Tornado records

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A map of the tornado paths in the 1974 Super Outbreak

This article lists various tornado records. The most "extreme" tornado in recorded history was the Tri-State Tornado, which spread through parts of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana on March 18, 1925. It is considered an F5 on the Fujita Scale, even though tornadoes were not ranked on any scale at the time. It holds records for longest path length at 219 miles (352 km), longest duration at about 3½ hours, and fastest forward speed for a significant tornado at 73 mph (117 km/h) anywhere on Earth. In addition, it is the deadliest single tornado in United States history with 695 fatalities.[1] It was also the third-costliest tornado in history at the time, but has been surpassed by several others non-normalized. When costs are normalized for wealth and inflation, it still ranks third today.[2]

The deadliest tornado in world history was the Daulatpur–Saturia tornado in Bangladesh on April 26, 1989, which killed approximately 1,300 people.[3] In the history of Bangladesh at least 19 tornadoes killed more than 100 people each, almost half of the total for the rest of the world.

For 37 years, the most extensive tornado outbreak on record, in almost every category, was the 1974 Super Outbreak, which affected a large area of the central United States and extreme southern Ontario in Canada on April 3 and April 4, 1974. Not only did this outbreak feature 148 tornadoes in only 18 hours, but an unprecedented number of them were violent; 7 were of F5 intensity and 23 were F4. During the peak of this outbreak there were 16 tornadoes on the ground at the same time. More than 300 people, possibly as many as 330, were killed by tornadoes during this outbreak. However, this record was later broken during the 2011 Super Outbreak, which resulted in 360 tornadoes and 324 tornadic fatalities.[4] However, the most tornadoes spawned in the shortest amount of time is 104 over 5 hours and 26 minutes, during the 1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak on 23 November 1981.

Tornado outbreaks[]

Most tornadoes in single 24-hour period[]

Outbreaks with 100+ tornadoes in a single 24-hour period
Outbreak Year Country Tornadoes in 24-hour span Outbreak total F2/EF2+ F4/EF4+ Deaths
2011 Super Outbreak[citation needed] 2011 US, CAN 216 (05:00 UTC April 27–28)
219 (05:40 UTC April 27–28) 		360 86 15 324
1974 Super Outbreak[citation needed] 1974 US, CAN 148 (Duration of outbreak) 148 96 30 315
2020 Easter tornado outbreak[citation needed] 2020 US 132 (14:40 UTC April 12–13) 140 35 3 32
1981 United Kingdom tornado outbreak[citation needed] 1981 UK 104 (Duration of outbreak) 104 2 0 0

The 2011 Super Outbreak was the largest tornado outbreak spawned by a single weather system in recorded history; it produced 360 tornadoes from April 25–28, with 216 of those in a single 24-hour period on April 27 from midnight to midnight CDT,[5] fifteen of which were violent EF4–EF5 tornadoes. 348 deaths occurred in that outbreak, of which 324 were tornado related. The outbreak largely contributed to the record for most tornadoes in the month of April with 771 tornadoes, almost triple the prior record (267 in April 1974). The overall record for a single month was 542 in May 2003, which was also broken.[6]

The infamous 1974 Super Outbreak of April 3–4, 1974, which spawned 148 confirmed tornadoes across eastern North America, held the record for the most prolific tornado outbreak for many years, both in terms of overall number of tornadoes and in violent, long-track tornadoes (7 F5 and 23 F4 tornadoes). More significant tornadoes occurred within 24 hours than any other day on tornado record.[7] Due to a secular trend in tornado reporting, the 2011 and 1974 tornado counts are not directly comparable.

Most violent tornadoes (F4/EF4 and F5/EF5) in an outbreak[]

Outbreaks with fifteen or more F4/EF4 and F5/EF5 tornadoes
Outbreak Year Country F4/EF4 F5/EF5 Total Deaths
1974 Super Outbreak[citation needed] 1974 US, CAN 23 7 30 315
1965 Palm Sunday tornado outbreak[citation needed] 1965 US 18 0 18 271
May–June 1917 tornado outbreak sequence[citation needed] 1917 US 14 1 15 383
2011 Super Outbreak[citation needed] 2011 US, CAN 11 4 15 324

Longest continuous outbreak and largest autumnal outbreak[]

Most tornado outbreaks in North America occur in the spring, but there is a secondary peak of tornado activity in the fall. It is historically less consistent from year to year but can include exceptionally large and/or intense outbreaks. In 1992, an estimated 95 tornadoes broke out in a record 41 hours of continuous tornado activity from November 21 to 23. This is also among the largest-known outbreaks in areal expanse. Many other very large outbreaks have occurred in autumn, especially in October and November, such as the 2002 Veterans Day weekend outbreak, in which 83 tornadoes occurred from November 9 to 11, and November 17, 2013, when 73 tornadoes were produced in 11 hours.[1]

Greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane[]

The greatest number of tornadoes spawned from a hurricane is 120 from Hurricane Ivan in September 2004, followed by Hurricane Beulah with 115 in September 1967 and 103 from Hurricane Frances in September 2004 (a couple weeks before Ivan).[8] Hurricanes prior to the 1990s, when tornado records were more sparse, perhaps produced more tornadoes than were officially documented.

Tornado casualties and damage[]

Deadliest single tornado in world history[]

For a more comprehensive list, see List of tornadoes causing 100 or more deaths.

On April 26, 1989, in Bangladesh a large tornado took at least 1,300 lives.[9]

Deadliest single tornado in US history[]

The Tri-State Tornado of March 18, 1925 killed 695 people in Missouri (11), Illinois (613), and Indiana (71). The outbreak it occurred with was also the deadliest known tornado outbreak, with a combined death toll of 747 across the Mississippi River Valley.[10][11]

Most damaging tornado[]

Similar to fatalities, damage (and observations) of a tornado are a coincidence of what character of tornado interacts with certain characteristics of built up areas. That is, destructive tornadoes are in a sense "accidents" of a large tornado striking a large population. In addition to population and changes thereof, comparing damage historically is subject to changes in wealth and inflation. The 1896 St. Louis–East St. Louis tornado on May 27, incurred the most damages adjusted for wealth and inflation, at an estimated $4.6 billion (2019 USD). In raw numbers, the Joplin tornado of May 22, 2011 is considered the costliest tornado in recent history, with damage totals near $3.18 billion (2019 USD). Until 2011, the Bridge Creek-Moore tornado of May 3, 1999 was the most damaging.[12]

Lists of damage and fatality records[]

  • v
  • t
Deadliest tornadoes by state
State† Location Date Deaths
Alabama Many towns April 27, 2011 72
Arizona San Xavier Mission Indian Village August 27, 1964 2
Arkansas Fort Smith
Warren 		January 11, 1898
January 3, 1949 		55
Colorado Thurman August 10, 1924 10
Connecticut Wallingford August 9, 1878 34
Delaware Hartly July 21, 1983 2
Florida Kissimmee February 22, 1998 25
Georgia Gainesville April 6, 1936 203
Idaho Ruebens June 7, 1936 2
Illinois Many towns March 18, 1925 613
Indiana Many towns March 18, 1925 71
Iowa Dewitt/Camanche June 3, 1860 92
Kansas Udall May 25, 1955 82
Kentucky Louisville March 27, 1890 76
Louisiana Gilliam May 13, 1908 49
Maine Caribou August 11, 1954 1*
Maryland La Plata November 9, 1926 16
Massachusetts Worcester June 9, 1953 94
Michigan Flint June 8, 1953 115
Minnesota St. Cloud/Sauk Rapids April 14, 1886 72
Mississippi Natchez May 7, 1840 317
Missouri Joplin May 22, 2011 158
Montana Reserve July 26, 2010 2*
Nebraska Omaha March 23, 1913 101
New Hampshire Corydon September 9, 1821 6
New Jersey New Brunswick June 19, 1835 5
New Mexico Clovis March 23, 2007 2*
New York Smithfield July 8, 2014 4
North Carolina Philadelphia February 19, 1884 23
North Dakota Fargo June 20, 1957 10
Ohio Lorain/Sandusky June 28, 1924 85
Oklahoma Woodward April 9, 1947 113
Oregon Long Creek June 3, 1894 3*
Pennsylvania Many towns June 23, 1944 26
South Carolina Aiken/Timmonsville April 30, 1924 53
South Dakota Wilmot June 17, 1944 8
Tennessee Henderson March 21, 1952 38
Texas Goliad
Waco 		May 18, 1902
May 11, 1953 		114
Utah Salt Lake City August 11, 1999 1*
Virginia Scott County May 2, 1929 13
Washington Vancouver April 5, 1972 6
West Virginia Many towns June 23, 1944 100
Wisconsin New Richmond June 12, 1899 117
Wyoming Wright August 12, 2005 2*
Source: Tornado Project
*Most recent tornado with this number of deaths.
† Alaska, California, Hawaii, Nevada, Rhode Island and Vermont are excluded from this list because they have no recorded tornadic deaths.

Largest and most powerful tornadoes[]

Highest winds observed in a tornado[]

Wind speed of 261 mph (420 km/h) or 116 m/s in tornadoes
Date Location Min Wind Speed Wind Speed Max Wind Speed References
May 3, 1999 Bridge Creek, Oklahoma 291 mph (468 km/h) 302 mph (486 km/h) 324 mph (521 km/h) [13][14][15]
May 31, 2013 El Reno, Oklahoma 296 mph (476 km/h) 302 mph (486 km/h) 336 mph (541 km/h) [16][17]
May 24, 2011 El Reno, Oklahoma 289 mph (465 km/h) 295 mph (475 km/h) 296 mph (476 km/h) [16][14]
April 26, 1991 Red Rock, Oklahoma 262 mph (422 km/h) 268 mph (431 km/h) 280 mph (450 km/h) [18][14]
May 30, 1998 Spencer, South Dakota 237 mph (381 km/h) 264 mph (425 km/h) 276 mph (444 km/h) [19][14]
May 3, 1999 Mulhall, Oklahoma 245 mph (394 km/h) 257 mph (414 km/h) 299 mph (481 km/h) [14][20]

During the F5 1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado on May 3, 1999, in the southern Oklahoma City metro area, a Doppler on Wheels situated near the tornado measured winds of 302 ± 22 mph (486 ± 35 km/h) momentarily in a small area inside the funnel approximately 100 m (330 ft) above ground level.[21] These are also the highest wind speeds observed on Earth.[citation needed]

On May 31, 2013, a tornado hit rural areas near El Reno, Oklahoma. The tornado was originally rated as an EF3 based on damage; however, after mobile radar data analysis was conducted, it was concluded to have been an EF5 due to a measured wind speed of greater than 296 mph (476 km/h), second only to the Bridge Creek–Moore tornado. Revised RaXPol analysis found winds of 336 mph (541 km/h) well above ground level and ≥291 mph (468 km/h) below 10 m (33 ft) with some subvortices moving at 175 mph (282 km/h).[22] These winds may possibly be as high or higher than the winds recorded on May 3, 1999. Despite the recorded windspeed, the El Reno tornado was later downgraded back to EF3 due to the fact that no EF5 damage was found, likely due to the lack of sufficient damage indicators in the largely rural area west of Oklahoma City.[23][24]

Winds were measured at 262–280 mph (422–451 km/h) using portable Doppler radar in the Red Rock, Oklahoma tornado during the April 26, 1991 tornado outbreak in north-central Oklahoma. Though these winds are possibly indicative of F5 intensity, this particular tornado's path never encountered any significant structures and caused minimal damage. Thus it was rated F4.[25]

Longest damage path and duration[]

The longest-known track for a single tornado is the Tri-State Tornado with a path length of 151 to 235 mi (243 to 378 km). For years there was debate whether the originally recognized path length of 219 mi (352 km) over 3.5 hours was from one tornado or a series. Some very long track (VLT) tornadoes were later determined to be successive tornadoes spawned by the same supercell thunderstorm, which are known as a tornado family. The Tri-State Tornado, however, appeared to have no gaps in the damage. A six-year reanalysis study by a team of severe convective storm meteorologists found insufficient evidence to make firm conclusions but does conclude that it is likely that the beginning and ending of the path was resultant of separate tornadoes comprising a tornado family. It also found that the tornado began 15 mi (24 km) to the west and ended 1 mi (1.6 km) farther east than previously known, bringing the total path to 235 mi (378 km). The 174 mi (280 km) segment from central Madison County, Missouri to Pike County, Indiana is likely one continuous tornado and the 151 mi (243 km) segment from central Bollinger County, Missouri to western Pike County, Indiana is very likely a single continuous tornado. Another significant tornado was found about 65 mi (105 km) east-northeast of the end of aforementioned segment(s) of the Tri-State Tornado Family and is likely another member of the family. Its path length of 20 mi (32 km) over about 20 minutes makes the known tornado family path length total to 320 mi (510 km) over about 5½ hours.[26] Grazulis in 2001 wrote that the first 60 mi (97 km) of the (originally recognized) track is probably the result of two or more tornadoes and that a path length of 157 mi (253 km) was seemingly continuous.[27]

Longest path and duration tornado family[]

What at one time was thought to be the record holder for the longest tornado path is now thought to be the longest tornado family, with a track of at least 293 miles (472 km) on May 26, 1917, from the Missouri border across Illinois into Indiana. It caused severe damage and mass casualties in Charleston and Mattoon, Illinois.[1]

What was probably the longest track supercell thunderstorm tracked 790 miles (1,270 km) across 6 states in 17.5 hours on March 12, 2006, as part of the March 2006 tornado outbreak sequence. It began in Noble County, Oklahoma and ended in Jackson County, Michigan, producing many tornadoes in Missouri and Illinois.[28]

Largest path width[]

Officially, the widest tornado on record is the El Reno, Oklahoma tornado of May 31, 2013 with a width of 2.6 miles (4.2 km) at its peak. This is the width found by the National Weather Service based on preliminary data from University of Oklahoma RaXPol mobile radar that also sampled winds of 296 mph (476 km/h) which was used to upgrade the tornado to EF5.[29] However, it was revealed that these winds did not impact any structures, and as a result the tornado was downgraded to EF3 based on damage.[30]

The F4 Hallam, Nebraska tornado during the outbreak of May 22, 2004 was the previous official record holder for the widest tornado, surveyed at 2.5 miles (4.0 km) wide. A similar size tornado struck Edmonson, Texas on May 31, 1968, when a damage path width between 2 to 3 miles (3.2 to 4.8 km) was recorded from an F3 tornado.[31]

Highest forward speed[]

The highest forward speed of a tornado on record was 73 miles per hour (117 km/h) from the 1925 Tri-State Tornado. Other weak tornadoes have approached or exceeded this speed, but this is the fastest forward movement observed in a major tornado.[1]

Greatest pressure drop[]

A pressure deficit of 100 millibars (2.95 inHg) was observed when a violent tornado near Manchester, South Dakota on June 24, 2003, passed directly over an in-situ probe that storm chasing researcher Tim Samaras deployed.[32] In less than a minute, the pressure dropped to 850 millibars (25.10 inHg), which are the greatest pressure decline and the lowest pressure ever recorded at the Earth's surface when adjusted to sea level.[33][34]

On April 21, 2007, a 194-millibar (5.73 inHg) pressure deficit was reported when a tornado struck a storm chasing vehicle in Tulia, Texas.[35] The tornado caused EF2 damage as it passed through Tulia. The reported pressure drop far exceeds that which would be expected based on theoretical calculations.[20]

There is a questionable and unofficial citizen's barometer measurement of a 192-millibar (5.67 inHg) drop around Minneapolis in 1904.[36]

Early tornadoes[]

Earliest-known tornado in Europe[]

  • The earliest recorded tornado in Europe struck Freising (Germany) in 788.[37][38]
  • The earliest-known Irish tornado appeared on April 30, 1054, in Rostella, near Kilbeggan. The earliest-known British tornado hit central London on October 23, 1091, and was especially destructive.[39]

Earliest-known tornado in the Americas[]

  • An apparent tornado is recorded to have struck Tlatelolco (present day Mexico City), on August 21, 1521, two days before the Aztec capital's fall to Cortés. Many other tornadoes are documented historically within the Basin of Mexico.[40]

First confirmed tornado and first tornado fatality in present-day United States[]

Earliest-known tornado in Asia[]

  • The earliest recorded Asian tornado struck near the city of Calcutta in present-day West Bengal, India in 1838. It was described as moving remarkably slow across its 16-mile path southeast over the span of 2 to 3 hours. It was recorded to cause significant damage to the area, including 3.5-pound hail being observed at the Dum Dum weather observatory.[44]

First published scientific studies of a tornado[]

A few scientists in Europe,[45] the US, and elsewhere documented the occurrence of tornadoes in the late 18th and early-mid 19th centuries to try to discern patterns of distribution and sometimes with inferences about formative processes and dynamics.

For intensive studies of tornadoes, these are the earliest known publications:

  • 1839–41: A detailed survey of damage path of significant tornado that struck New Brunswick, New Jersey on 19 June 1835, which was the deadliest tornado in New Jersey history. The path was surveyed by many scientists on account of its location between New York City and Philadelphia, including early tornado theorists James Pollard Espy and William Charles Redfield. Scientists disagreed whether there was whirling, convergent, or rotational motion. A conclusion that remains accurate today is that the most intense damage tends to be on right side of a tornado (with respect to direction of forward movement), which was found to be generally easterly).[46][47]
  • 1840: The earliest known intensive study of a tornadic event published in Europe, by French scientist Athanase Peltier.[48]
  • 1865: The first in India and earliest known scientific survey of a tornado that analyzed structure and dynamics was published in 1865 by Indian scientist Chunder Sikur Chatterjee. The path damage survey of a tornado that occurred at Pundooah (now Pandua), Hugli district, West Bengal, India, was documented on maps and revealed multiple vortices, the tornadocyclone, and direction of rotation,[49] predating work by John Park Finley, Alfred Wegener, Johannes Letzmann, and Ted Fujita.

Exceptional tornado droughts[]

Longest span without a tornado rated F5/EF5 in the United States[]

Spans without an official F5/EF5 of more than 3.5 years
Length in Years Length in Days Start of drought[50] End of drought[50]
3.921 1,431 May 5, 1960 April 3, 1964
4.995 1,824 April 4, 1977 April 2, 1982
4.786 1,747 May 31, 1985 March 13, 1990
4.090 1,493 June 16, 1992 July 18, 1996
8.003 2,923 May 3, 1999 May 4, 2007
8.312+ 3,036+ May 20, 2013 Present

Before the Greensburg EF5 tornado on May 4, 2007, it had been eight years and one day since the United States had a confirmed F5/EF5 tornado. Prior to Greensburg, the last confirmed F5/EF5 had hit the southern Oklahoma City metro area and surrounding communities on May 3, 1999. This stretch was later surpassed by an ongoing drought which began on May 20, 2013; it is now the longest interval without an F5/EF5 tornado since official records began in 1950.

Years without tornado rated violent (F4/EF4+) in United States[]

2018 was the only year since official records began in 1950 that no tornado in the United States was rated in the violent class (F4/EF4+).[51]

Exceptional survivors[]

Longest distance carried by a tornado[]

Matt Suter of Fordland, Missouri holds the record for the longest-known distance traveled by anyone picked up by a tornado and survive. On March 12, 2006, he was carried 1,307 feet (398 m), 13 feet (4.0 m) shy of one-quarter mile (400 m), according to National Weather Service measurements.[52][53]

Exceptional coincidences[]

Codell, Kansas[]

The small town of Codell, Kansas, was hit by a tornado on the same date (May 20) three consecutive years: 1916, 1917, and 1918.[54][55] The United States has about 100,000 thunderstorms per year; less than 1% produce a tornado. The odds of this coincidence occurring again are extremely small.

Tanner/Harvest, Alabama[]

Tanner, a small town in northern Alabama, was hit by an F5 tornado on April 3, 1974 and was struck again 45 minutes later by a second F5 (however, the rating is disputed and it may have been high-end F4), demolishing what remained of the town. Thirty-seven years later, on April 27, 2011 (the largest and deadliest outbreak since 1974), Tanner was hit yet again by the EF5 2011 Hackleburg–Phil Campbell tornado, which produced high-end EF4 damage in the southern portion of town. The suburban community of Harvest, Alabama, just to the northeast, also sustained major impacts from all three Tanner tornadoes, and was also hit by destructive tornadoes in 1995 and 2012.

Moore, Oklahoma[]

The south Oklahoma City suburb of Moore, Oklahoma was hit by violent tornadoes (which have ratings of at least F/EF4) in 1999, 2003, 2010, and 2013. The 1999 and 2013 events were rated F5 and EF5, respectively. In total, about 23 tornadoes have struck within the immediate vicinity of Moore since 1890, the most recent of which was an EF2 on March 25, 2015.[56]

Jackson, Tennessee[]

The city of Jackson, Tennessee has been hit by an F4/EF4 tornado four separate times, in 1999, 2003, and 2 in 2008. All four of these tornadoes occurred after dark and were preceded or followed by a separate F3/EF3 tornado that caused additional destruction in the Jackson area.

Hazlehurst/Puckett, Mississippi[]

Two F4 tornadoes, occurring on January 23, 1969, and March 29, 1976, took extremely similar paths across much of Southern Mississippi. Both directly struck the towns of Hazlehurst and Puckett. The first tornado of the two killed 32 people across its path.

See also[]

References[]

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