Timeline of the Golden Horde

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Golden Horde as it was governed under the dual khanship of the Western and Eastern Wings. When the Golden Horde was founded, it was jointly ruled by two separate wings. The right wing in the west was ruled by Batu Khan and his descendants. The left wing in the east, also known as the "Blue Horde" by the Russians or the "White Horde" by the Timurids, was ruled by four Jochid khans under Orda Khan.
The Golden Horde and its Rus' tributaries in 1313 under Öz Beg Khan
See also: Timeline of the Mongol Empire and Timeline of Mongols prior to the Mongol Empire

This is a timeline of the Golden Horde.

13th century[]

1200s[]

Year Date Event
1206 Jochi subjugates the 'forest peoples' - Kyrgyz, Oirat, and Buryat[1]

1210s[]

Year Date Event
1211 Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Jochi, Ögedei, and Chagatai invade Inner Mongolia[2]
1213 autumn Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty: Jochi, Ögedei, and Chagatai ravage Hebei and Shanxi[3]
1216 Subutai raids the Kipchaks[4]
1218 autumn Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Muhammad II of Khwarezm's forces clash with a Mongol army led by Jochi and Subutai, the battle ending inconclusively[5]
1219 fall Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Ögedei and Chagatai take Otrar and massacres its population; Genghis Khan dispatches Jochi to conquer Syr Darya and another army to conquer Fergana[6]

1220s[]

Year Date Event
1221 April Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia: Jochi, Chagatai, and Ögedei destroy Urgench while Tolui takes Nishapur and Herat[6]
1222 Subutai and Jebe conquer the Kuban steppe and crush the Cumans[4]
1223 31 May Battle of the Kalka River: Subutai and Jebe defeat the forces of Mstislav Mstislavich, Mstislav III of Kiev, Daniel of Galicia, Mstislav II Svyatoslavich, and Köten before sacking Novhorod-Siverskyi and heading back to Mongolia[7]
Mongol Empire sacks Sudak[8]
1224 Bulgars ambush Subutai and Jebe near Saqsin[9]
1227 Jochi dies and is succeeded by his son Batu Khan[3]
1229 Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria: Sunitay and Kukedey attack Bulgar outposts on the Ural River[9]

1230s[]

Year Date Event
1236 Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria: Subutai destroys Bolghar and takes Saqsin[10]
1237 21 December Siege of Ryazan: Batu, Orda, Güyük, and Möngke sack Ryazan and Suzdal[11]
1238 4 March Battle of the Sit River: Mongol Empire kills Yuri II of Vladimir[12]
spring Siege of Kozelsk: Batu struggles to take Kozelsk for two months before Kadan and Büri take it in three days[13]
Mongol Empire conquers Crimea[8]
1239 3 March Mongol invasion of Rus': Mongol Empire sacks Pereiaslav[11]
18 October Sack of Chernigov: Mongol Empire sacks Chernihiv[11]

1240s[]

Year Date Event
1240 6 December Siege of Kiev (1240): Mongol Empire sacks Kiev, Halych, and Vladimir-Suzdal, so ends Kievan Rus[11]
1241 9 April Battle of Legnica: Orda defeats the combined force of Henry II the Pious, Mieszko II the Fat, Sulisław of Cracow, and [14]
11 April Battle of Mohi: Boroldai and Subutai defeat a combined army from the Kingdom of Hungary, Croatia, and Knights Templar[14]
December Mongol invasion of Europe: Kadan crosses the Danube[14]
1242 Mongol invasion of Europe: Mongol Empire forces the Second Bulgarian Empire to pay tribute[15]
spring Mongol invasion of Europe: Mongol forces retreat after receiving news of Ögedei Khan's death; Batu Khan stays at the Volga River and his brother Orda Khan returns to Mongolia[14]
The Golden Horde stretches from the Chu River to the Danube[16]
Yaroslav II of Vladimir visits Batu Khan for confirmation of his office[17]
1245 Daniel of Galicia undergoes ceremonial purification at Batu Khan's court[11]
Golden Horde carries out census of Russian lands[18]
1246 20 September Michael of Chernigov refuses to show obeisance and is executed[11]
Yaroslav II of Vladimir is poisoned by Oghul Qaimish in Karakorum and dies[17]
1248 20 April Güyük Khan dies on his way to confront Batu Khan and his wife Oghul Qaimish becomes regent[19]

1250s[]

Year Date Event
1251 Möngke Khan grants Berke Georgia[20]
1255 Batu Khan constructs Sarai[21]
Batu Khan dies and is succeeded by his son Sartaq Khan, who dies soon after, and then Ulaghchi[22]
1256 Daniel of Galicia expels Mongol garrisons from his territory[14]
Golden Horde carries out census of Russian lands[18]
1257 Ulaghchi dies and Berke, a Muslim, succeeds him[20]
1258 Novgorod rebels and is defeated[23]
1259 Second Mongol invasion of Poland: Berke and Boroldai invade Poland and Daniel of Galicia flees, however his sons and brother Vasilko of Galicia join the Mongols to plunder Lithuania and Polish territories[14]
Golden Horde elements in Bukhara rebel and Alghu suppresses them[20]

1260s[]

Year Date Event
1260 2 February Sack of Sandomierz (1260): Berke and Boroldai sack Sandomierz[14]
Toluid Civil War: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with Ariq Böke and declares war on Hulagu Khan[24]
1262 Berke–Hulagu war: Berke of the Golden Horde allies with the Mamluks and invades Azerbaijan[24]
Suzdal rebels and is defeated[25]
1263 13 January Berke–Hulagu war: Berke defeats Hulagu Khan's army on the Terek River[26]
Byzantine–Mongol alliance: Michael VIII Palaiologos marries Euphrosyne Palaiologina to Berke, who dies soon after, and marries Nogai Khan[27]
1264 Mongol invasion of Byzantine Thrace: Berke attacks Thrace and secures the release of Kayqubad II[27]
1266 summer Berke dies in Tbilisi and is succeeded by his grandnephew Mengu-Timur[28]
1267 Mengu-Timur grants Genoa Caffa[29]
1269 Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq is defeated by the Golden Horde and loses a third of Transoxiana[30]
Golden Horde assists Vladimir-Suzdal in evicting the Germans from Narva[27]

1270s[]

Year Date Event
1273 Golden Horde carries out census of Russian lands[18]
Byzantine–Mongol alliance: Nogai Khan assists the Byzantines against Bulgaria[31]
1279 Byzantine–Mongol alliance: Nogai Khan assists the Byzantines against Bulgaria[31]

1280s[]

Year Date Event
1280 Mengu-Timur dies and his brother Tode Mongke succeeds him[32]
George I of Bulgaria submits to the Golden Horde[31]
1282 Byzantine–Mongol alliance: Nogai Khan sends forces to Byzantium to assist them against Thessaly[31]
1283 Tode Mongke converts to Islam and starts neglecting state affairs and as a result Köchü and Nogai Khan become co-khans[33]
1284 Golden Horde invades Bulgaria and annexes Isaccea[31]
1285 Second Mongol invasion of Hungary: Golden Horde invades Hungary and reaches as far as Pest before being defeated and forced to retreat[34]
1287 6 December Third Mongol invasion of Poland: Golden Horde invades Poland[34]
Köchü is overthrown and Talabuga becomes khan[33]
1288 February Third Mongol invasion of Poland: Mongol forces are defeated and forced to retreat[34]
1289 Rostov rebels and is defeated[25]

1290s[]

Year Date Event
1291 Mengu-Timur's fifth son Toqta flees to the Ilkhanate which helps him seize the throne[33]
Serbian conflict with the Nogai Horde: Serbia submits to the Golden Horde[31]
1293 Golden Horde sacks Sandomierz[35]
1295 Golden Horde invades Bulgaria[31]
1296 Nogai Khan rebels against Toqta[33]
1298 Nogai Khan sacks Caffa[36]
1299 Toqta defeats Nogai Khan[33]

14th century[]

1300s[]

Year Date Event
1300 Chaka, son of Nogai Khan, is murdered by Theodore Svetoslav of Bulgaria to appease Toqta[37]
1305 Golden Horde raids Leles[35]
1308 Toqta sacks Caffa[36]

1310s[]

Year Date Event
1312 Toqta dies[33]
1313 Toqta's nephew Öz Beg Khan seizes the throne and proscribes Buddhism among the elite and applies Islamization among the Mongols[33]
1318 Öz Beg Khan attacks the Ilkhanate[33]

1320s[]

Year Date Event
1320 Mubarak Khwaja of the White Horde converts to Islam[38]
Golden Horde attacks Thrace[31]
1321 Golden Horde attacks Thrace[31]
1324 Öz Beg Khan attacks Thrace and the Ilkhanate[33][31]
1326 Golden Horde raids Hungary[39]
1327 Tver Uprising of 1327: Tver rebels and is defeated[25]

1330s[]

Year Date Event
1330 Basarab I of Wallachia allies with the Golden Horde[37]
1335 Öz Beg Khan attacks the Ilkhanate[33]
1338 Golden Horde is ravaged by the Black Death[32]
1339 Golden Horde starts receiving 24,000 ding of paper currency annually from the Yuan dynasty[33]

1340s[]

Year Date Event
1340 Golden Horde sacks Sandomierz[40]
1341 Öz Beg Khan dies and is succeeded by his son Tini Beg[41]
1342 Tini Beg is overthrown by his brother Jani Beg[32]
1345 Hungary attacks the Golden Horde[42]
1346 Hungary forces the Golden Horde back to the Black Sea coasts[42]

1350s[]

Year Date Event
1352 March Golden Horde and Russian allies attack Poland and capture Lublin[40]
1357 Jani Beg is overthrown by his son Berdi Beg[41]
1359 Berdi Beg is overthrown by his brother Qulpa[41]

1360s[]

Year Date Event
1360 Qulpa is overthrown by his brother Nawruz Beg and the Blue Horde rebels and seizes power in Sarai[41]
1361 Nawruz Beg is overthrown by Khidr Khan ibn Sasibuqa Khan[38]
1362 Mamai sets up puppet khans and rules from the Sea of Azov[41]
1363 Battle of Blue Waters: Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeats the Golden Horde and vassalizes Russian princes in the Dnieper region[25]

1370s[]

Year Date Event
1373 Urus Khan overthrows the lineage of Khidr Khan ibn Sasibuqa Khan[38]
1376 Tokhtamysh takes Sarai[43]
1378 11 August Battle of the Vozha River: Dmitry Donskoy defeats a Mongol detachment[44]
Tokhtamysh overthrows the lineage of Urus Khan and leads the Turkic Blue Horde west[41]

1380s[]

Year Date Event
1380 Golden Horde starts passing decrees in Turkish language[32]
8 September Battle of Kulikovo: Dmitry Donskoy defeats Mamai[41]
1381 Tokhtamysh defeats Mamai[41]
1382 26 August Siege of Moscow (1382): Tokhtamysh sacks Moscow[44]
1383 Tokhtamysh defeats the Lithuanians at Poltava[45]
1387 Golden Horde loses control of the Black Sea coast[46]

1390s[]

Year Date Event
1391 18 June Battle of the Kondurcha River: Timur attacks the Golden Horde and defeats Tokhtamysh[47][48]
1395 15 April Battle of the Terek River: Timur sacks New Sarai and Tokhtamysh is overthrown; Edigu seizes power and sets up Temür Qutlugh as puppet khan[41]
1397 Tokhtamysh flees to Lithuania, where Vytautas allows him to stay at Vilnius[49]
1399 12 August Battle of the Vorskla River: Vytautas is defeated by Edigu and Tokhtamysh is forced to flee[50]

15th century[]

1400s[]

Year Date Event
1405 Tokhtamysh is killed by Shadi Beg's troops[50]
1408 Edigu attacks Moscow and extracts a ransom before retreating[51][50]
The Nogai Horde emerges under Taibuga[52]

1410s[]

Year Date Event
1411 The Golden Horde starts splintering; effective end of the Golden Horde[41]
1412 Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh reclaims the Golden Horde with Lithuanian support[50]
1413 Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh is murdered by his brother Karim Berdi[50]
1418 Yeremferden seizes control of the Golden Horde[50]

1420s[]

Year Date Event
1428 The Uzbek Khanate emerges under Abu'l-Khayr Khan[53]

1430s[]

Year Date Event
1430 The Great Horde emerges[54]

1440s[]

Year Date Event
1445 The Khanate of Kazan emerges under Ulugh Muhammad[41]
1449 The Crimean Khanate emerges under Hacı I Giray[41]

1450s[]

Year Date Event
1453 The Qasim Khanate emerges under Qasim Khan[41]
1458 The Kazakh Khanate emerges under Janibek Khan and Kerei[55]

1460s[]

Year Date Event
1466 The Astrakhan Khanate emerges under Mahmud bin Küchük's descendants[54]

1470s[]

Year Date Event
1474 Ahmed Khan bin Küchük commands the Grand Duchy of Moscow to give tribute but is denied[56]
1476 Ivan III of Russia refuses to pay tribute to the Golden Horde[56]

1480s[]

Year Date Event
1480 8 October – 28 November Great stand on the Ugra river: Grand Duchy of Moscow repels a Great Horde invasion[57]

16th century[]

Year Date Event
1502 The Crimean Khanate destroys the Great Horde[57]

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Sinor 1990, p. 30.
  2. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 81.
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Atwood 2004, p. 416.
  4. ^ Jump up to: a b Atwood 2004, p. 455.
  5. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 431.
  6. ^ Jump up to: a b Atwood 2004, p. 307.
  7. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 283.
  8. ^ Jump up to: a b Atwood 2004, p. 121.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b Atwood 2004, p. 53.
  10. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 51.
  11. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Atwood 2004, p. 479.
  12. ^ Atwod 2004, p. 479.
  13. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 36.
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Atwood 2004, p. 79.
  15. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 73.
  16. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 201.
  17. ^ Jump up to: a b Vernadsky 1953, p. 142.
  18. ^ Jump up to: a b c Atwood 2004, p. 205.
  19. ^ Twitchett 1994, p. 389.
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b c Atwood 2004, p. 202.
  21. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 203.
  22. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 37.
  23. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 48.
  24. ^ Jump up to: a b Twitchett 1994, p. 412.
  25. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Atwood 2004, p. 480.
  26. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 226.
  27. ^ Jump up to: a b c Jackson 2005, p. 202.
  28. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 234.
  29. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 122.
  30. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 83.
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j Jackson 2005, p. 203.
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Atwood 2004, p. 207.
  33. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k Atwood 2004, p. 206.
  34. ^ Jump up to: a b c Jackson 2005, p. 205.
  35. ^ Jump up to: a b Jackson 2005, p. 206.
  36. ^ Jump up to: a b Jackson 2005, p. 305.
  37. ^ Jump up to: a b Jackson 2005, p. 204.
  38. ^ Jump up to: a b c Atwood 2004, p. 42.
  39. ^ Jackson 2005, p. 212.
  40. ^ Jump up to: a b Jackson 2005, p. 210.
  41. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Atwood 2004, p. 208.
  42. ^ Jump up to: a b Jackson 2005, p. 213.
  43. ^ Christian 2018, p. 55.
  44. ^ Jump up to: a b Atwood 2004, p. 481.
  45. ^ Grousset 1970, p. 407.
  46. ^ Jackson 2005, p. 217.
  47. ^ Haperin 1985.
  48. ^ Jackson 2005, p. 216.
  49. ^ Jackson 2005, p. 218.
  50. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Jackson 2005, p. 219.
  51. ^ Halperin 1985, p. 57.
  52. ^ Atwood 2004, p. 343.
  53. ^ Halperin 1986, p. 29.
  54. ^ Jump up to: a b Cosmo 2009, p. 253.
  55. ^ Christian 2018, p. 63.
  56. ^ Jump up to: a b Grousset 1970, p. 470.
  57. ^ Jump up to: a b Halperin 1985, p. 59.

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