Austronesian language spoken in Sabah, Malaysia
Tombonuo Native to Malaysia Region Sabah Ethnicity Tambanuo Native speakers
10,000 (2000)[1] 3,000 Lingkabau (2003)[1] Language family
Dialects
ISO 639-3 txa
Glottolog tomb1244
Tombonuwo (Tambonuo) is a Paitanic language spoken in the Pitas and Labuk-Sugut Districts of northwest Sabah .[2] [3] Tombonuwo is apparently also the name
Phonology[4] [ ]
Consonants [ ]
Labial
Dental
Alveolar
Palatal
Velar
Uvular
Glottal
Plosive
p b
t
d
g
k
ʔ
Fricative
s
Affricate
dʒ
Nasal
m
n
ŋ
Lateral
l
Trill
r
Semi-vowel
w
j
The phonemes /p, t, k, s, ʔ/ are voiceless. All other expressions are voiced.
Vowels [ ]
Non-back
Back
High
i
u
Non-high
a
o
/o/ is often pronounced as unrounded [ʌ].
/a/ is neutralized to [ʌ] in a pre-stressed syllable.
Morphology [ ]
Focus [ ]
Sabahan languages are characterized by "focus" morphology, which marks a syntactic relationship between the predicate of a clause and the "focused" noun phrase of the clause[5] (see Austronesian alignment ).
Tombonuwo has four focus categories, conventionally labelled "actor", "patient", "referent" and "theme".[6] Focus is marked by affixation on the verb.
Actor: -um- / m(u)-
Patient: -on (Present tense) / -∅ (Past tense)
Referent: -an
Theme: i-
Tense and aspect[6] [ ]
The only marked tense in Tombonuwo is past tense.
Past tense: n- (-in- )
Stative: o-
Perfective: ko-
Non-volitional past tense: n-o-
Accomplishment: n-o-ko-
Demonstratives[6] [ ]
Near the speaker: itu
Far from the speaker: iri
Medium distance from the speaker: ono
References [ ]
^ a b Tombonuo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ King, Julie (1984). The Paitanic language family . Languages of Sabah: a survey report . Canberra: Australian National University. pp. 146 . ISBN 0858832976 .
^ Lobel, Jason William (2013). Philippine and North Bornean languages: issues in description, subgrouping and reconstruction (PDF) (PHD dissertation). Manoa: University of Hawai'i. p. 370.
^ King, John Wayne (1993). Tombonuwo phonemics . Phonological descriptions of Sabah languages . Kota Kinabalu: Sabah Museum. pp. 97–106. ISBN 9789839638059 .
^ Boutin, Michael (1988). Problems in analyzing focus in the languages of Sabah . Borneo language studies I: Sabah syntax papers . Dallas: SIL. p. 54. ISBN 0883122146 .
^ a b c King, John Wayne; Levinsohn, Stephen (1991). Participant reference in Tombonuo . Thematic continuity and development in the languages of Sabah . Canberra: Australian National University. p. 76. ISBN 0-85883-406-5 .
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