Vitebsk

Vitebsk
City
Витебск  (Russian) Віцебск  (Belarusian)
Left:Vitebsk Slavianski Bazaar, Vitebsk Annunciation Church, Pieramohi Offensive Monument in Pieramohi Square, Vitebsk Christ Resurrection Church, Right:Vitebsk Mark Chagali House, Vitebsk Assumption Cathedral, Vitebsk City Hall (all items listed from top to bottom)
Flag Coat of arms
Vitebsk Location of Vitebsk in Belarus Vitebsk Vitebsk (Europe) Show map of BelarusShow map of EuropeShow all
Coordinates: 55°11′30″N 30°12′20″E / 55.19167°N 30.20556°E / 55.19167; 30.20556Coordinates: 55°11′30″N 30°12′20″E / 55.19167°N 30.20556°E / 55.19167; 30.20556
Country	Belarus
Voblast	Vitebsk Region
Founded	974
Government
• Chairman	Viktor Pavlovich Nikolaykin
Area
• City	124.54 km2 (48.09 sq mi)
Elevation	172 m (564 ft)
Population  (2015)
• Urban	366,299
	[1]
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK)
Postal code	210000
Area code(s)	+375-212
License plate	2
Website	Official website

Vitebsk (Russian: Витебск, pronounced [ˈvʲitʲɪpsk]) or Viciebsk^[2] (Belarusian: Ві́цебск, pronounced [ˈvʲitsʲepsk]), is a city in Belarus. The capital of the Vitebsk Region, it has 366,299 inhabitants, making it the country's fourth-largest city. It is served by Vitebsk Vostochny Airport and Vitebsk Air Base.

History[]

Before 1945[]

View of Vitebsk in the early 19th century by Józef Peszka.

Vitebsk developed from a river harbor where the River (Віцьба, from which it derives its name) flows into the larger Western Dvina, which is spanned in the city by the Kirov Bridge.

Archaeological research indicates that Baltic tribes had settlements at the mouth of Vitba. In the 9th century, Slavic settlements of the tribal union of the Krivichs replaced them. According to the (1760), Princess Olga of Kiev founded Vitebsk (also recorded as Dbesk, Vidbesk, Videbsk, Vitepesk, or Vicibesk) in 974. Other versions give 947 or 914. Academician Boris Rybakov and historian Leonid Alekseyev have come to the conclusion, based on the chronicles, that Princess Olga of Kiev could have established Vitebsk in 947. Leonid Alekseyev suggested that the chroniclers, when transferring the date from the account of the Byzantine era (since the creation of the world) to a new era, obtained the year 947, later mistakenly written in copying manuscripts as 974. An important place on trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks, Vitebsk became by the end of the 12th century a center of trade and commerce, and the center of an independent principality, following Polotsk, and at times, Smolensk and Kiev princes.

The official year of the founding of Vitebsk is 974, based on an anachronistic legend of founding by Olga of Kiev, but the first mention in historical records dates from 1021, when Yaroslav the Wise of Kiev gave it to Bryachislav Izyaslavich, Prince of Polotsk.^[3]

In the 12th and 13th centuries Vitebsk functioned as the capital of the Principality of Vitebsk, an appanage principality which thrived at the crossroads of the river routes between the Baltic and Black seas. In 1320 the city was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as dowry of the Princess Maria, the first wife of Grand Duke of Lithuania Algirdas. By 1351 the city had erected a stone Upper and Lower Castle, the prince's palace. In 1410 Vitebsk participated in the Battle of Grunwald. In 1569 it became a part of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1597 the townsfolk of Vitebsk were privileged with Magdeburg rights. However, the rights were taken away in 1623 after the citizens revolted against the imposed Union of Brest and killed Archbishop Josaphat Kuntsevych of Polotsk. The city was almost completely destroyed in 1708, during the Great Northern War. In the First Partition of Poland in 1772, the Russian Empire annexed Vitebsk.

Under the Russian Empire the historic centre of Vitebsk was rebuilt in the Neoclassical style.

The Battle of Vitebsk was fought west of the city on 26–27 July 1812 as Napoleon attempted to engage decisively with the Russian army. While the French were to occupy the town for over three months (the emperor celebrating his 43rd birthday there) the Russian army was able to slip away with minimal losses towards Smolensk.^[4]

Before World War II Vitebsk had a significant Jewish population: according to Russian census of 1897, out of the total population of 65,900, Jews constituted 34,400 (around 52% percent).^[5] The most famous of its Jewish natives was the painter Marc Chagall (1887-1985).

In 1919 Vitebsk was proclaimed to be part of the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia (January to February 1919), but was soon transferred to the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and later to the short-lived Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (February to July 1919). In 1924 it was returned to the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

During World War II the city came under Nazi German occupation (11 July 1941 – 26 June 1944). Much of the old city was destroyed in the ensuing battles between the Germans and Red Army soldiers. Most of the local Jews perished in the Vitebsk Ghetto massacre of October 1941. The Soviets recaptured the city during the 1944 Vitebsk–Orsha Offensive.

Post-war period[]

Downtown of Vitebsk

In the first postwar five-year period the city was rebuilt. Its industrial complex covered machinery, light industry, and machine tools.

In 1959 a TV tower was commissioned and started broadcasting the 1st Central Television program. In the same year, during excavations on Liberation Square, a birch-bark scroll was found dating from the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. It read:^{[citation needed]}

From Stpana to Nezhilovi. Also, if hast sold trousers, buy me rye for 6 hryvnia. And if some didst not sold, send to my person. And if thou hast sold, do good to buy rye for me

Independence of Belarus[]

In January 1991, Vitebsk celebrated the first Marc Chagall Festival. In June 1992, a monument to Chagall was erected on his native Pokrovskaja Street and a memorial inscription was placed on the wall of his house.

Since 1992 Vitebsk has been hosting the annual Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk, an international art festival. The main participants are artists from Russia, Belarus and Ukraine, with guests from many other countries, both Slavic and non-Slavic. In 1999 a free economic zone "Vitebsk" was established. The city built the Ice Sports Palace, and there was a remarkable improvement and expansion in the city. The central stadium was reconstructed and the Summer Amphitheatre for the international art festival, the Slavic Bazaar, the railway station and other historical sites and facilities were restored, and a number of new churches and other public facilities were built, together with the construction of new residential areas.

Attractions[]

St. Barbara church in Vitebsk

Vitebsk Town Hall (1775)

Cathedral of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Vitebsk

The city has one of the oldest buildings in the country: the . This magnificent six-pillared building dates back to the period of Kievan Rus since the city at the time was pagan and didn't belong to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church or the Russian Orthodox Church or the Kievan Rus state. It was constructed in the 1140s as a pagan church, rebuilt in the 14th and 17th centuries as Roman Catholic Church, repaired in 1883 and destroyed by the Communist administration in 1961. The church was in ruins until 1992, when it was restored to its presumed original appearance.^[6]

Churches from the Polish-Lithuanian period were likewise destroyed, although the Resurrection Church (1772–77) has been rebuilt. The Orthodox cathedral, dedicated to the Intercession of the Theotokos, was erected in 1760. There are also the town hall (1775); the Russian governor's palace, where Napoleon celebrated his 43rd birthday in 1812; the Neo-Romanesque Roman Catholic cathedral (1884–85); and an obelisk commemorating the centenary of the Russian victory over Napoleon.

Vitebsk is also home to a lattice steel TV tower carrying a horizontal cross on which the antenna mast is guyed. This tower, which is nearly identical to that at Grodno, but a few metres shorter (245 metres in Vitebsk versus 254 metres at Grodno) was completed in 1983. The city is also home to the Marc Chagall Museum and the Vitebsk regional museum.

Geography[]

Climate[]

Vitebsk has warm summer humid continental climate, Köppen: Dfb. Summers are generally warm, while winters are relatively cold but still warmer than in Moscow due to a stronger influence of maritime air from the Baltic Sea. Approximately 724 mm (28.5 in) of precipitation falls here per annum.

Education[]

The main universities of Vitebsk are Vitebsk State Technological University, and Vitebsk State University named in honor of Pyotr Masherov.

Sport[]

HK Vitebsk of the Belarusian Extraleague is the local pro hockey team.

Notable people[]

Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk, 2009

• Zhores Alferov (1930-2019), physicist, 2000 Nobel Prize Winner for Physics
• S. Ansky (1863–1920), playwright, The Dybbuk
• Anatol Baharyroǔ (Anatoly Bogatyrev) (1913 – 2003), Belarusian composer^[8]
• Vladimir Bourmeister (1904–1971), ballet choreographer
• Marc Chagall (1887–1985), artist
• (1881–1964), U.S. labor journalist with ILGWU
• Sam Dolgoff (1902–1990), anarcho-syndicalist housepainter
• Tanya Dziahileva (1991-), model
• (1986-), painter and poet
• Mark Fradkin (1914 – 1990), composer^[9]
• Leon Gaspard (1882–1964), artist
• Joseph Günzburg (1812–1878), Russian financier and philanthropist
• Isser Harel (1912–2003), Israel intelligence chief
• Lazar Khidekel (1904–1986), artist, architect
• (1909—1977), architect
• Franciszek Dionizy Kniaźnin (1750 – 1807), poet and collector of Belarusian folklore^[10]
• Leon Kobrin (1873–1946), playwright
• Marcelo Koc (1918–2006), Argentinian composer
• Sergei Kornilenko (1983-), footballer
• Lazar Lagin (1903–1979), writer
• El Lissitzky (1890–1941), artist
• Menachem Mendel of Vitebsk (1730?–1788), Hasidic Rebbe
• Anna Missuna (1868–1922), geologist
• (1997), lasertag warrior^[11]
• Yehuda Pen (1854–1937), artist
• Kazimierz Siemienowicz (1600–1651), engineer, pioneer of rocketry
• Ivan Sollertinsky (1902-1944), polymath, critic, and musicologist
• Joseph Solman (1909–2008), American painter
• Simeon Strunsky (1879–1948), author in New York City
• Immanuel Velikovsky (1895–1979), psychiatrist/psychoanalyst and author
• Alexander Vvedensky (1889–1946), one of the leaders of the Living Church movement
• (1955-2020), painter

Website[]

The website of the city of Vitebsk www.gorod212.by,^[12] a news portal.

Sources[]

• Shishanov V. A. (2007). Vitebsk Museum of Modern Art: history of creation and collection. 1918–1941. Minsk: Medisont. p. 144. In Russian. eastview.com
• Любезный мне город Витебск.... Мемуары и документы. Конец XVIII — начало XIX в. / Вступ. ст., науч., коммент., сост., публ. В. А. Шишанова. Мн.: Асобны Дах, 2005. 40 с. [2]
• Шишанов В. 947 или 914? // Витебский проспект. 2005. No.45. 10 нояб. С.3.
• Изобразительное искусство Витебска 1918 – 1923 гг. в местной периодической печати : библиограф. указ. и тексты публ. / сост. В. А. Шишанов. – Минск : Медисонт, 2010. – 264 с. [3]

Notes[]

External links[]

• "Vitebsk : The Fight and Destruction of the 3rd Panzer Army" by Otto Heidkamper and Linden Lyons, Casemate Publishers, 2017

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vitebsk.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Vitebsk.

• Encyclopedia of Vitebsk
• Cultural space — Vitebsk4.me(in Belarusian)
• Official web server(in Russian)
• Official site(in Russian)
• Population of Vitebsk by mother tongue in 1897
• The plan of Vitebsk 1904
• Official site of Vitebsk regional museum of local lore(in Russian)
• Vitsyebsk, Belarus at JewishGen