Tropolje

Tropolje (Završje) Тропоље (Завршје)
Historical regiona
Approximate area of Tropolje
Country	Bosnia and Herzegovina
Largest city	Livno
Area b
• Total	4,343 km2 (1,677 sq mi)
Population  (2013)b
• Total	83,541
• Density	19.24/km2 (49.8/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
a Tropolje is not an official subdivision of the Bosnia and Herzegovina, it is a historical region. b The figure is an approximation based on the territorial span and population of five municipalities in Canton 10 (Bosansko Grahovo, Glamoč, Kupres, Livno, and Tomislavgrad).

Tropolje or Završje or Western Regions (Serbo-Croatian: Zapadne strane) is a historical region^[1] in Bosnia and Herzegovina covering a part of the Dinaric Alps. It encompasses territory around karst fields of Livno, Duvno and Glamoč. The wider zone of this region also comprises the fields of Kupres and Bosansko Grahovo. Historically, the region is located on the border of Bosnia, Dalmatia and Herzegovina. The region covers 5 out of 6 municipalities of Canton 10 (except Drvar).

Etymology[]

Name Tropolje derives from the Serbo-Croatian words tri meaning three and polje meaning field.

History[]

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Antiquity[]

Tropolje has been inhabited at least since Neolithic times. In the late Bronze Age, the Neolithic population was replaced by more warlike Indo-European tribes known as the Illyrians. The region was inhabited by Illyrian tribe of Dalmatae. Their capital was Delminium which was located in today's Tomislavgrad. The Dalmatae left many remains that testify about their presence in this area. The most important remains are the gradine, remains of Illyrian settlements which were distributed along the karst fields. The settlements were strategically well placed, that is why the Romans took over 200 years to occupy this region.

Early Middle Ages[]

County of Hlivno (Livanjska županija) was mentioned on the charter of the Croatian Duke Muncimir from 892. It's prefect Želimir witnessed the Charter, signed the second. Constantine VII, Emperor of the Byzantine Empire, included the county (ή Χλεβίανα) as one of 11 Croatian counties and as its center stated inhabited settlement Hlivno. It covered the hinterland of the mountain Dinara (Zadinarje).

After ecclesiastical councils in Split (925 and 928), County belonged to the jurisdiction of the archbishop of Split under whose metropolitan administration remained until the beginning of the 18th century.

High Middle Ages[]

The extinction of the Trpimirović dynasty resulted in forming of personal union with Hungary in the 12th century. Mid of the century the Byzantine Empire strengthens once again and conquers the area of Dalmatian cities, Zadinarje's karst fields and a large part of the southern Croatian Kingdom. After death of Manuel I Komnenos, Byzantine Emperor, in 1180 Bosnian ban Kulin expanded the area of its authority to the east and north of the County of Hlivno while County remained in the Croatian Kingdom.

Municipalities[]

Area of Završje covers territory of five municipalities in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Grahovo, Glamoč, Kupres, Livno and Tomislavgrad.

Municipality	Coat of arms	Population[2]	Area (km2)[3]
Bosansko Grahovo		3,091	780.0
Glamoč		4,038	1033.6
Kupres		5,893	569.8
Livno		37,487	994.0
Tomislavgrad		33,032	967.4

Geography[]

The total area of the Tropolje (Završje) is approximately 4,343 square kilometres (1,680 sq mi). The region is located between Dalmatia to the west, Bosanska Krajina to the north, Central Bosnia to the east and Herzegovina to the south and southeast. Završje has population of 83,541—making the region the most sparsely populated region of Bosnia and Herzegovina at 19.24/km2. Most of the region consists of mountainous terrain separated by karst fields.

Large fields of Livno, Duvno, Glamoč and Kupres are located in the hinterland of the mountain Dinara from the perspective of the eastern Adriatic coast of which they are wider inland. There are also several small or very small karst fields: Grahovsko, Dobransko, Šuičko, Roško, Vukovsko and Planarsko.

Fields[]

Livno Field (Serbo-Croatian: Livanjsko polje) is the largest field of Tropolje. It is a long 65 km, consisting of three parts: the Upper field in the central part, Lower fields in the northeast and Buško mud (Buško blato) in the southeast. On the northwestern edge of the Livno Field, between the slopes Dinara and Šator, a narrow valley connects it with Grahovo field.

Eastern of the Livno Field is Duvno Field (Duvanjsko polje) separated from it by Kovač, Tušnica, Grabovica i Midena mountains. Field is 20 km long and 9 km wide.

Glamoč Field (Glamočko polje) is separated from the Livno Field by Šator Mountain, Staretina, Golija, Cincar and the Krug plateau. It is long 56 km and is divided on the Lower field to the northwest, up to 15 km wide, and Upper field in the southeast wide from 1 to 4 km.

Eastern of Glamoč Field is Kupres field (Kupreško polje), separated by Mountain Cincar, Slovinjand Hrblijne. It is long 26 km and is divided into two parts: Northern or Dry field (Suho polje), about 13 km wide, and Southern or Rilić field (Rilićko polje), about 8 km wide.

Topography[]

Mountainous terrain of the region is a part of the Dinaric Alps, linked to a Late Jurassic to recent times fold and thrust belt, itself part of the Alpine orogeny, extending southeast from the southern Alps. The Dinarides form part of a chain of mountains that stretch across southern Europe and isolate Pannonian Basin from the Mediterranean Sea. The highest mountain of the Tropolje Dinarides is Mount Vran, located on the border of the municipalities of Tomislavgrad and Jablanica with the peak called Veliki Vran (Great Vran) at 2,074 metres (6,804 ft).

Highest mountains of Tropolje
Mountain	Peak	Elevation	Coordinates
Vran		2,074 m (6,804 ft)	43°40′4.8″N 17°30′18″E / 43.668000°N 17.50500°E / 43.668000; 17.50500
Vran		2,014 m (6,608 ft)	43°40′41.34″N 17°29′57.08″E / 43.6781500°N 17.4991889°E / 43.6781500; 17.4991889
Cincar	Cincar	2,006 m (6,581 ft)	43°54′08″N 17°03′46″E / 43.90222°N 17.06278°E / 43.90222; 17.06278
Vran	Crno Brdo	1,966 m (6,450 ft)	43°40′52.96″N 17°29′37.3″E / 43.6813778°N 17.493694°E / 43.6813778; 17.493694
Vran		1,961 m (6,434 ft)	43°39′8.8″N 17°17′27″E / 43.652444°N 17.29083°E / 43.652444; 17.29083
Vran		1,949 m (6,394 ft)	43°39′34″N 17°29′56″E / 43.65944°N 17.49889°E / 43.65944; 17.49889
Vitorog		1,907 m (6,257 ft)	44°7′12″N 17°2′45″E / 44.12000°N 17.04583°E / 44.12000; 17.04583
		1,886 m (6,188 ft)	43°59′12″N 16°47′21″E / 43.98667°N 16.78917°E / 43.98667; 16.78917
Vran		1,881 m (6,171 ft)	43°39′37″N 17°28′27″E / 43.66028°N 17.47417°E / 43.66028; 17.47417
Šator	Veliki Šator	1,872 m (6,142 ft)	44°9′26″N 13°35′23″E / 44.15722°N 13.58972°E / 44.15722; 13.58972

Hydrology[]

The area is characterized by numerous karst features as ponors, underground and intermittent watercourses so there are only a few major permanent surface watercourses. On the Livno Field permanent waterways are rivers Bistrica, Sturba and Žabljak. The entire field drains to the Cetina and through it belongs to the Adriatic basin.

On the Kupres Fields two major watercourses are formed belonging to different drainage basins. Stream with more ponors on its course gravitate towards the Pliva River which belongs to the Black Sea drainage basin. stream plunges in the south of the Field and emerges as river Šuica at the spring Veliki Stržanj. Šuica, which continues to flow to the south passes through Šuica Valley, narrow canyon and passes through Duvno Field, then plunges near Kovači. As Ričina re-emerges in Prisoje and flows into the Buško Blato, an accumulation lake located on the south side of Livno Field.

Hydrological watershed cuts Glamoč Field into two parts and divides it between the Black Sea and the Adriatic Sea drainage basin. Watercourses of the Upper Field drain as groundwater flows into the Livno Field. Northerly streams (, , ) belongs to the area of the Black Sea drainage basin. In months of abundant rainfall, ponor of Jaruga stream can not receive increasing flow so part of the stream drains southward and becomes part of the Adriatic Basin.

Climate[]

The region has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) with significant maritime influences, such as heavy precipitation and plentiful sunlight.

Demography[]

Population of Tropolje in 1991
Nationality	Population
Croats	59,523
Serbs	27,192
Bosniaks	12,012

According to the 2013 census, the total population of the Tropolje was around 83,541 what constitutes 2.2 percent of the total population of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Its overall population density is one of the lowest in the country at 19 people per square kilometre. Almost 85 percent of the population lives in Tropolje's south and southeast, which is area of Livno and Tomislavgrad municipalities, with about 9 thousands in the largest town of Livno.

The historical population for the Tropolje, divided into the administrative areas of Bosansko Grahovo, Glamoč, Kupres, Livno and Tomislavgrad is as follows:^[6][7]

Year	1879	1885	1895	1910	1921	1931	1948	1953	1961a	1971	1981	1991	2013
Bosansko Grahovo (Grahovo)	4,577	5,162	6,655	8,512	8,653	12,404	11,475	12,337	10,195	10,555	9,032	8,303	3,091
Glamoč	10,196	11,320	15,137	20,445	20,377	24,877	15,146	16,365	15,835	16,979	14,120	12,421	4,038
Kupres (Kupreš)	8,530	9,963	11,630	13,922	13,974	16,094	6,632	11,877	11,813	11,496	10,098	9,663	5, 893
Livno	20,480	22,351	26,845	32,149	34,142	33,260	36,664	38,749	40,291	42,186	40,438	39,526	37, 487
Tomislavgrad (Županjac, Duvno)	13,412	16,256	19,347	22,341	23,032	26,150	29,738	27,610	33,046	33,135	30,666	29,261	33,032
Tropolje	57,195	65,052	79,614	97,369	114,152	112,785	99,655	106,938	111,180	114,351	104,354	99,174	83,541

Education[]

Elementary schools:

• Elementary school Bosansko Grahovo, Bosansko Grahovo
• Elementary school Fra Franjo Glavinić, Glamoč
• Elementary school Fra Lovro Karaula, Livno
• Elementary school Fra Mijo Čuić, Brišnik
• Elementary school Fra Miroslav Džaja, Kupres
• Elementary school Ivan Goran Kovačić, Livno
  • Elementary school Zabrišće, Zabrišće
    • Local departments: Držanlijae, Guber, Grborezi, Bila i Srđević
  • Elementary school Orguz, Orguz
    • Local departments: Čuklić
  • Elementary school Lištani, Lištani
    • Local departments: Ćaić^[8]
• Elementary school Ivan Mažuranić, Tomislavgrad
  • Elementary school Ivan Mažuranić, Kongora
  • Elementary school Dr. Franjo Nevistić, Šujica
  • Local departments: Eminovo Selo, Mokronoge, Sarajlije, Oplećani, Mandino Selo, Borčani.^[9]
• Elementary school Stjepan Radić, Prisoje

High schools:

• Marko Marulić Gymnasium Tomislavgrad
• Vocational school Tomislavgrad
• Livno Gymnasium
• Silvije Strahimir Kranjčević Vocational school Livno
• Economic school Livno
• High school Glamoč
• High school Kupres

Culture[]

Museums and art galleries[]

Tropolje is home to few museums, galleries, and other institutions. The first of these is the Museum of the Franciscan Monastery Gorica in Livno, established on 2 October 1995 with the goal of collecting and preserving museum's holdings from Tropolje region and further. It has its roots in the 19th century and the work of the Franciscans from Livno, who visited archaeological sites collecting antiquities and invested effort in establishing a museum at the monastery. This is reflected in a document from 1896 in which they seek permission from the National Government in Sarajevo to display antique weapons in a public room at the monastery.^[10]

Franciscan Monastery in Tomislavgrad has a Museum with archaeological, ethnographic, sacral and African exhibitions. The most significant archaeological finding is the (stone-carved slate) found in the 1960s near the village of Prisoje, dating back to the 2nd century. The Ethnographic collection is composed of traditional attire and jewellery, sacral collection of the 17th and 19th century chalices, and the African collection of artefacts brought from Africa by Franciscan missionaries.^[11]

The memorial complex 25 May 1944 in Drvar was established after the World War II near Tito's cave, and was one of the main tourist attractions in Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, visited by more than 200,000 tourists a year.^[12]

References[]

Coordinates: 43°49′25″N 17°00′15″E / 43.82361°N 17.00417°E / 43.82361; 17.00417