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Theodosius III

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For the 10th-century Abkhazian ruler, see Theodosius III of Abkhazia.
For the Pope of Alexandria, see Pope Theodosius III of Alexandria.
Theodosius III
Emperor of the Romans
Coin of Theodosius III.png
A gold solidus bearing the image of Theodosius III.
Byzantine emperor
Reignc. May 715 – 25 March 717
PredecessorAnastasios II
SuccessorLeo III
DiedAfter 717, possibly on 24 July 754
Ephesus
Issue
Twenty Years' Anarchy
Chronology
Succession
Preceded by
Heraclian dynasty		 Followed by
Isaurian dynasty

Theodosius III or Theodosios III (Greek: Θεοδόσιος) was Byzantine emperor from c. May 715 to 25 March 717. Before rising to power and seizing the throne of the Byzantine Empire, he was a tax collector in Adramyttium. In 715, the Byzantine navy and the troops of the Opsician Theme (Byzantine province) revolted against Byzantine Emperor Anastasios II (r. 713–715), acclaiming the reluctant Theodosius as Emperor Theodosius III. Theodosius led his troops to Chrysopolis and then Constantinople, the capital, seizing the city in November 715. Anastasios did not surrender until several months later, accepting exile into the monastery in return for safety. Many themes refused to recognize the legitimacy of Theodosius, believing him to be a puppet of the troops of the Opsician Theme, especially the Anatolics and the Armeniacs under their respective strategoi (generals) Leo the Isaurian and Artabasdos.

Leo declared himself emperor in the summer of 716 and allied himself with the Umayyad Caliphate, an Islamic empire; Theodosius allied himself with the Bulgarians under Khan Tervel (r.  700–721), setting a firm border at Thrace, ceding the Zagoria region to the Bulgarians, as well as stipulating tribute payment to the Bulgarians. Leo then marched his troops to Constantinople, seizing the city of Nicomedia, capturing many officials, including . With his son in captivity, Theodosius took the advice of Patriarch Germanus and the Byzantine Senate, and negotiated with Leo in spring 717, agreeing to abdicate and recognize Leo as emperor. Leo entered Constantinople and definitively seized power on 25 March 717, allowing Theodosius and his son to retire to a monastery as monks. Theodosius became bishop of Ephesus, and died at some point after, possibly on 24 July 754.

History[]

Background[]

a colored map of the extent of the Byzantine Empire
A map of the Byzantine Empire during the 20 Years' Anarchy

After the Umayyad Caliphate was repelled in the first Arab siege of Constantinople (674–678), the Arabs and Byzantines experienced a time of peace.[1] However, hostilities were resumed by Byzantine Emperor Justinian II (r. 685–695, 705–711), resulting in a string of Arab victories. As a consequesence, the Byzantines lost control over Armenia and the Caucasian principalities, and the Arabs gradually encroached upon the Byzantine borderlands. Annually, generals from the Caliphate would launch raids into Byzantine territory, seizing fortresses and towns.[2][3][4] After 712, the defenses of the Byzantine Empire began to weaken, Arab raids began to penetrate deeper into Byzantine Asia Minor, and Byzantine response to these raids became less common.[5][6] The success of these raids emboldened the Arabs, who prepared for a second assault against Constantinople as early as the reign of Caliph al-Walid I (r. 705–715). After his death, his successor, Sulayman (r. 715–717) continued planning the campaign,[7][8][9] Sulayman began assembling his forces in the plain of Dabiq, north of Aleppo, entrusting the command of these forces to his brother, Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik.[10]

The Slavs and Bulgars also formed a growing threat to the northern frontier of the Byzantine Empire, threatening Byzantine control in the Balkans.[11] During the rule of Byzantine Emperor Philippikos Bardanes (r. 711–713), in 712, the Bulgarians under Khan Tervel advanced as far as the walls of Constantinople itself, plundering the surrounding country, including villas and estates near the capital, where the Byzantine elites often summered.[12]

Theodosius came to power during a period called the Twenty Years' Anarchy, defined by struggles between the emperors and the elites, and political instability, with a rapid succession of emperors. The nobles of this time were often natives of Asia Minor, and rarely had a strong agenda beyond preventing the emperors from growing stronger and disrupting the status quo.[13][14] The Twenty Years' Anarchy began when Emperor Justinian II was overthrown by Leontios (r.  695–698) in 695, ending the Heraclian Dynasty, which had ruled for eighty years. During this, seven different emperors took the throne, including a restored Justinian for a time.[14] The modern historian Romilly Jenkins states that between 695 and 717, the only competent emperors were Tiberius III (r.  698–705) and Anastasios II (r. 713–715).[14] The crisis was ended by Emperor Leo III (r.  717–745), who overthrew Theodosius, and whose dynasty reigned for 85 years.[15]

Rise to the throne[]

Sulayman's preparations, including his construction of a war fleet, were quickly noticed by the Byzantine Empire. Emperor Anastasios II began making preparations to defend against this new onslaught. This including sending the patrician and urban prefect, Daniel of Sinope, to spy on the Arabs, under the pretense of a diplomatic embassy, as well as shoring up the defences of Constantinople,[16][17][18] and strengthening the Byzantine Navy. Theophanes states that in early 715 Anastasios II had commanded the navy to gather at Rhodes to then advance to Phoenix.[a][5][20][21] It was there that the troops of the Opsician Theme mutinied against their commander, , killing him before sailing for Adramyttium, and there declared Theodosius, a tax collector, as Emperor Theodosius III.[5][9][21] The historian J. B. Bury suggests that he was selected at random for little more than the fact that he already had an imperial name, was inoffensive, obscure but respectable, and could easily be controlled by the Opsicians.[23] , the Byzantine historian, suggests that Theodosius might be the same person as , the son of Emperor Tiberius III, therefore explaining why he might have been chosen by the troops, as he would have legitimacy from his father, himself made emperor by a naval revolt. Theodosius, the son of Tiberius, was bishop of Ephesus by c.729, and held this position until his death, sometime around 24 July 754, and was a leading figure of the iconoclastic Council of Hieria in 754.[24] Byzantine historians Cyril Mango and do not view this theory as likely, as it would mean that Theodosius lived for thirty more years after his abdication.[25]

Theodosius was allegedly unwilling to be emperor and according to Theophanes:[26]

When the malefactors arrived at Adramyttium, being leaderless they found there a local man named Theodosius, a receiver of public revenues, non-political and a private citizen. They urged him to become Emperor. He, however, fled to the hills and hid. But they found him and forced him to accept acclamation as Emperor.[26]

He was therefore acclaimed as Emperor Theodosius III by the troops at Adramyttium in c. May 715.[25][26] Anastasios led his armies into Bithynia in the Opsician Theme to crush the rebellion. Rather than remaining to fight Anastasios, Theodosius led his fleet to Chrysopolis, across the Bosporus from Constantinople. From Chrysopolis, he launched a six-month-long siege against Constantinople, before supporters within the city managed to open the gates for him, allowing him to seize the city in November 715. Anastasios remained at Nicaea for several months, before finally agreeing to abdicate and retire to a monastery.[25][27][28]

Reign[]

One of Theodosius's first acts as emperor was to reinstate the image of the Sixth Ecumenical Synod, which Emperor Philippicus Bardanes had removed, earning himself the epithet of "orthodox" in the Liber Pontificalis for this action.[25][b] Theodosius, who Byzantine sources convey as being both unwilling and incapable, was viewed as a puppet emperor of the troops of the Opsician Theme. Thus he was not recognized as legitimate by many other themes, especially the Anatolics and the Armeniacs under their respective strategoi (generals) Leo the Isaurian and Artabasdos.[29][30] While they had not taken any action to prevent the overthrowal of Anastasios, they took issue with Theodosius' ascension, and Leo proclaimed himself Byzantine emperor in the summer of 716.[30][31][32] He also sought the support of the Arabs, who viewed the Byzantine disunity as advantageous, and thought the confusion would weaken the Byzantine Empire and make it easier to take Constantinople.[33][34] Theodosius negotiated a treaty with the Bulgarian khan Tervel (r.  700–721), likely in order to secure their support against an imminent Arab attack. The treaty fixed the border between the Byzantine Empire and the Bulgarian Empire at Thrace, ceding the Zagoria region to the Bulgarians, as well as stipulating tribute payment to the Bulgarians, the return of fugitives, and some trade agreements.[25]

Around this time, Sulayman had begun advancing into Byzantine territory, laying siege to Amorium, and a separate force entered Cappadocia.[35] However, negotiations with Leo, who may have promised to become a puppet of Sulayman, led them to withdraw.[36] Leo began to march his troops to Constantinople soon after declaring himself emperor, first capturing Nicomedia, where he found and captured, among other officials, Theodosius's son, and then marched to Chrysopolis. After his son was captured, Theodosius, taking the advice of Patriarch Germanus and the Byzantine Senate, agreed to abdicate and recognize Leo as emperor.[30][37][38] Bury states that the elite of Constantinople, who might otherwise have sided with the inoffensive Theodosius, who would be unlikely to politically weaken them, sided with Leo, as Theodosius was not competent enough to deal with the Arab threat. He further states that the meeting of the Patriarch, senate, and chief officials, which chose Leo over Theodosius, was done with the knowledge and consent of Theodosius himself, who accepted the decision.[39] Without the threat of the Arabs, it is possible that Theodosius may have retained power, and a succession of nominal emperors might have followed him, controlled by court officials and the elites.[40]

Leo entered Constantinople and definitively seized power on 25 March 717, allowing Theodosius and his son to retire to a monastery as monks.[30][38][41] The Chronicle of Joshua the Stylite gives a different narrative, stating that when Theodosius "saw a host was marching against him" he "resigned the empire, put down the crown and shaved his head". Although Leo attempted to buoy him, saying "strengthen yourself and fear not!", he still "firmly resigned the empire".[42]

After his retirement to a monastery, Theodosius became bishop of Ephesus. According to Sumner, he may have died on 24 July 754, if he is the same as the Theodosius, son of Tiberius, who was bishop of Ephesus in c. 729. Either he or his son are buried in the in Ephesus.[25][43] Little is known of the reign of Theodosius III.[44]

References[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ Usually identified with modern Finike in Lycia, it may also be modern Fenaket across from Rhodes,[19] or perhaps Phoenicia (modern Lebanon).[5][9][20][21][22]
  2. ^ Some sources, such as George Ostrogorsky, state that Anastasios II was the first to reinstate the image of the Sixth Ecumenical Synod, citing Agathon the Diacon.[12]

Citations[]

  1. ^ Lilie 1976, pp. 81–82, 97–106.
  2. ^ Blankinship 1994, p. 31.
  3. ^ Haldon 1990, p. 72.
  4. ^ Lilie 1976, pp. 107–120.
  5. ^ a b c d Haldon 1990, p. 80.
  6. ^ Lilie 1976, pp. 120–122, 139–140.
  7. ^ Guilland 1955, p. 110.
  8. ^ Lilie 1976, p. 122.
  9. ^ a b c Treadgold 1997, p. 344.
  10. ^ Guilland 1955, pp. 110–111.
  11. ^ Vasiliev 1980, p. 229.
  12. ^ a b Ostrogorsky 1957, p. 136.
  13. ^ Bury 1889, pp. 384–385.
  14. ^ a b c Jenkins 1987, p. 60.
  15. ^ Jenkins 1987, p. 63.
  16. ^ Mango & Scott 1997, p. 534.
  17. ^ Lilie 1976, pp. 122–123.
  18. ^ Treadgold 1997, pp. 343–344.
  19. ^ Mango & Scott 1997, p. 537 (Note #5).
  20. ^ a b Mango & Scott 1997, pp. 535–536.
  21. ^ a b c Lilie 1976, pp. 123–124.
  22. ^ Lilie 1976, p. 123 (Note #62).
  23. ^ Bury 1889, pp. 372–373.
  24. ^ Sumner 1976, pp. 291–294.
  25. ^ a b c d e f Neil 2000.
  26. ^ a b c Sumner 1976, p. 291.
  27. ^ Haldon 1990, pp. 80, 82.
  28. ^ Treadgold 1997, pp. 344–345.
  29. ^ Lilie 1976, p. 124.
  30. ^ a b c d Treadgold 1997, p. 345.
  31. ^ Mango & Scott 1997, pp. 538–539.
  32. ^ Bury 1889, p. 378.
  33. ^ Guilland 1955, pp. 118–119.
  34. ^ Lilie 1976, p. 125.
  35. ^ Bury 1889, p. 381.
  36. ^ Jenkins 1987, pp. 62–63.
  37. ^ Haldon 1990, pp. 82–83.
  38. ^ a b Mango & Scott 1997, pp. 540, 545.
  39. ^ Bury 1889, p. 383.
  40. ^ Bury 1889, p. 385–6.
  41. ^ Lilie 1976, pp. 127–128.
  42. ^ Harrack 1999, p. 150.
  43. ^ Sumner 1976, p. 293.
  44. ^ Kazhdan 1991, p. 2052.

Sources[]

Further reading[]

Regnal titles
Preceded by Byzantine Emperor
May 715 – 25 March 717 		Succeeded by
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