • Thurl Ravenscroft as Sir Bart, one of the knights seen at the jousting tournament.
  • James MacDonald as The Wolf, an unnamed, starving wolf that has several encounters with Arthur and attempts to eat him, but is constantly met with misfortune.
  • Ginny Tyler as the Little Girl Squirrel, a young female squirrel that immediately develops an attraction to Arthur upon encountering him as a squirrel.
  • Barbara Jo Allen as Scullery Maid, Ector's maid, who believes Merlin to be an evil sorcerer.
  • Tudor Owen as the voice of one of the knights or nobles in the crowd during the tournament.

Production[]

In February 1939, Walt Disney announced he had purchased the film rights to T. H. White's The Sword in the Stone.[7] However, following the outbreak of World War II, the studio focused instead on producing cartoons for the United States government and armed forces. In June 1944, following the successful re-release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, Disney assigned writers to work on The Sword in the Stone, along with Cinderella and Alice in Wonderland.[8] It continued to be announced that the project was in active development throughout the late 1940s and early 1950s.[9][10] In June 1960, Disney told the Los Angeles Times that, following the release of One Hundred and One Dalmatians, two animated projects were in development, which were Chanticleer and The Sword in the Stone.[11] Around that same time, Disney's elder brother Roy O. Disney attempted to persuade him to discontinue their feature animation division, as enough films remained to make successful re-releases. The younger Disney refused, but, because of his plans to build another theme park in the United States, he would approve only one animated film to be released every four years.[12]

Chanticleer was being developed by Ken Anderson and Marc Davis, who aimed to produce a feature animated film in a more contemporary setting. They visited the Disney archives and decided to work on adapting the satirical tale after glancing at earlier conceptions dating back to the 1940s.[13] Anderson, Davis, Milt Kahl, and director Wolfgang Reitherman spent months preparing elaborate storyboards for Chanticleer. Following a silent response to one pitch presentation, a voice from the back of the room said, "You can't make a personality out of a chicken!"[14] When the time came to approve either Chanticleer or The Sword in the Stone, Walt remarked that the problem with making a rooster a protagonist was, "[you] don't feel like picking a rooster up and petting it."[15]

The Sword in the Stone was developed solely by veteran story artist Bill Peet. After Disney saw the 1960 Broadway production of Camelot, he approved the project to enter production.[16] Ollie Johnston stated, "[Kahl] got furious with Bill for not pushing Chanticleer after all the work he had put in on it. He said, 'I can draw a damn fine rooster, you know.' Bill said, 'So can I.'"[17] Peet recalled "how humiliated they were to accept defeat and give in to The Sword in the Stone...He allowed them to have their own way, and they let him down. They never understood that I wasn't trying to compete with them, just trying to do what I wanted to work. I was [in] the midst of all this competition, and with Walt to please too."[18]

Writing in his autobiography, Peet said he decided to write a screenplay before producing storyboards, though he found the narrative "complicated, with the Arthurian legend woven into a mixture of other legends and myths" and that finding a direct storyline required "sifting and sorting".[19] After Walt received the first screenplay draft, he told Peet that it should have more substance. Peet lengthened his second draft by elaborating on the more dramatic aspects of the story, which Walt approved of through a call from Palm Springs, Florida.[19]

The film continued the Xerox method of photocopying drawings onto animation cels that had been used in 101 Dalmatians. An additional animation technique, "touch-up", was created during production to replace "clean-up". The clean-up process had required assistant animators to transfer the directing animators' sketches onto new sheets of paper, which were then copied onto the animation cels. To do touch-ups, however, the assistants would instead draw directly on the animators' sketches. This streamlined the process, but it also caused assistants of the demanding animator Kahl to fear they would ruin his linework.[20]

Release[]

The Sword in the Stone premiered in London on December 12, 1963. It was released to theaters on December 18 in the United Kingdom and on December 25 in the United States. It was re-released on December 22, 1972. The film was again re-released to theaters on March 25, 1983, as a double feature with the animated short Winnie the Pooh and a Day for Eeyore.

Home media[]

The Sword in the Stone was released on North American VHS, Betamax, and Laserdisc in 1986 as an installment of the Walt Disney Classics collection.[21] It was re-released on VHS in 1989[22] and on VHS and Laserdisc on July 12, 1991.[23] It was first released on VHS in the United Kingdom in 1988, followed by a re-issue the following year. Another re-release on VHS and Laserdisc occurred on October 28, 1994, this time as part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection.

The film was released on DVD on March 20, 2001, as an installment in the Walt Disney Gold Classic Collection. This release includes two classic short films, A Knight for a Day and Brave Little Tailor, as well as film facts. The DVD of the film was re-released as a 45th-anniversary special edition on June 17, 2008.[24]

For its 50th anniversary, the film was released on Blu-ray on August 6, 2013.[25] Despite being touted as a new remaster of the film, this release was heavily criticized by home media reviewers for the "scrubbed" quality of its video transfer due to excessive use of noise reduction.[26][27][28][29]

Reception[]

Box office[]

During its initial release, The Sword in the Stone earned an estimated $4.75 million in North American theatrical rentals.[30] It garnered $2.5 million in box office rentals during its 1972 re-release[31] and $12 million during its 1983 re-release.[32] The film has had a lifetime domestic gross of $22.2 million in North America.[2]

Critical reception[]

The Sword in the Stone received mixed reviews from critics, who thought that its humor failed to balance out a "thin narrative".[33] Variety wrote that the film "demonstrates anew the magic of the Disney animators and imagination in character creation. But one might wish for a script which stayed more with the basic story line rather than taking so many twists and turns which have little bearing on the tale about King Arthur as a lad."[34] Bosley Crowther of The New York Times praised the film, claiming it is "an eye-filling package of rollicking fun and thoughtful common sense. The humor sparkles with real, knowing sophistication — meaning for all ages — and some of the characters on the fifth-century landscape of Old England are Disney pips."[35] Philip K. Scheuer, reviewing for the Los Angeles Times, described the film as "more intimate than usual with a somewhat smaller cast of characters—animal as well as human. Otherwise, the youngsters should find it par the usual Disney cartoon course. It may not be exactly what T. H. White had in mind when he wrote this third of his sophisticated trilogy about King Arthur, but it's a good [bit] livelier than the stage Camelot derived from another third."[36]

On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 68% based on 28 reviews, with an average score of 5.95/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "A decent take on the legend of King Arthur, The Sword in the Stone suffers from relatively indifferent animation, but its characters are still memorable and appealing."[37] Nell Minow of Common Sense Media gave the film four out of five stars, writing: "Delightful classic brings Arthur legend to life".[38] In his book The Best of Disney, Neil Sinyard states that, despite not being well known, the film has excellent animation, a complex structure, and is actually more philosophical than other Disney features. Sinyard suggests that Walt Disney may have seen something of himself in Merlin, and that Mim, who "hates wholesome sunshine", may have represented critics.[33]

Accolades[]

The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Score—Adaptation or Treatment in 1963, but lost to Irma La Douce.[39]

In 2008, The Sword in the Stone was one of the 50 films nominated for the American Film Institute's Top 10 Animated Films list, but it was not selected as one of the top 10.[40]

Music[]

Original songs performed in the film include:

No.TitleLength
1."The Sword in the Stone" (Fred Darian) 
2."Higitus Figitus" (Karl Swenson) 
3."That's What Makes the World Go Round" (Karl Swenson & Rickie Sorensen) 
4."A Most Befuddling Thing" (Karl Swenson) 
5."Mad Madam Mim" (Martha Wentworth) 
6."Blue Oak Tree" (Sebastian Cabot & Alan Napier) 

Deleted songs from the film include:

  • "The Magic Key"
  • "The Sand of Time"
  • "Blue Oak Tree" (just the ending was included in the film)

Legacy[]

Several characters from the film made frequent appearances in the Disney's House of Mouse television series. Merlin was voiced by Hamilton Camp, and one of his notable appearances was in the episode "Rent Day", in which he tells Mickey Mouse that he will give Mickey the 50 ups only if he gives Arthur a sword. Wart also made a few appearances in the series, usually seen in crowd shots with Merlin. He also appears with Merlin in the audience in the episode: "Mickey vs. Shelby" after a cartoon ends. Sir Kay was seen in the episode "Ask Von Drake", when he tries to pull the sword from the stone with Arthur, Merlin, and Madam Mim. Madam Mim appears as a villain in the spin-off film Mickey's House of Villains. In the past, Merlin frequented the Disney Parks, the only character from the film appearing occasionally for meet-and-greets at Disneyland Resort and Walt Disney World Resort. He appeared in the opening unit of Walt Disney's Parade of Dreams at Disneyland Park. He also hosts the Sword in the Stone ceremony in the King Arthur Carrousel attraction in Fantasyland at Disneyland. In 2014 and 2015, UK health directive Change4Life incorporated "Higitus Figitus" as the soundtrack for adverts promoting their Disney-sponsored "10 minute shake up" summer program.

Comics[]

Madam Mim

In the Disney comics, Madam Mim was adopted into the Donald Duck universe, where she sometimes teams with Magica De Spell and/or the Beagle Boys.[41] She also appeared in the Mickey Mouse universe, where she teamed with Black Pete on occasion and with the Phantom Blot at one point. She was in love with Captain Hook in several stories; in others, with Phantom Blot. In the comics produced in Denmark or in the Netherlands, she lost her truly evil streak, and appears somewhat eccentric, withdrawn and morbid, yet relatively polite.

Mim appeared in numerous comics produced in the United States by Studio Program in the 1960s and 1970s,[42] often as a sidekick of Magica. Most of the stories were published in Europe and South America. Among the artists are Jim Fletcher, Tony Strobl, Wolfgang Schäfer, and Katja Schäfer. Several new characters were introduced in these stories, including Samson Hex, an apprentice of Mim and Magica.[43]

Merlin (Italian: Mago Merlino), Archimedes (Italian: Anacleto) and Mim (Italian: Maga Magò)'s debut in the prolific Italian Disney comics scene was in a greatly remembered story: "Mago Merlino presenta: Paperino e la 850" (lit. 'The Wizard Merlin presents: Donald Duck and the 850'), published in nine parts in Topolino "libretto" #455-#464 (16 August-18 October 1964). In the story, Scrooge McDuck charged Donald Duck and Huey, Dewey and Louie with delivering a special gas to power the Olympic torch at the 1964 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, passing through the World's most disparate climates to test its properties. Unfortunately, Donald's car, the 313, breaks down, but Merlin materializes and magically creates a Fiat 850 (Fiat was sponsoring the story). Mim, however, wants to obtain the gas, and has the Beagle Boys chase after them. The 850 (initially put in contrast with the villains' generic, Edsel-like car), thanks to Merlin's magic, displays remarkable characteristics that help the ducks successfully finish their mission.

Video games[]

Madam Mim made a surprise appearance in the video game World of Illusion as the fourth boss of the game.

Merlin is a supporting character in the Kingdom Hearts series.[44] In Kingdom Hearts, Merlin, who lives in an abandoned shack in Traverse Town with Cinderella's Fairy Godmother, is sent by King Mickey to train Sora, Donald, and Goofy in the art of magic. He owns an old book that features the world of The Hundred Acre Wood, home of Winnie the Pooh. The book's pages, however, have been torn out and scattered across the universe, so Merlin asks Sora to retrieve them for him. He reprises the same role in Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories, as a figment of Sora's memories.

In Kingdom Hearts II, Merlin, now voiced by Jeff Bennett,[45] has moved to Hollow Bastion to aid Leon's group as part of the town's restoration committee, though he is at odds with Cid, who prefers his own computer expertise over Merlin's magic. Merlin again instructs Sora, Donald, and Goofy in the art of magic, and again requests that they retrieve the stolen parts of the Pooh storybook. At one point in the game, he is summoned to Disney Castle by Queen Minnie to counter the threat of Maleficent, and he constructs a door leading to Disney Castle's past (Timeless River) for the trio to explore and stop Maleficent and Pete's plans.

In the prequel, Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep, Merlin encounters Terra, Aqua, and Ventus and grants them each access to the Hundred Acre Wood. The prequel also reveals that it was Terra who gave him the book in the first place after finding it in Radiant Garden. According to series creator Tetsuya Nomura, a world based on The Sword in the Stone was initially to appear in Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance, but the idea was scrapped. Merlin returns in Kingdom Hearts III, where he asks Sora to restore Pooh's storybook once more (though it does not involve finding any missing pages), but his involvement in the story is minimal beyond that, and he mostly spends his time at Remy's bistro in Twilight Town having tea.

Live-action film adaptation[]

A live-action feature film adaptation entered development in July 2015, with Bryan Cogman writing the script and Brigham Taylor serving as producer.[46] By January 2018, Juan Carlos Fresnadillo was announced as director.[3] In 2021, it was reported that film was still in development, but not quite ready to begin production.[47]

See also[]

References[]

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  2. ^ Jump up to: a b "Box Office Information for The Sword in the Stone". The Numbers. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Kit, Borys (January 19, 2018). "Disney's 'Sword in the Stone' Live-Action Remake Finds Director (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 31, 2018.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Thomas, Bob (December 28, 1963). "Changing Voices a Problem". Evening Independent. p. 8-A. Retrieved June 5, 2016 – via Google News Archive.
  5. ^ Hischak, Thomas (September 21, 2011). Disney Voice Actors: A Biographical Dictionary. McFarland & Company. p. 176. ISBN 978-0786462711. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
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  10. ^ Hopper, Hedda (November 25, 1950). "Walt Disney Plans 'Sleeping Beauty' Film". Los Angeles Times. Part II, p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.
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  24. ^ "Amazon.com: The Sword in the Stone (45th Anniversary Special Edition): Norman Alden, Sebastian Cabot, Junius Matthews, The Mello Men, Alan Napier, Rickie Sorenson, Karl Swenson, Martha Wentworth, Barbara Jo Allen, Vera Vague, Wolfgang Reitherman: Movies & TV". June 17, 2008. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
  25. ^ "Amazon.com: The Sword in the Stone (50th Anniversary Edition) [Blu-ray: Rickie Sorenson, Karl Swenson, Norman Alden, Sebastian Cabot, Martha Wentworth, Alan Napier, Junius Matthews, Ginny Tyler, Barbara Jo Allen, Thurl Ravenscroft, Richard Reitherman, Wolfgang Reitherman: Movies & TV". August 6, 2013. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
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  40. ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on July 16, 2011. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
  41. ^ Wells, John (2015). American Comic Book Chronicles: 1960-64. TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 192. ISBN 978-1605490458.
  42. ^ First is in S 65051, according to the Inducks
  43. ^ "Samson Hex - I.N.D.U.C.K.S." coa.inducks.org.
  44. ^ Square (November 15, 2002). Kingdom Hearts (PlayStation 2). Square Electronic Arts.
  45. ^ Square (December 22, 2005). Kingdom Hearts II (PlayStation 2). Square Electronic Arts.
  46. ^ Kit, Borys (July 20, 2015). "'Sword in the Stone' Live-Action Remake in the Works With 'Game of Thrones' Writer (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 20, 2015.
  47. ^ Skyler Shuler (May 29, 2021). "Upcoming Disney Live-Action Remakes/Adaptations". The DisInsider. Retrieved May 29, 2021.

External links[]

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