Wang Jun (Pengzu)

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For other people named Wang Jun, see Wang Jun.
Not to be confused with Wang Jun (Jin dynasty).
Wang Jun
王浚
Inspector of You Province (幽州刺史)
In office
306–314
MonarchEmperor Hui of Jin/Emperor Huai of Jin
Preceded byWang Bin
Succeeded byDuan Pidi
Personal details
Born252
Died314
Spouse(s)Wen Can
Wei Xiu
Hua Fang
ChildrenWang Zhou
Wang Yi
Wang Ze
Wang Shao
Wang Li
Parents
Courtesy namePengzu (彭祖)
In this Chinese name, the family name is Wang.

Wang Jun (252–314), courtesy name Pengzu, was a military general and warlord who lived during the Western Jin dynasty of China. By the time of Sima Lun's usurpation of the Jin throne he was established as a military commander in You Province. Although he became a target of Sima Ying as the War of the Eight Princes unfolded, he survived the chaos, ultimately supporting Sima Yue's faction. At the time of the Disaster of Yongjia which saw the collapse of Jin control in northern China, he was one of Jin's few remaining provincial powers in the north. However among claims of imperial ambitions and corruption, he clashed not only with northern tribal powers but also his Jin Dynasty rival Liu Kun the Inspector of Bingzhou, before his final defeat and death at the hands of Shi Le, who had previously won Wang Jun's trust.

Early life and career[]

Wang Jun was born to a concubine of Wang Chen of the prominent Wang clan of Jinyang county (晉陽), Taiyuan commandery. As his mother came from a poor commoner family, his father resented and refused to acknowledge him. His uncle, Wang Hun once remarked about him to Wang Chen and the rest of his family, “You men should not lightly esteem Pengzu. This boy, in a time of peace will be no less than a regional dignitary of an expansive province; in an age of chaos he could become an inspector general or one of the Three Eminences.”[1] It was not until when Wang Chen died in 266 with no other issue that Wang Jun was formally recognized by his family to succeed him.

In 282, he was sent to the northern tribes as a mediator. This was Wang Jun's first contact with the barbarians. In 291, he became Commandant of the Surpassing Riders and General of the Right and some time later he also became the Imperial Corps Commander tasked in defending Xuchang.[2]

War of the Eight Princes[]

Consolidating Youzhou[]

During Empress Jia's paramount rule over the dynasty, Wang Jun assisted her and the eunuch Sun Lü (孫慮) in poisoning the Crown Prince, Sima Yu in 300. Through this, he received the title General Who Pacifies the North and Imperial Inspector of Qingzhou. In addition to that, he was sent to Youzhou to direct military affairs when he became General Who Pacifies the Beginning.[3] Meanwhile, the recent death of the crown prince at the hands of the Empress was riling up the princes and officials in the capital. Wang Jun was keen in securing an alliance with the northern tribes to secure his influence and territories in You and Qing. He married his two daughters; one to the chieftain of the Duan tribe, and another to the chieftain of the Yuwen tribe, Sunuyan (素怒延).[4] He also petitioned for Duan Wuwuchen to be given Liaoxi commandery and appointed Duke of Liaoxi.[5] When Sima Lun usurped the throne from Emperor Hui of Jin 301, Wang Jun initially backed him and ignored the call to arms from the coalition against him. However, due to pressure from Sima Ying, he was forced to switch sides, although he made very minimal contribution. Nevertheless, he was still awarded the title of General Who Secures the North after Sima Lun was overthrown.[6]

War with Sima Ying (304)[]

After Sima Ai's demise in 304, Sima Ying sought to eliminate Wang Jun, not forgetting his reluctance in the coalition a few years back. He plotted with He Yan (和演) and the Wuhuan Chanyu Shen Deng (審登) but the plan failed as a heavy storm drenched the troop's equipments. Furthermore, Shen Deng, believing this to be a sign that heaven sided with Wang Jun, revealed the plot to Wang. Wang Jun allied himself with the Inspector of Bingzhou, Sima Teng (司馬騰), and with his tribal allies they attacked and killed He Yan before heading out against Sima Ying.[7]

Sima Ying tried to summon Wang Jun as he entered Jizhou but Wang ignored it and continued his march towards Ye. Thus, he sent his generals Shi Chao (石超) and Wang Bin (王斌) to intercept Wang Jun but Wang defeated both of them.[8] Panicked, Sima Ying abandoned Ye and fled to the capital Luoyang with Emperor Hui of Jin. Wang Jun captured and sacked Ye in Sima Ying's absence. Wang allowed the Xianbei and Wuhuan to pillage the city and abduct the women for themselves. He threatened civilians who tried to hide anything from his army with execution. At least 8,000 people were killed and their bodies were used to fill the Yi River. Wang returned to Jicheng soon after.[9]

Sima Yue's coalition (304-306)[]

Wang Jun entered a coalition against Sima Yong where he and a few others acclaimed the Prince of Donghai, Sima Yue as their leader in 305. For the rest of the war he assisted his allies in reclaiming Chang'an and the emperor from Sima Yong.[10] When one of the coalition members, Sima Xiao (司馬虓), sent his marshal Liu Kun to request aid from Wang Jun, Wang granted Liu his Xianbei and Wuhuan cavalries and together they defeated Sima Yong's general Wang Chan (王闡). He also sent his general Qi Hong (祁弘) to bring his barbarian cavalries to serve as Sima Yue's vanguard[11] and in 306, he quelled a rebellion led by Liu Bogen (劉柏根) in Qingzhou.[12] After Sima Yue captured Chang'an the same year, Wang Jun was showered with promotions, being appointed as Grand General of Agile Cavalry, Commander over the eastern tribes and the military affairs of Hebei, and acting Inspector of Youzhou.[13]

Conflicts with Shi Le and Liu Kun[]

Early success with Han Zhao[]

Despite the end of the civil war, the Jin government must now face the issues of the two newly established barbarian states in China, the Xiongnu Han Zhao and the Ba-Di Cheng Han. Han Zhao, established and led by the Xiongnu noble Liu Yuan, threatened northern China. In 308, Wang Jun repelled Han's general Shi Le from Changshan and in 309 Wang sent his general Qi Hong and Xianbei ally Duan Wuwuchen to defeat Shi at Mount Feilong (飛龍山, in present-day Xinzhou, Shanxi).[14] After Shi Le invaded Xinyu and killed the Inspector of Jizhou, Wang Bin the next year, Wang Jun replaced him as acting command of the province. His colleague, Li Zhen (李臻) tried to stage a revolt to stop his growing influence but he was killed by the Administrator of Liaodong, Pang Ben (龐本) before it could take place. In 310, Wang Jun's general Qi Hong scored another victory against Han by defeating their Inspector of Jizhou Liu Ling (劉靈) at Guanzong.[15]

Conflict with Liu Kun[]

However, Wang Jun soon found himself in a dispute with his colleague and former ally, the now Inspector of Bingzhou Liu Kun later that year. Liu Kun had allied himself with the chieftain of the Tuoba Xianbei, Tuoba Yilu to campaign against the Tiefu Xiongnu leader Liu Hu (劉虎) . After Tuoba Yilu assisted Liu Kun in his campaign against him, Liu Kun petitioned that Tuoba Yilu should receive Dai commandery, which was a part of Wang Jun's territory in Youzhou.[16] Wang Jun was not consulted in the matter, so he sent his troops to attack with Tuoba Yilu but they were driven back. Because of this, Wang Jun bore a grudge for Liu Kun and the two developed an exploitable rivalry for the Han forces.

The following year, Emperor Huai of Jin gave out numerous promotions to his officials and Wang Jun was further promoted as Grand Marshal, Palace Attendant, Grand Commander, and Chief Controller of Youzhou and Jizhou. However, before the commendation order could arrive to any of his selected officials, the emperor and Luoyang were captured by Liu Yao during the Disaster of Yongjia.[17] After the emperor's capture, Wang Jun chose an unknown candidate as the new Crown Prince and claimed that he has an imperial edict to grant appointments. He appointed himself as Prefect of Master of Writings and gave a few other officials new offices, even appointing the future Emperor Yuan of Jin, Sima Rui as Grand General.[18]

The same year, Wang Jun fought with Liu Kun once more. As Bingzhou's population declined, Liu Kun sent his kinsman Liu Xi (劉希) to gather men from Wang Jun's territory in the commanderies of Dai, Shanggu and Guangning (廣寧郡, in present-day Hebei and Beijing). When Wang Jun discovered the intrusion, he was furious. He sent Hu Ju (胡矩) and (Duan Wuwuchen's son who succeeded him as chieftain of the Duan tribe after his father's death some time between 310 and 311) to deal with Liu Xi and the two men killed him in battle.[19]

Downfall and death[]

Losing support from the Xianbei and Wuhuan[]

Although Wang Jun was initially successful against Shi Le, the tide shifted in favor of Shi Le in 312. After Han's city of Yuanxiang (苑鄕, in present-day Hebei and Beijing) surrendered to Wang Jun, Shi Le laid siege on the city. In response, Wang Jun sent Wang Chang (王昌) and Duan Jilujuan to attack Shi Le's base at Xiangguo. However, Duan Jilujuan's cousin, was captured in battle. Shi Le used this as an opportunity to win over the Duan tribe to his side. He sent Jilujuan gifts and treated Mopei with courtesy. Jilujuan was charmed with Shi's actions and withdrew his troop.[20] Later, Shi Le led a few skirmishes against Wang Jun and killed Wang's Inspector of Jizhou and Inspector of Qingzhou on two separate occasions. When Wang Jun was planning to attack Shi Le again the same year, Duan Jilujuan refused to comply with Wang. Wang Jun was insulted by Jilujuan's reaction, and riled up their rival Xianbei tribes, the Tuoba and Murong to attack the Duan but they repelled the attackers.[21]

Losing the support of his powerful Xianbei allies, Wang Jun also began to lose the favour of his Wuhuan troops to Shi Le. Consecutive droughts, floods and locust infestations caused poor crop yields which weakened his armies and left his populace discontent. Furthermore, Wang Jun's poor administration in contrast with Murong Hui's benevolent rule in Liaodong convinced many to migrate over to the latter’s territory from the former.[22]

Capture by Shi Le[]

Despite the setbacks, Wang Jun only became more arrogant and prouder. Subscribing to a prophecy that the one to replace Han bears the name 'High Road',[a] Wang Jun considered taking the imperial title for himself in 313. He had many of his officials executed for criticizing his imperial ambition. The gentry was disturbed by Wang Jun violent impulses and distanced themselves from him. Wang Jun also began to neglect political affairs, leaving them in the hands of his corrupted and heinous officials such as Zao Song (棗嵩), Zhu Shuo (朱碩) and Tan Heng (貪橫). The three men's policies were so troublesome that many of Wang Jun's people fled to the Xianbei.[23]

Hearing Wang Jun's situation, Shi Le wondered if he should strike at him. At the advice of Zhang Bin, Shi Le pretended to appear weak, sending gifts and offering his surrender to Wang Jun through letter in 313. As Wang Jun was in need of a talented figure after having lost most of his subordinates at the time, he was delighted by his surrender and accepted it without a doubt.[24] To show his loyalty, Shi Le declined an offer from Wang Jun's general You Tong (游統) to rebel against Wang. The next year, when Wang Jun's envoy went to Shi Le's headquarters in Xiangguo, Shi Le hid his strongest troops to further give the implications that he was weaker than Wang. When presented with an elk tail by Wang Jun, Shi Le pretended to be afraid to grasp and instead hung it on a wall to show his respect to him. Finally, Shi Le sent a petition to visit Wang Jun intending to submit and hail him as emperor later that year.[25]

With the petition, Wang Jun was ready to accept Shi Le into his ranks. Before arriving at Jicheng, Wang Jun killed You Tong's brother You Lun (游綸) when passing at Bairen to prevent the plan from leaking. Shi Le also sent letter to Wang Jun's rival Liu Kun, asking permission to attack Wang to which Liu allowed. As Shi Le drew closer, Wang Jun's generals and advisers insisted him to immediately attack Shi but Wang scolded them and threatened to execute anyone who disobeys him. Once he arrived, Wang Jun ordered the gatekeepers to let him in. Shi Le flooded the city with cattle and sheep seemingly as offerings to Wang Jun but his true intention was to block the exits so that Wang could not escape. Wang Jun began to panic when he realized this but it was too late. Shi Le entered the city, where he let loose his soldiers and sacked the place.[26]

Wang Jun retreated to his chambers but was eventually arrested along with his wife by Shi Le's men. When brought face to face with Shi Le, Wang scolded him and said, "How dare a barbarian like you make a fool of me? What wicked treason is this?" Shi Le's official, Xu Guang, replied:[27]

You hold the loftiest of offices, and you have powerful soldiers at hand. Yet you sat and watched as the court you served was overthrown, and you did nothing to lend them aid. Now you even want to exalt yourself as the Son of Heaven. Is that not 'wicked treason'? And even though you held an important office, you gave in to perverse greed, inflicting your tyranny on the common people and taxing and harming the loyal and the good. Poison has spread through the whole Yan region, and whose fault is it but yours?

Aftermath[]

Wang Jun was sent to Xiangguo to be executed. On the way, Wang Jun attempted suicide by drowning in a river, but the guards managed to restrain him. Once at Xiangguo, Wang Jun was beheaded in the marketplace and his head was presented to the Han emperor Liu Cong as a gift.[28] After his death, many of Wang Jun's underlings were also executed by Shi Le. One of Wang Jun’s subordinate, Shao Xu, continued to resist Shi Le until his capture in 320 and execution the following year.

Hua Fang's epitaph[]

Hua Fang (華芳) was the third wife of Wang Jun who died in 307. On July 1965, her tombstone was discovered in Babaoshan Cemetery inscribed with an epitaph written by her husband. The stone which the epitaph is inscribed on measures 130 x 56 cm, and it is the largest excavated inscription from Wang Jun's period so far. Apart from details of Hua Fang, the epitaph also contains information of Wang Jun and his life, casting them in a positive light that contrasts the presentation of him in historical records.[29]

Notes[]

  1. ^ This prophecy (代漢者，當塗高也) had existed since the time of Emperor Wu of Han. The warlords Gongsun Shu and Yuan Shu had used this prophecy to justify their claim to the imperial title during the Eastern Han Dynasty. Wang Jun's father had the style name 'Chudao' (處道) which roughly translates to 'place road'.

References[]

  1. ^ (王浚字彭祖。王渾從子。司空王沈賤嬖出也。少時不為親黨所知。渾謂弟等曰：「卿等莫輕彭祖。此兒平世不減方州牧伯。亂世可為都督三公。」) Yu Yu's (虞預) Book of Jin
  2. ^ (太康初，與諸王侯俱就國。三年來朝，除員外散騎侍郎。元康初，轉員外常侍，遷越騎校尉、右軍將軍。出補河內太守，以郡公不得為二千石，轉東中郎將，鎮許昌。) Book of Jin, Volume 39
  3. ^ (及湣懷太子幽于許昌，浚承賈后旨，與黃門孫慮共害太子。遷甯北將軍、青州刺史。尋徙甯朔將軍、持節、都督幽州諸軍事。) Book of Jin, Volume 39
  4. ^ (于時朝廷昏亂，盜賊蜂起，浚為自安之計，結好夷狄，以女妻鮮卑務勿塵，又以一女妻蘇恕延。) Book of Jin, Volume 39
  5. ^ (穆帝時，幽州刺史王浚以段氏數為己用，深德之，乃表封務目塵為遼西公。) Book of Northern Wei, Volume 103
  6. ^ (及趙王倫篡位，三王起義兵，浚擁眾挾兩端，遏絕檄書，使其境內士庶不得赴義，成都王穎欲討之而未暇也。倫誅，進號安北將軍。) Book of Jin, Volume 39
  7. ^ (初，三王之起兵討趙王倫也，王浚擁衆挾兩端，禁所部士民不得赴三王召募。太弟穎欲討之而未能，浚心亦欲圖穎。穎以右司馬和演爲幽州刺史，密使殺浚。演與烏桓單于審登謀與浚游薊城南清泉，因而圖之。會天暴雨，兵器霑濕，不果而還。審登以爲浚得天助，乃以演謀告浚。浚與審登密嚴兵，約幷州刺史東嬴公騰共圍演，殺之，自領幽州營兵。騰，越之弟也。太弟穎稱詔徵浚，浚與鮮卑段務勿塵、烏桓羯朱及東嬴公騰同起討穎，穎遣北中郎將王斌及石超擊之。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 85
  8. ^ (浚率鮮卑騎擊斌，騰為後系，大破之。穎懼，挾帝��洛陽，進騰位安將軍。) Book of Jin, Volume 37
  9. ^ (王浚入鄴，士衆暴掠，死者甚衆。使烏桓羯朱追太弟穎，至朝歌，不及。浚還薊，以鮮卑多掠人婦女，命：「敢有挾藏者斬！」於是沈於易水者八千人。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 85
  10. ^ (是時，越兄弟並據方任，於是范陽王虓及王浚等共推越爲盟主，越輒選置刺史以下，朝士多赴之。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 86
  11. ^ (劉琨說冀州刺史太原溫羨，使讓位於范陽王虓。虓領冀州，遣琨詣幽州乞師於王浚；浚以突騎資之，擊王闡於河上，殺之。琨遂與虓引兵濟河，斬石超於滎陽。劉喬自考城引退。虓遣琨及督護田徽東擊東平王楙於廩丘，楙走還國。琨、徽引兵東迎越，擊劉祐於譙；祐敗死，喬衆遂潰，喬奔平氏。司空越進屯陽武，王浚遣其將祁弘帥突騎鮮卑、烏桓爲越先驅。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 86
  12. ^ (王浚遣將討柏根，斬之。王彌亡入長廣山爲羣盜) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 86
  13. ^ (八月，以司空越爲太傅，錄尚書事；范陽王虓爲司空，鎭鄴；平昌公模爲鎭東大將軍，鎭許昌；王浚爲驃騎大將軍、都督東夷‧河北諸軍事，領幽州刺史。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 86
  14. ^ (浚使務目塵率萬餘騎伐石勒於常山封龍山下，大破之。) Book of Northern Wei, Volume 103
  15. ^ (夏，四月，王浚將祁弘敗漢冀州刺史劉靈於廣宗，殺之。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 87
  16. ^ (琨又表封盧為代郡公。) Book of Liu-Song, Volume 95
  17. ^ (五年，帝遣使拜車騎大將軍、開府儀同三司。榮命未至，而劉曜攻陷長安，遷晉帝于平陽。) Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms, Volume 7
  18. ^ (秋，七月，王浚設壇告類，立皇太子，布告天下，稱受中詔承制封拜，備置百官，列署征、鎭，以荀藩爲太尉，琅邪王睿爲大將軍。浚自領尚書令，以裴憲及其壻棗嵩爲尚書，以田徽爲兗州刺史，李惲爲青州刺史。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 87
  19. ^ (劉琨長於招懷而短於撫御，一日之中，雖歸者數千，而去者亦相繼。琨遣子遵請兵於代公猗盧，又遣族人高陽內史希合衆於中山，幽州所統代郡、上谷、廣寧之民多歸之，衆至三萬。王浚怒，遣燕相胡矩督諸軍，與遼西公段疾陸眷共攻希，殺之，驅略三郡士女而去。疾陸眷，務勿塵之子也。猗盧遣其子六脩將兵助琨戍新興。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 87
  20. ^ (勒質末柸，遣使求和於疾陸眷，疾陵眷許之。文鴦諫曰：「今以末柸一人之故而縱垂亡之虜，得無爲王彭祖所怨，招後患乎！」疾陸眷不從，復以鎧馬金銀賂勒，且以末柸三弟爲質而請末柸。諸將皆勸勒殺末柸，勒曰：「遼西鮮卑健國也，與我素無仇讎，爲王浚所使耳。今殺一人而結一國之怨，非計也。歸之，必深德我，不復爲浚用矣。」乃厚以金帛報之，遣石虎與疾陸眷盟于渚陽，結爲兄弟。疾陸眷引歸，王昌不能獨留，亦引兵還薊。勒召末柸，與之燕飲，誓爲父子，遣還遼西。末柸在塗，日南嚮而拜者三。由是段氏專心附勒，王浚之勢遂衰。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 88
  21. ^ (王浚使棗嵩督諸軍屯易水，召段疾陸眷，欲與之共擊石勒，疾陸眷不至。浚怒，以重幣賂拓跋猗盧，幷檄慕容廆等共討疾陸眷。猗盧遣右賢王六脩將兵會之，爲疾陸眷所敗。廆遣慕容翰攻段氏，取徒河、新城，至陽樂，聞六脩敗而還，翰因留鎭徒河，壁青山。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 88
  22. ^ (初，中國士民避亂者，多北依王浚，浚不能存撫，又政法不立，士民往往復去之。段氏兄弟專尚武勇，不禮士大夫。唯慕容廆政事脩明，愛重人物，故士民多歸之。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 88
  23. ^ (王浚以其父字處道，自謂應「當塗高」之讖，謀稱尊號。前勃海太守劉亮、北海太守王摶、司空掾高柔切諫，浚皆殺之。燕國霍原，志節清高，屢辭徵辟。浚以尊號事問之，原不答。浚誣原與羣盜通，殺而梟其首。於是士民駭怨，而浚矜豪日甚，不親政事，所任皆苛刻小人，棗嵩、朱碩，貪橫尤甚。北州謠曰：「府中赫赫，朱丘伯；十囊、五囊，入棗郎。」調發殷煩，下不堪命，多叛入鮮卑。從事韓咸監護柳城，盛稱慕容廆能接納士民，欲以諷浚；浚怒，殺之。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 88
  24. ^ (浚始者者唯恃鮮卑、烏桓以爲強，旣而皆叛之。加以蝗旱連年，兵勢益弱。石勒欲襲之，未知虛實，將遣使覘之，參佐請用羊祜、陸抗故事，致書於浚。勒以問張賓，賓曰：「浚名爲晉臣，實欲廢晉自立，但患四海英雄莫之從耳；其欲得將軍，猶項羽之欲得韓信也。將軍威振天下，今卑辭厚禮，折節事之，猶懼不信，況爲羊、陸之亢敵乎！夫謀人而使人覺其情，難以得志矣。」勒曰：「善！」十二月，勒遣舍人王子春、董肇多齎珍寶，奉表於浚曰：「勒本小胡，遭世饑亂，流離屯厄，竄命冀州，竊相保聚以救性命。今晉祚淪夷，中原無主；殿下州鄕貴望，四海所宗，爲帝王者，非公復誰！勒所以捐軀起兵，誅討暴亂者，正爲殿下驅除爾。伏願殿下應天順人，早登皇祚。勒奉戴殿下如天地父母，殿下察勒微心，亦當視之如子也。」又遺棗嵩書，厚賂之。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 89
  25. ^ (壬辰，王子春等及王浚使者至襄國，石勒匿其勁卒、精甲，羸師虛府以示之，北面拜使者而受書。浚遺勒麈尾，勒陽不敢執，懸之於壁，朝夕拜之，曰：「我不得見王公，見其所賜，如見公也。」復遣董肇奉表于浚，期以三月中旬親詣幽州奉上尊號；亦脩牋于棗嵩，求幷州牧、廣平公。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 89
  26. ^ (三月，勒軍達易水，王浚督護孫緯馳遣白浚，將勒兵拒之，游統禁之。浚將佐皆曰：「胡貪而無信，必有詭計，請擊之。」浚怒曰：「石公來，正欲奉戴我耳；敢言擊者斬！」衆不敢復言。浚設饗以待之。壬申，勒晨至薊，叱門者開門；猶疑有伏兵，先驅牛羊千頭，聲言上禮，實欲塞諸街巷。浚始懼，或坐或起。勒旣入城，縱兵大掠，浚左右請禦之，浚猶不許。勒升其聽事，浚乃走出堂皇，勒衆執之。勒召浚妻，與之並坐，執浚立於前。浚罵曰：「胡奴調乃公，何凶逆如此！」勒曰：「公位冠元台，手握強兵，坐觀本朝傾覆，曾不救援，乃欲自尊爲天子，非凶逆乎！又委任姦貪，殘虐百姓，賊害忠良，毒徧燕土，此誰之罪也！」使其將王洛生以五百騎送浚于襄國。浚自投于水，束而出之，斬于襄國市。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 89
  27. ^ (勒升其廳事，命甲士執浚，立之于前，使徐光讓浚曰：「君位冠元臺，爵列上公，據幽都驍悍之國，跨全燕突騎之鄉，手握強兵，坐觀京師傾覆，不救天子，而欲自尊。又專任姦暴，殺害忠良，肆情恣欲，毒遍燕壤。自貽于此，非為天也。」) Book of Jin, Volume 104
  28. ^ (勒至襄國，遣使奉王浚首獻捷于漢；漢以勒爲大都督、督陝東諸軍事、驃騎大將軍、東單于，增封十二郡；勒固辭，受二郡而已。) Zizhi Tongjian, Volume 89
  29. ^ Davis, Timothy (2015). Entombed Epigraphy and Commemorative Culture in Early Medieval China: A Brief History of Early Muzhiming. BRILL. pp. 273–286. ISBN 9004306420.
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