Principality of Vitebsk

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Principality of Vitebsk
Віцебскае княства
1101–1508
CapitalVitebsk
Common languagesOld East Slavic
Religion
Eastern Orthodox
GovernmentMonarchy
History 
• Established
1101
• Disestablished
1508
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Principality of Polotsk Principality of Polotsk
Grand Duchy of Lithuania Grand Duchy of Lithuania

The Principality of Vitebsk (Belarusian: Віцебскае княства) was a Ruthenian principality centered on the city of Vitebsk in modern Belarus, that existed from its founding in 1101 until it was inherited into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1320, and only nominally until 1508.[1]

History[]

Church of Annunciation, erected in Vitebsk in the 12th century

The area around Vitebsk was controlled by the principality of Polotsk beginning from the 10th century. Following the death of Vseslav of Polotsk in 1101, Polotsk was divided into six smaller principalities each to be inherited by one of his six surviving sons. Vseslav's second born son, inherited the lands surrounding Vitebsk and started the Vitebsk branch of the princes of Polotsk.

In 1106, Sviatoslav had partaken in a raid against the Baltic tribes in Semigallia with his brothers. In 1127, the prince of Kiev, Mstislav Vladimirovich, began a war with the princes of Polotsk over trade routes and pillaged several cities including Polotsk. Following the death of Rogvolod Vseslavich in 1128, inherited Polotsk and opposed the truce between Rogvolod and Kiev and renewed the conflict. During the new campaigning in 1129, Mstislav Vladimirovich captured the three remaining sons of Vseslav (, and ) and annexed Polotsk and its vassals including Vitebsk. Mstislav gave the title of Polotsk to his son . Sviatoslav and his brothers along with their immediate families were exiled to Constantinople where Sviatoslav died in 1130.

Sviatoslav's son , after having likely served as commander under emperor John II Komnenos, returned from his exile in Constantinople in either 1131 or 1132 to claim his inheritance as Prince of Vitebsk. In 1132, the residents of Polotsk unhappy with the rule of , invited Vasilko to claim the Principality of Polotsk. Vasilko accepted the offer and gave the title of Vitebsk over to his son . Under the reign of Vseslav, the other exiled Polotsk princes were allowed to return in 1139 and the princes of Vitebsk, Minsk and Drutsk began to quarrel over the control of Polotsk after claimed Polotsk in 1162. In 1165–1167 due to the feudal strife, the principality of Vitebsk was shortly acquired by the princes of Smolensk. However this submission was short lived, and Vitebsk soon regained independence and given to , another son of . During this time period, the principality had strong trade connections to Riga.

In 1186, the principality of Vitebsk again fell under the influence of Smolensk which angered the princes of Polotsk and Chernigov whom in 1195 marched against the prince of Smolensk. As a result of this campaign, Vitebsk again fell under the rule of Polotsk. In the beginning of the thirteenth century, Vitebsk had close relationships with the princes of Vladimir-Suzdal but due to the swift diplomatic maneuvering of Lithuanian princes, the principality fell under the influence of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania when Grand Duke Algirdas married to the daughter of the last prince of Vitebsk Maria of Vitebsk.[2] It is not known who succeeded after the death of the second in 1232. However, in 1254, the nephew of Mindaugas, Tautvilas was given Polotsk, and he placed his son Constantine as ruler of Vitebsk in 1262. The last prince of Vitebsk was , whose daughter Mary was married to a Lithuanian prince. Jaroslav died in 1320 without heirs and Vitebsk was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

In 1508, the Voivodeship of Vitebsk was created out of the lands of the former principality along with the cities of Orsha, Drutsk and Mogilyov.

Rulers[]

  • (1101–1129)
  • (1129–1132)
  • (1132–1164)
  • (1162–1165)
  • Davyd Rostislavich (1165–1167) Smolensk Ruled
  • (1168–1175)
  • Vseslav Vasilkovich (1175–1178) (Second Term)
  • Briachislav Vasilkovich (1178–1181) (Second Term)
  • Vseslav Vasilkovich (1180–1186) (Third Term)
  • (1186–1221)
  • (1221–1232)
  • ??? (1232–1262)
  • (1262–1263)
  • (1264)
  • (1270–1280/97)
  • (1297–1320)
  • Algirdas (1320–1377) (from 1345, Grand Duke of Lithuania)
  • Uliana of Tver (1377–1393)
  • Vytautas (1393)
  • Fedor Vesna (1394–1396)
  • Švitrigaila (1396)

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Fennell, J. (2014). The Crisis of Medieval Russia 1200–1304. Longman History of Russia. Taylor & Francis. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-317-87314-3. Retrieved 14 September 2018.
  2. ^ Rowell, Stephen Christopher (1994). Lithuania Ascending: A Pagan Empire Within East-Central Europe, 1295–1345. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge University Press. p. 88. ISBN 978-0-521-45011-9. Retrieved 14 May 2021.

Coordinates: 55°N 30°E / 55°N 30°E / 55; 30

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