Urmia

Urmia ارومیه
City
Photos from Urmia City
Seal
Nickname(s):  Cradle of Water
Coordinates: 37°32′55″N 45°04′03″E / 37.54861°N 45.06750°E / 37.54861; 45.06750Coordinates: 37°32′55″N 45°04′03″E / 37.54861°N 45.06750°E / 37.54861; 45.06750
Country	Iran
Region	3
Province	West Azerbaijan
County	Urmia
Bakhsh	Central
Government
• Mayor
• Parliament	Ghazipour, Bahadori & Ruhollah Hazratpour
Elevation	1,332 m (4,370 ft)
Population  (2016 Census)
• Urban	736,224 [1]
• Metro	1,000,000
• Population Rank in Iran	10th
Demonym(s)	Ormavi, Oroumchi, Oroumiye'ei[2]
Time zone	UTC+3:30 (IRST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+4:30 (IRDT)
Area code(s)	044
Website	urmia.city
Wikimedia | © OpenStreetMap

Urmia or Orumiyeh^{[nb 1]} (Persian: ارومیه‎, pronounced [oɾumiˈje] (listen);^{[nb 2]} Armenian: Ուրմիա, romanized: Urmia;^[3] Azerbaijani: اورمیه و‎, romanized: Urmiya; Kurdish: ,ورمێ‎ Ûrmiyê;^[4][5] Syriac: ܐܘܪܡܝܐ‎, romanized: Urmia^[6]) is the largest city in West Azerbaijan Province of Iran and the capital of Urmia County. It is situated at an altitude of 1,330 metres (4,360 ft) above sea level, and is located along the Shahar River on the Urmia Plain. Lake Urmia, one of the world's largest salt lakes, lies to the east of the city, and the mountainous Turkish border area lies to the west.

Urmia is the 10th most populated city in Iran. At the 2012 census, its population was 667,499, with 197,749 households. The city's inhabitants are predominantly Azerbaijanis who speak the Azerbaijani language.^[7] There are also minorities of Kurds, Persians, Assyrians, and Armenians.^[8] The city is the trading center for a fertile agricultural region where fruits (especially apples and grapes) and tobacco are grown. Even though the majority of the residents of Urmia are Muslims, the Christian history of Urmia is well preserved and is especially evident in the city's many churches and cathedrals.

An important town by the 9th century, the city has had a diverse population which has at times included Muslims (Shias and Sunnis), Christians (Catholics, Protestants, Nestorians, and Orthodox), Jews, Baháʼís and Sufis. Around 1900, Christians made up more than 40% of the city's population; however, most of the Christians were either killed when the Ottoman Empire invaded Qajar Iran and committed genocide against Urmia's Assyrian and Armenian population^[9][10] or fled shortly after the end of the war.^[11][12][13]

Name[]

Richard Nelson Frye suggested Urartian origin for the name,^[14] while T. Burrow connected the origin of the name Urmia to Indo-Iranian urmi- "wave" and urmya- "undulating, wavy".^[15]

As of 1921, Urmia was also called, Urumia and Urmi.^[16] During the Pahlavi Dynasty (1925–1979), the city was called Rezaiyeh^{[nb 3]} (Persian: رضائیه‎) after Reza Shah, the dynasty's founder, whose name ultimately derives from the Islamic concept of rida via the Eighth Imam in Twelver Shia Islam, Ali al-Ridha.

The name could also derive from the combination of the Assyrian Aramaic words Ur(ܐܘܪ; a common name for cities around Mesopotamia; “city”) and Mia (ܡܝܐ, “water”), “City of Water” referring to the great Lake Urmia nearby.^[17] Compare Urhay, Ur (of the Chaldees).

History[]

According to Vladimir Minorsky, there were villages in the Urmia Plain as early as 2000 BC, with their civilization under the influence of the Kingdom of Van. Excavations of the ancient ruins near Urmia led to the discovery of utensils that date to the 20th century BC. In ancient times, the west bank of Urmia Lake was called Gilzan, and in the 9th century BC an independent government ruled there, which later joined the Urartu or Manna empire; in the 8th century BC, the area was a vassal of the until it joined the Median Empire.

Assyrians who did survive the invasion of Baghdad by Timur fled through northern Iraq up into the Hakkari Mountains to the west of Lake Urmia and the area remained as their homeland until the 19th century.^[18][19]

During the Safavid era, the neighboring Ottoman Turks, who were the archrivals of the Safavids,^[20] made several incursions into the city and captured it on more than one occasion, but the Safavids successfully regained control over the area. When in 1622, during the reign of Safavid king Abbas I (r. 1588–1629) Qasem Sultan Afshar was appointed governor of Mosul,^[21][22] he was forced to leave his office shortly afterwards due to the outbreak of a plague.^[22] He moved to the western part of Azerbaijan, and became the founder of the Afshar community of Urmia.^[22] The city was the capital of the Urmia Khanate from 1747 to 1865. The first monarch of Iran's Qajar dynasty, Agha Muhammad Khan, was crowned in Urmia in 1795.

Due to the presence of a substantial Christian minority at the end of the 19th century, Urmia was also chosen as the site of the first American Christian mission in Iran in 1835. Another mission was soon underway in nearby Tabriz as well. During World War I the population was estimated by Dr. Caujole to be 30,000, a quarter of which (7,500) were Assyrians and 1,000 Jews.^[13]

During the 19th century, the region became the center of a short-lived Assyrian renaissance with many books and newspapers being published in Syriac. Urmia was also the seat of a Chaldean diocese.^[23][24]

During late 1914 Ottoman forces under the command of Enver Pasha stepped up clandestine activity in the region with the aim of committing the Ottoman Empire to war.^[25] During World War I, the city changed hands several times between the Russians and the Ottoman troops and their Kurdish allies in the following two years.^[26] Historian David Gaunt says that the Sayfo, the systematic annihilation of Assyrian and Syriac Christians by the Ottoman Empire, began in Urmia during the Ottoman occupation from 1 January to May 1915. Ottoman forces under the command of Djevdet Bey and Halil Kut, aided by locals, committed massacres against Iranian Assyrians and Armenians as well as Assyrians and Armenian soldiers serving in the Ottoman forces.^[25]

The influx of Christian refugees and their alliance with the Russians angered the Ottoman troops who attacked the Christian quarter in February 1918. The Assyrians managed to capture the whole city following a brief battle.^{[clarification needed][26]} The region descended into chaos again after the assassination of the Assyrian patriarch Shimun XIX Benyamin at the hands of Simko Shikak one month later. Ottomans and Simko managed to take and plunder the city in June/July 1918.^[27] Thousands of Christians were massacred by Ottomans as part of the Assyrian and Armenian genocide; others found refuge under British protection in the neighboring Iraq.^[27][28]

Population[]

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1986	300,746	—
1991	357,399	+3.51%
1996	435,200	+4.02%
2006	583,255	+2.97%
2011	667,499	+2.74%
2016	736,224	+1.98%
source:[29]

Demographics[]

This section needs expansion. You can help by . (June 2019)

Ethnic composition[]

The city has been home to various ethnic groups during its history. The population of Urmia in the early Islamic period was Christian.^[30] At the beginning of the 20th century, the city had a significant Christian minority (Assyrians and Armenians).^[11][31] According to Macuch, and Ishaya, the city was the spiritual capital of the Assyrians, who were influenced by four Christian missions that had been established in the city in the period from 1830 to the end of World War I.^[32] A large number of the Assyrians and Armenians were killed in 1914 during the Armenian and Assyrian genocides,^[33] which resulted in a change in the city's demographics.^[32] During the era of Reza Shah Pahlavi, Iranian Assyrians were invited to return to the region, and several thousand did return. There are around 5,000 Assyrians remaining in the city.^[34]

Until the Iran crisis of 1946 and the Establishment of the State of Israel in 1947, several thousand Jews also lived Urmia, and their language (Lishán Didán) is still spoken by an ageing community in Israel.

However, according to the Federal Research Division of Library of Congress, ethnic Azeris form around 40% of the population of Urmia region.^[35]

The majority of the population can speak the official language of Iran, Persian, in addition to their own native tongue.^[36][37]

Christianity[]

The city is the archiepiscopal see of the Eastern Catholic Metropolitan Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Urmyā, which has a suffragan in Salmas. There are also Protestants, Church of the East adherents and Armenian Orthodox. There are four churches in the central part of the city, two being Assyrian Church of the East, one Armenian, and one Chaldean.^[38][39]

Parks and touristic centres[]

The tourist attractions of the city of Urmia include many parks and coastal villages lying on or near the shores of Lake Urmia. The oldest park in Urmia, called Park-e Saat, was established in the first Pahlavi era. Urmia's largest park is Ellar Bagi Park (Azerbaijani "People's Garden") along the Shahar Chayi, or the "City River".

Lakes and ponds

• Urmia Lake Natural Park
• Hasanloo Lake
• Marmisho lake
• Shahrchay ِDam
• Urmia Lake Islands

Lagoons

• Haft Abad
• Soole Dokel
• Dana Boğan
• Ali Pancesi
• Isti Sou

Parks

• Park-e Saat (Clock Park)
• Park-e Jangali (Jungle Park)
• Ellar Bagi (People's Garden)
• Park-e Shahr (City Park)
• Park-e Saheli (Riverside Park)
• Park-e Shaghayegh
• Alghadir Park
• Tokhmemorghi (Oval) Park
• Ghaem Park

Scenic coastal villages:

• Chichest
• Bari
• Fanoos
• Sier
• Band
• Khoshako

Landscape attractions:

• Qasimlu Valley
• Kazem Dashi Islet in Lake Urmia
• Kashtiban Village
• Imamzada Village
• Silvana Region
• Rashekan to Dash Aghol
• Nazloo
• Dalamper
• Kaboodan Island^[40]

Climate[]

Urmia's climate is cold semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk) bordering continental climate with cold winters, mild springs, hot dry summers, and warm autumns. Precipitation is heavily concentrated in late autumn, winter (mostly in the form of snow), and especially spring, while precipitation is scarce in summer. Temperatures in Urmia are much colder than most of the remainder of Iran because of the elevation. Although dry for being a traditional continental climate, it has cold enough winters to qualify as general continental.

Sport[]

Sports are an important part of Urmia's culture. The most popular sport in Urmia is volleyball. Urmia is considered Iran's volleyball capital, and that is because of the ranks that Shahrdari Urmia VC got in Iranian Volleyball Super League and for the great volleyball players who play on the Iran men's national volleyball team (such as Saed Marouf, Abdolreza Alizadeh, and Milad Ebadipour) and first-class coaches in Iran. Recently, Urmia has also been called "the city of volleyball lovers" by the Fédération Internationale de Volleyball (International Volleyball Federation, FIVB) official website.

The 2010 Asian Men's Cup Volleyball Championship was held in Ghadir Arena in Urmia, 2012 WAFF Futsal Championship, and the 2012 Asian Junior Men's Volleyball Championship was also held in Urmia. It is also one of the venues of the 2019 FIVB Volleyball Men's Nations League.

Culture[]

Azerbaijanis hold festivals and ceremonies such as Nowruz and Eid al-Adha like other Iranian ethnic groups with small differences.^[43] Ashik music is one of the features of the Turkish speaking people of the world. It has different versions in Iran. Meanwhile, as many experts of this art testify the Urmia Ashik, is the most original and oldest version in the world, which has preserved its origin until the present day. Ashik music has its unique styles. As a piece of the culture of Azerbaijan, Urmia Ashik music has been registered in Iran's national heritage.

Museums[]

• Natural History Museum – Displays the animals native to the vicinity of Urmia.
• Urmia Museum – Archaeological museum affiliated with the faculty of Shahid Beheshti University.
• Urmia Museum of Crafts and Classical Arts.
• Urmia Museum of َAnthropology.

Education[]

The first modern style school established in Urmia in 1834.^[44]

Higher education[]

Urmia was an important centre for higher education approximately a century ago; indeed, the medical college of Urmia, which was built by Joseph Cochran and a team of American medical associates in 1878, is the first modern university of Iran. Unfortunately, the college was shut down even before the establishment of the first official University of Iran, University of Tehran. Today, Urmia has become an important centre of education, with several state and private universities and institutes, including those listed below.

Universities in Urmia:

University	Web Site
Urmia University	[1]
Malek Ashtar University of Technology Urmia Branch	[2]
Urmia University of Medical Sciences	[3]
Urmia University of Technology	[4]
Islamic Azad University of Urmia	[5]
Payame Noor University of Urmia	[6]
of Urmia	[7]
University College of Saba	[8]
University College of Azarabadegan	[9]
University College of Elm O fan	[10]
University College of Kamal	[11]
Shahid Beheshti Technical School	[12]
Ghazi Tabatabaee Technical School	[13]
The Girls Technical School of Urmia	[14]
Najand Institute of Higher Education	[15]
University College Afagh	[16]

Libraries[]

• Allame Tabatabayee Library
• Library of Ghaem
• Library of I.R. Iran Education Ministry
• Library of Imam Ali
• Library of kanoon parvaresh fekri
• Library of Khane-ye-Javan
• Library of Shahid Motahhari
• Library of Shahid Bahonar
• Library of Urmia Cultural and Artistical Center

Media[]

Television[]

Urmia has one state-owned television channel, , which broadcasts in both Azerbaijani, and Persian, and internationally through satellite Intelsat 902.^[45]

Radio[]

Urmia has one radio channel broadcasting in Kurdish, Azerbaijani and Persian. The name of the local radio is .^[45]

Press[]

Among others, the city's print media include:

• Orumiye
• Barish news
• Sedaye Urmia
• Amanat
• Koosha
• Araz

Infrastructure[]

Transportation[]

Most of Urmia's residents travel by car through the system of roads and highways. Urmia is also served by taxis and public buses. There are also some private groups that provide services called "Phone-taxi."^{[citation needed]} Two Tram-lines for Urmia are Planned .^{[citation needed]}

Urmia is linked to Europe through Turkey's roads and Sero border crossing. Urmia Airport, which opened in 1964, was the first international airport in West Azerbaijan county, Iran. As of April 2015 it only has regularly scheduled domestic flights to Tehran's Mehrabad International Airport, although there are plans to establish a direct flight between Urmia and Erbil, due to the large number of passengers travelling between the two cities.^[46][47] The city is recently connected to Iran National Railways (IRIR, Persian: رجا ).

Health systems[]

The Iranian government operates public hospitals in the Urmia metropolitan region. There are also a number of private hospitals and medical centers in the city. Hospitals include:^{[citation needed]} Hospitals:

• 523 Artesh(Army) Hospital
• Arefian Hospital^[48]
• Azerbaijan Hospital^[49]
• Gholipour Children's Hospital
• Imam Khomeini Hospital^[50]
• Imam Reza Hospital
• Milad international medical center^[51]
• Motahari Hospital^[52]
• Omid Hospital^[53]
• Razi Psychiatry Hospital^[54]
• Taleghani Hospital^[55]
• Seyedoshohada Heart Hospital^[56]
• Shafa Hospital^[57]
• Shams Hospital^[58]
• Solati Hospital^[59]

Clinics:

• Fatimiye Pro-Medical Clinic
• Kosar Women's Pro-Medical Clinic

Consulates[]

The Turkish government has a consulate on Beheshti Avenue, Urmia, Iran.

People[]

During its history Urmia was the origin for many Iranian illumination^{[clarification needed]} and modernization movements. The city was the hometown of numerous figures including politicians, revolutionaries, artists, and military leaders. Following is a partial list of some of the people who was born or lived in Urmia.

For a complete list see: Category:People from Urmia

• 

  Safi al-Din al-Urmawi, was a renowned musician and writer on the theory of music.

• 

  Haydar Khan e Amo-oghli, was a leftist revolutionary during the Iranian Constitutional Revolution and among the founders of the Communist Party of Iran.

• 

  Fatma Mukhtarova, was a Soviet opera singer.

• 

  Abdul Rahman Ghassemlou, Iranian Kurdish politician, was born in Urmia.

• 

  Gholamreza Hassani, is the previous Friday prayer, First imam of Masjid-e-Jamé mosque of the city of Urmia.

• 

  Saeid Marouf, is an Iranian volleyball player who plays as a setter for the Iranian national team which he captains.

• 

  Davood Azad, is an Iranian classical and folk music singer.

Twin towns and sister cities[]

• Erzurum, Turkey (since 2015)^[60]

See also[]

• Urmia County
• Assyrian homeland
• Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Urmia
• Urmia Orthodokseta
• 64th Infantry Division of Urmia
• Teppe Hasanlu
• Emirate of Bradost

Notes[]

References[]

Sources[]

• Nasiri, Ali Naqi; Floor, Willem M. (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration. Mage Publishers. p. 309. ISBN 978-1933823232.
• Oberling, P. (1984). "AFŠĀR". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 6. pp. 582–586. Archived from the original on 29 April 2011.
• Rothman, E. Nathalie (2015). Brokering Empire: Trans-Imperial Subjects between Venice and Istanbul. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801463129.
• Hooglund, Eric (2008). "The Society and Its Environment" (PDF). In Curtis, Glenn E.; Hooglund, Eric (eds.). Iran: A Country Study. Area Handbook Series. United States Library of Congress, Federal Research Division (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. pp. 81–142. ISBN 978-0-8444-1187-3. Retrieved 13 October 2013.

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Urmia.

• Official website
• The Governor of West Azerbaijan Province
• Urmia Branch of Ministry of Internal Affairs

v t Largest cities or towns in Iran 2016 census
	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.	Rank	Name	Province	Pop.
Tehran Mashhad	1	Tehran	Tehran	8,693,706	11	Rasht	Gilan	679,995	Isfahan Karaj
	2	Mashhad	Razavi Khorasan	3,001,184	12	Zahedan	Sistan and Baluchestan	587,730
	3	Isfahan	Isfahan	1,961,260	13	Hamadan	Hamadan	554,406
	4	Karaj	Alborz	1,592,492	14	Kerman	Kerman	537,718
	5	Shiraz	Fars	1,565,572	15	Yazd	Yazd	529,673
	6	Tabriz	East Azarbaijan	1,558,693	16	Ardabil	Ardabil	529,374
	7	Qom	Qom	1,201,158	17	Bandar Abbas	Hormozgan	526,648
	8	Ahvaz	Khuzestan	1,184,788	18	Arak	Markazi	520,944
	9	Kermanshah	Kermanshah	946,651	19	Eslamshahr	Tehran	448,129
	10	Urmia	West Azarbaijan	736,224	20	Zanjan	Zanjan	430,871