Vietnam under Chinese rule
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Vietnam under Chinese rule or Bắc thuộc (北屬, lit. "belonging to the north")[1][2] refers to four historical periods when Vietnam was under the rule of various Chinese dynasties. Before this era, the Vietnamese were considered to be Proto-Viet-Muong before assimilation with various Chinese dynasties throughout history. Bắc thuộc is traditionally considered to have started in 111 BC, when the Han dynasty conquered Nanyue (although Chinese influence in the Hong River Delta had begun centuries earlier) and lasted until the fall of the Tang dynasty in the 10th century. A fourth, relatively brief, 20-year rule by the Ming dynasty during the 15th century is usually excluded by historians in their discussion of the main, almost continuous, period of Chinese rule from 111 BC to AD 939, as is the brief occupation of Vietnam by Kuomintang forces of the Republic of China at the end of World War II.
Periods of Chinese rule[]
The four periods of Chinese rule in Vietnam:
| Period of Chinese rule | Chinese dynasty | Year | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| First Era of Northern Domination Bắc thuộc lần thứ nhất 北屬吝次一 |
Western Han dynasty Xin dynasty Eastern Han dynasty |
111 BC–AD 40 | The first period of Bắc thuộc is traditionally considered to have started following the Western Han's victory in the Han–Nanyue War. It ended with the brief revolt of the Trưng sisters. |
| Second Era of Northern Domination Bắc thuộc lần thứ hai 北屬吝次二 |
Eastern Han dynasty Eastern Wu dynasty Western Jin dynasty Eastern Jin dynasty Liu Song dynasty Southern Qi dynasty Liang dynasty |
AD 43–544 | Chinese rule was restored after the Trung sisters' rebellion. The second period of Chinese rule was ended by the revolt of Lý Bôn who took advantage of the internal disorder of the waning Liang dynasty. Lý Bôn subsequently proclaimed himself as "Emperor of Nanyue". |
| Third Era of Northern Domination Bắc thuộc lần thứ ba 北屬吝���三 |
Sui dynasty Tang dynasty Wu Zhou dynasty Southern Han dynasty |
AD 602–905 or AD 602–938 |
The Sui dynasty reincorporated Vietnam into China following the Sui–Early Lý War. This period saw the entrenchment of mandarin administration in Vietnam. The third period of Chinese rule concluded following the collapse of the Tang dynasty and the subsequent defeat of the Southern Han armada by Ngô Quyền at the Battle of Bạch Đằng. Ngô Quyền later proclaimed himself king of the Viets. |
| Fourth Era of Northern Domination Bắc thuộc lần thứ tư 北屬吝次四 |
Ming dynasty | AD 1407–1427 | Vietnam was brought under the control of China following the Ming dynasty's victory in the Ming–Hồ War. The fourth period of Chinese rule ended when the Lam Sơn uprising led by Lê Lợi emerged successful. Lê Lợi then re-established an independent kingdom of Đại Việt. |
Geographical extent and impact[]
The four periods of Chinese rule did not correspond to the modern borders of Vietnam but to Vietnam as a cultural entity. During the first three periods of Chinese rule, the pre-Sinitic indigenous culture was centered in the northern part of modern Vietnam in the alluvial deltas of the Hong, Că and Mã Rivers.[3][4] Ten centuries of Chinese rule left a substantial demographic footprint, with settlement by large numbers of ethnic Han,[5][6] while opening up Vietnam for trade and cultural exchange.[7]
Elements of Chinese culture such as language, religion, art and way of life constituted an important component of traditional Vietnamese culture until modernity. This cultural affiliation to China remained true even when Vietnam was militarily defending itself against attempted invasions, such as against the Yuan dynasty. Chinese characters remained the official script of Vietnam until French colonization in the 20th century, despite the rise in vernacular chữ nôm literature in the aftermath of the expulsion of the Ming.[8] Although 1,000 years of Chinese rule left many traces, the collective memory of the periods reinforced Vietnamese cultural and later political independence.[9]
Population[]
| Year | Chinese dynasty | Period | Household | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2[10] | Han dynasty | First Era of Northern Domination | 143,643 | 981,755 |
| 140[10] | Han dynasty | Second Era of Northern Domination | 64,776[a] | 310,570 |
| Jin dynasty[11] | Second Era of Northern Domination | 25,600 | - | |
| Liu Song dynasty[11] | Second Era of Northern Domination | 10,453 | - | |
| 609[12] | Sui dynasty | Third Era of Northern Domination | 56,566 | - |
| ca. 700[13] | Tang dynasty | Third Era of Northern Domination (Protectorate General to Pacify the South) |
38,626[b] | 148,431 |
| 740[13] | Tang dynasty | Third Era of Northern Domination (Protectorate General to Pacify the South) |
75,839[c] | 299,377 |
| 807[13] | Tang dynasty | Third Era of Northern Domination (Protectorate General to Pacify the South) |
40,486 | -[d] |
| 1408[14] | Ming dynasty | Fourth Era of Northern Domination | - | 5,200,000[e] |
| 1417[15][14] | Ming dynasty | Fourth Era of Northern Domination | 450,288 | 1,900,000 |
See also[]
- Chinese imperialism
- China–Vietnam relations
- Sinicization
Notes[]
- ^ The 140 census for the Hong River Delta did not survive.[10]
- ^ The census for Phuc Loc, Luc, Truong and Dien counties did not survive.[13]
- ^ The census for Phuc Loc county did not survive.[13]
- ^ Information pertaining to the population size in the census did not survive.[13]
- ^ Ming Shilu Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource
References[]
- ^ Eliot 1995, p. 557.
- ^ Ooi 2004, p. 1296.
- ^ Lockard 2010, p. 125.
- ^ Walker 2012, p. 269.
- ^ Trần 1993, p. 14.
- ^ Suryadinata 1997, p. 268.
- ^ Hoang 2007, p. 15.
- ^ Ms 2007, p. 828.
- ^ Ray 2007, p. 29.
- ^ a b c Taylor 1983, p. 56.
- ^ a b Taylor 1983, p. 120.
- ^ Taylor 1983, p. 167.
- ^ a b c d e f Taylor 1983, p. 176.
- ^ a b Li 2018, p. 166.
- ^ Li 2018, p. 159.
Sources[]
- Lockard, Craig A. (2010). Societies, Networks, and Transitions: A Global History To 1500. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-439-08535-6.
- Walker, Hugh Dyson (2012). East Asia: A New History. ISBN 978-1-477-26516-1.
- Suryadinata, Leo (1997). Ethnic Chinese As Southeast Asians. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
- Eliot, Joshua (1995). Thailand, Indochina and Burma Handbook. Trade & Travel Publications.
- Hoang, Anh Tuấn (2007). Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese relations, 1637-1700. Brill. ISBN 978-9-04-742169-6.
- Trần, Khánh (1993). The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813016668.
- Ms, Cc (2007). The World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia - Volume 6. Marshall Cavendish.
- Ray, Nick (2007). Lonely Planet Vietnam. Lonely Planet.
- Ooi, Keat Gin, ed. (2004). Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-576-07771-9.
- Li, Tana (2018). Nguyen Cochinchina: Southern Vietnam in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-1-501-73257-7.
- Taylor, Keith Weller (1983), The Birth of the Vietnam, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-07417-0
External links[]
- China–Vietnam relations
- Historical regions of China
- History of China
- History of Vietnam