Twerking

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Twerk" redirects here. For other uses, see Twerk (disambiguation).

A man twerking in a contest
A man twerking to Big Freedia in a contest in 2014
A woman twerking at a music festival.
A woman twerking at a music festival
A woman twerking in a contest
A woman twerking to Big Freedia in a contest in 2014

Twerking (/ˈtwɜːrkɪŋ/; possibly from 'to work') is a type of dance that came out of the bounce music scene of New Orleans in the late 1980s. Individually performed chiefly but not exclusively by women,[1][2] dancers move by throwing or thrusting their hips back or shaking their buttocks, often in a low squatting stance.[3] Twerking is part of a larger set of characteristic moves unique to the New Orleans style of hip-hop known as "bounce".[4] Moves include "mixing", "exercising", the "bend over", the "shoulder hustle", "clapping", "booty clapping", "booty poppin", and "the wild wood"—all recognized as "booty shaking" or "bounce".[5][6] Twerking is but one choreographic gesture within bounce.

As a tradition shaped by local aid and pleasure clubs, block parties and second lines,[7] the dance was central to "a historical situating of sissy bounce—bounce music as performed by artists from the New Orleans African-American community that [led to] a meteoric rise in popularity post-[Hurricane Katrina after 2005]."[8] In the 90s, twerking had widespread appeal in black party culture throughout the hip-hop/rap region known as The Dirty South, including New Orleans, Memphis, Virginia Beach, Miami, Atlanta, and Houston.[7][8] In 2013, it became the top "what is" search on the Google search engine[9] following viral video footage of Miley Cyrus performing the dance and then appearing at the MTV VMA Awards.

(video) Backup dancers twerking at a 2015 Pharrell Williams concert in Japan

Etymology[]

The Oxford English Dictionary defines an 18th-century use of the word as a blend of "twist" and "jerk" (or "twitch"), which was reported by the BBC in conjunction with the black cultural context, but this seems to be an erroneous connection or a false cognate.[10]

The Oxford Dictionaries blog states, "the most likely theory is that it is an alteration of work, because that word has a history of being used in similar ways, with dancers being encouraged to "work it".[11] Local bounce practitioners attribute the term to a contraction of "to work" ("t'work"; or, spelled as it's pronounced, "twerk").[12][13]

History of usage[]

The earliest use of the word "twerk" on record was the 1993 song "Do the Jubilee All" by DJ Jubilee.[14] The word specifically originated from the inner-city of New Orleans and was used frequently in New Orleans Bounce music by rappers and DJ hosting block parties in the housing projects.[15] According to Tyler Vendetti, "Twerk has technically been around since the 1820s, first appearing in the form twirk. Over one hundred years later, the introduction of bounce music into the 1990s New Orleans music scene brought with it this gem..."[16] The word became popular in the 2000s, when it was used by Atlanta rapper Lil Jon and The East side Boys.[17] A Google Trends search reveals that interest in the word "twerk" arose in November 2011.[18] The diffusion of the dance phenomenon began earlier via local parties and eventually strip clubs often associated with mainstream rap music and video production aired by video cable television shows, that featured rap music and R&B music. Popular video-sharing channels such as YouTube amplified interest since the advent of digital social media platforms.[19]

In 2013, the dance became a viral sensation beyond black culture. Miley Cyrus used the dance in a video that was uploaded first on Facebook and then YouTube in March.[20] Though twerking began trending as a web search in November 2011, and despite its origins in the bounce culture of New Orleans in the late 1980s, the word twerk would be added to the Oxford Dictionary Online[21] and attributed to Cyrus following her appearance at the MTV VMA Awards in August 2013. It became the number one "what is" Google search that year[22] as those outside the culture questioned the popularity of the dance. The word was a runner-up to "selfie" in the Oxford Dictionaries Word of the Year 2013.[23]

The word "twerking" first appeared on record in "Do the Jubilee All" by DJ Jubilee in 1993, in which he chanted, "Twerk baby, twerk baby, twerk, twerk, twerk."[24][25]

Rise to national attention[]

Twerking first received national recognition in the United States in the early 2000s, when the song "Whistle While You Twurk" (2000), by Southern hip hop duo Ying Yang Twins, peaked at number 17 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs component chart. It was later referenced in their later track "Say I Yi Yi" (2002), in which the lyrics "she got her hands up on her knees and her elbows on her thighs / she like to twerk and that's for certain I can tell that she fly" are heard. The chorus of Silkk the Shocker's 2001 song "That's Cool" features the line "Somebody that's off the chain / who could twerk that thang". Girl group Destiny's Child was the first mainstream artist to use the word in a song in their song "Jumpin' Jumpin'".[26]

Billboard charts[]

In 2006, the song "Pop, Lock & Drop It", by American rapper Huey, reached number six on the US Billboard Hot 100. Also in 2006, the hit single "SexyBack", by American pop singer Justin Timberlake, featuring Timbaland, from the former's second studio album Futuresex/Lovesounds, featured Timbaland rapping the lyrics "Let me see what you're twerking with / Go ahead, be gone with it, Look at those hips". In 2014, "Anaconda" by Nicki Minaj peaked at number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, which references twerking many times.

In November 2018, the City Girls released a song called "Twerk" featuring Cardi B which peaked on the US Billboard Hot 100 at number 29. The song is based around twerking which is great for the party scene. The lyrics to the song ("Twerk-twerk-twerk-twerk-twerk-twerk with her") is self-explanatory as to how the City Girls wanted to grab the attention of their female audience.[27] The music video currently has over 130 million views on YouTube.[28]

In the media[]

In 2011, the Twerk Team, a group of female dancers who have posted several videos of themselves twerking on YouTube, were mentioned during the song "Round of Applause" by Waka Flocka Flame featuring Drake, in the line "Bounce that ass, shake that ass like the Twerk Team".[29] Australian rapper Iggy Azalea has incorporated twerking into her live shows since 2011.[30][31]

In July 2012, during the Workaholics episode "The Lord's Force", Anders Holm says "Let's just, uh, put on some twerk videos or something, right?".[32] The 2012 single "Bandz a Make Her Dance" by Juicy J contains the lyric "Start twerking when she hear her song",[33] while French Montana questions the ability of a girl to twerk by asking "What you twerkin' with?" in his 2012 single "Pop That" featuring fellow rappers Drake, Lil Wayne and Rick Ross.[34] The aforementioned songs, along with "Express Yourself" by Nicky Da B and Diplo, "made twerking the most popular dance move since the Dougie".[35]

In March 2013, American pop singer Miley Cyrus posted a video on Facebook which featured her performing a twerking routine while wearing a unicorn suit, to the 2011 single "Wop" by J. Dash. The popularity of the video, along with parodies and responses made by fans, influenced the song's re-emergence on the Billboard Hot 100.[36] Miley Cyrus's "Wop" video would go to become viral. By April 9, 2013, copies of the video had amassed over 4 million views on YouTube. Also in March 2013, Mollie King, an English singer-songwriter and lead vocalist of British-Irish girl group The Saturdays, was seen twerking when her bandmate Rochelle Humes uploaded the footage on YouTube.[37] American actress and singer Vanessa Hudgens was also seen twerking in March on American late-night talk show The Tonight Show with Jay Leno.[38] In September 2013, Hudgens was later seen twerking, this time to the song "Bubble Butt", during her performance at Bootsy Bellows in West Hollywood, with her girl group YLA.[39][40] Hudgens was again seen twerking in a video for Shade 45's radio show Sway in the Morning.[41][42] American actress and singer Ashley Tisdale can also be seen twerking in a video for Shade 45's radio show Sway in the Morning.[43][44]

On July 9, 2013, a video was posted on the Twitter-owned video sharing service Vine entitled "Twerk Team", which featured a group of five women provocatively twerking to "Don't Drop That Thun Thun". The clip was shared by users over 100,000 times, and users created their own responses and parodies featuring the song, collected under the hashtags "#dontdropthat" and "#thunthun". The viral popularity of the Vine clips led to an unexpected increase in sales for the song; prior to the posting of the "Twerk Team" clip, only 4,000 copies of the song had been sold; in the following weeks, sales went up to 34,000, then to over 72,000. By late July, "Don't Drop That Thun Thun" had reached #5 on Billboard's R&B/Hip-Hop Digital Songs chart, and it eventually peaked at #35 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[45]

Both "Wop" and "Don't Drop That Thun Thun" have been cited as examples of how viral and user-created videos can bring renewed interest to songs; Spin writer Jordan Sargent considered "Wop" to be rap music's "Harlem Shake moment", but not a meme to the same extent as it.[45][46] In April 2013, American rapper Danny Brown released the song "Express Yourself", inspired by music producer Diplo's song of the same name. The song, produced by Trampy, features a fast-paced electronic beat and is a composition about the popular dance craze twerking.[47] Brown dedicated the song "to all the ladies that like to turn up and have fun," in which he raps "Toes on the wall and her ass in the air / And she twerk that thing like she ain't have a care".[48][49]

In the music video for Barbadian singer Rihanna's single "Pour It Up", which was released in May 2013, the singer can be seen twerking.[50] In June 2013, American rapper Busta Rhymes released a Jamaican dancehall-inspired single titled "Twerk It", featuring Nicki Minaj, who has been featured on several other "twerking songs", including "Shakin' It 4 Daddy" by Robin Thicke, "Dance (A$$)" by Big Sean and "Clappers" by Wale. Minaj can be seen twerking in all four of the aforementioned songs' respective music videos. Minaj can also be seen twerking in the music videos for American rapper Nelly's single "Get Like Me" and American singer Ciara's single "I'm Out".[51][52] In August 2013, the song "Twerk", by Lil Twist, featuring pop singers Miley Cyrus and Justin Bieber, was leaked online.[53]

On July 14, 2013, Showtime broadcast Season 1 Episode 3 of the series Ray Donovan, entitled "Twerk", in which actor Jon Voight's character enters a college library and pays a student to give up his computer terminal so that he can watch online videos of women twerking.[54] A YouTube video of the scene has more than 38,000views.[55]

In August 2013, Juicy J announced via Twitter that he would give out a $50,000 scholarship for the girl who can twerk the best. The competition is inspired by the track "Scholarship" on his third album Stay Trippy, which contains the lyric "Keep twerking baby, might earn you a scholarship."[56] In early September 2013, a video titled "Worst Twerk Fail EVER - Girl Catches Fire!", began circulating around online; the video went on to become viral with over 9 million views, and received media coverage. The following week, American comedian and television host Jimmy Kimmel revealed the video was a hoax that he and his team had devised, on Jimmy Kimmel Live!.[57][58][59] In April 2014, the video won the Webby Award for best viral clip of the year.[60]

Also in September, "Twerk" from the MTV VMA show was named the Top Television Word of the Year (Teleword) of the 2012–2013 TV season by the Global Language Monitor. In October 2013, American actress Beth Behrs, of American television sitcom 2 Broke Girls, was seen twerking on The Ellen DeGeneres Show.[61][62] Behrs was later seen twerking to the 1992 hit "Baby Got Back", in January 2014, during the 40th annual awards ceremony of the People's Choice Awards, which she hosted alongside her co-star Kat Dennings.[63][64] The fifth episode of the fifth season of the American musical television series Glee, which aired November 13, 2013 and was titled "The End of Twerk", revolved around the twerking phenomenon.[65] The seventh episode of the second season of the American reality television series Bad Girls All-Star Battle, which aired February 25, 2014 and was titled "Twerk It Out", featured the contestants twerking as fast as possible with pedometers on their back.[66]

In August 2013, American recording artist Miley Cyrus, generated controversy following a sexually provocative performance during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, in which Cyrus twerked during a medley of her track "We Can't Stop", "Blurred Lines" and "Give It 2 U" by Robin Thicke.[67] Cyrus also received criticism for "stealing" African American culture, also known as cultural appropriation.[68]

In August 2014, American recording artist Taylor Swift, featured twerking in the music video to her single "Shake It Off".[69] This caused some controversy with American rapper Earl Sweatshirt saying that the video was "perpetuating stereotypes".[70]

In October 2017, Valerie Dixon who was 27 years old, was arrested in Lake County, Florida, because she was twerking and speaking foul language in front of a school bus. Other arrests in Florida for electric twerking in public include the video blogger Carmel Kitten and two unnamed Canadian tourists.[71]

YouTube twerking[]

In 2009, a trio of teenage African-American girls from Atlanta, Georgia, founded "The Twerk Team."[72][73] After turning 18, they joined YouTube creating TheOfficialTwerkTeam channel with an upload on June 5, 2009, announcing themselves to the world as @BeTTyBuTT, @MizzTwerkSum and @TTLadyLuscious.[74] Their videos featured "them gyrating and shaking their butts, to a point that it's artistic."[29] In 2011, the Twerk Team got a shoutout in the song and music video "Round of Applause" by Waka Flocka Flame featuring Drake, in the line "Bounce that ass, shake that ass like the Twerk Team". The group was called "YouTube's foremost ass-shaking troupe" by gossip website Gawker.[75] As of August 2021, their channel had a total of more than 137 million views and around 600,000 subscribers despite not uploading since July 2015.[74] Founding member Jaime Adedra Moore (BeTTy BuTT) left the group in 2012 to pursue her education. Two years later, she was killed during a drug deal gone wrong.[76][77] The Official Twerk Team continued with its two remaining members until disbanding in 2015.[78] They had uploading since 2009, four years prior to the cultural appropriations that sparked outrage among black cultural critics from 2011 to 2013.[79][80][81][82] As of August 2021, @MizzTwerkSum does live twerking shows on her Instagram page to her 2.4 million followers.[83]

In fitness[]

Dance workouts[]

Twerking has been incorporated into the world of dance fitness due to its ability to improve self-confidence and promote cardiovascular exercise.[84][better source needed]

See also[]

References[]

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External links[]

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