Weapons of the Lebanese Civil War

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Lebanese Civil War was a multi-sided military conflict that pitted a variety of local irregular militias, both Muslim and Christian, against each other between 1975 and 1990. A wide variety of weapons were used by the different armies and factions operating in the Lebanese Civil War. Combatants included:

  • the leftist-Muslim militias of the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) coalition (1975 – 1982);
  • the rightist-Christian militias of the Lebanese Front coalition (1976 – 1980);
  • the Muslim Lebanese Arab Army (LAA), dissident faction of the Lebanese Army (1976 – 1977);
  • the Christian Army of Free Lebanon (AFL), dissident faction of the Lebanese Army (1976 – 1978);
  • the Christian Kataeb Regulatory Forces (KRF) militia (1961 – 1980);
  • the Christian Lebanese Forces militia (LF), successor of the Lebanese Front (1977 – 1993);
  • the Christian Lebanese Forces – Executive Command (LFEC) militia, dissident faction of the LF (1985 – 1991);
  • the Christian Al-Tanzim militia (1969 – 1990);
  • the Christian Guardians of the Cedars (GoC) militia (1974 – 2000);
  • the Christian Tigers Militia (a.k.a. Al-Noumour, Noumour Al-Ahrar, Noumours, NLP Tigers) militia (1968 – 1991);
  • the Christian Zgharta Liberation Army (ZLA, a.k.a. Al-Marada, Marada Brigade, Mardaite Brigade) militia (1967 – 1991);
  • the Shia Muslim Amal Movement militia (1975 – present);
  • the Shia Muslim Hezbollah guerrilla group (1985 – present);
  • the Sunni Muslim Islamic Unification Movement (IUM, a.k.a. Al-Tawheed) militia (1982 – present);
  • the Sunni Muslim Independent Nasserite Movement's Al-Mourabitoun militia (1975 – 1988);
  • the Sunni Muslim Popular Nasserist Organization's National Liberation Army (NLA) militia (1975 – 1991);
  • the Sunni Muslim Toilers League's Zafer el-Khatib Forces (ZKF) militia (1974 – 1991);
  • the Alawite Arab Democratic Party's Arab Red Knights (ARK) militia (1981 – 1991);
  • the Druze Progressive Socialist Party's People's Liberation Army (Druze PLA) militia (1975 – 1991);
  • the Lebanese Communist Party's Popular Guard militia (1970 – 2000);
  • the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party's Assad Battalion militia (1966 – present);
  • the Syrian Social Nationalist Party (SSNP) militia (1932 – present);
  • the South Lebanon Army (SLA) (1978 – 2000);
  • the official Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) and the Internal Security Forces (ISF), led by the Lebanese government;
  • the mainstream Palestinian guerrilla factions of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and the breakaway Rejectionist Front (present in Lebanon from 1968 to 1983);
  • the Palestine Liberation Army (present in Lebanon from 1976 to 1990);
  • the Syrian Army (present in Lebanon from 1976 to 2005);
  • the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) (present in Lebanon from 1978 to 2000);
  • in between, a plethora of irregular Lebanese armed groups that emerged from the wrecks of both the LNM and the Lebanese Front alliances, after their collapse in the early 1980s.

Weapons and equipment[]

The list below comprises all the weapons and equipment employed by the LNM, Lebanese Front, LAA, AFL, LF, IUM, Hezbollah, Al-Mourabitoun, NLA, Druze PLA, SLA, LAF, ISF, and lesser Lebanese groups (note: the Syrian Army, PLO, Palestinian PLA and IDF are not included on this list).

Pistols and revolvers[]

Colt M1911A1 pistol
Colt Cobra .38 Special snub-nose revolver
Tokarev TT-33 pistol
CZ 75 pistol
Makarov PM/PMM pistol

Submachine guns[]

MP 40 Submachine gun
MAT-49 Submachine gun
Škorpion vz. 61 Submachine gun
Socimi Type 821 Submachine gun
Crvena Zastava Automat M56 Submachine gun

Bolt action rifles[]

  • Lee-Enfield
  • US M1917
  • Lebel Model 1886 rifle[13]
  • Berthier 1907/15 - M16 Lebel rifle[13]
  • Berthier 1892 M16 cavalry carbine
  • MAS-36 rifle[13]
  • Mauser Model 1888 commission rifle
  • Mauser Gewehr 98
  • Mauser Karabiner 98k
  • Mosin–Nagant

Semi-automatic rifles[]

M1 Garand rifle (Beretta Model 1952)
SKS semi-automatic rifle
M14 semi-automatic rifle
  • MAS-49 and MAS-49/56 rifles[14]
  • M1 Garand (or its Italian-produced copy, the Beretta Model 1952)[15]
  • SKS[16]
  • Vz. 52 rifle[17]
  • M14 rifle[18]
  • Beretta BM 59 (Italian-produced semi-automatic rifle similar in design to the M14)

Carbines[]

SIG SG 543 carbine

Assault rifles[]

FN FAL assault rifle
vz. 58 assault rifle
M16A1 assault rifle
AR-18 assault rifle
SIG SG 540 assault rifle

Sniper rifles[]

Dragunov SVD-63 sniper rifle
PSL sniper rifle
M40 sniper rifle
Remington Model 700 sniper rifle

Shotguns[]

  • Winchester Model 1200
  • Mossberg 500 12-gauge (20.2mm)
  • Remington Model 870 Police Magnum 12-gauge (20.2mm)
  • Franchi SPAS-12 semi-automatic
  • Franchi SPAS-15 semi-automatic

Light machine guns[]

Israeli Heavy Barrel MAKLEON FAL.
HK 21 light machine gun
M1918A2 BAR
  • M1918A2 BAR
  • Bren Mk. I .303 (7.7mm)
  • RPK
  • Zastava M77 (Yugoslav-produced version of the RPK)
  • RPD[1]
  • DP-28
  • Heckler & Koch HK21[45]
  • FN FAL 50-41 Heavy Barrel (HB)
  • MAKLEON (Israeli-produced version of the FN FAL 50-41 HB)

General-purpose machine guns[]

MG 34 machine gun
MG 42 machine gun
M60 machine gun
  • MG 34[46]
  • MG 42
  • Rheinmetall MG 3
  • PK/PKM[47]
  • Type 80 (Chinese-produced version of the PK/PKM)
  • Zastava M84 (Yugoslav-produced version of the PK/PKM)
  • UK vz. 59
  • Type 67
  • AA-52 (mainly mounted on AML armoured cars and VAB APCs)[48][49]
  • FN MAG[50]
  • M60[34]

Medium machine gun and Heavy machine guns[]

M2HB heavy machine gun
  • Besa Mark III 7.92mm (mounted on Technicals)
  • Browning M1919A4 .30 Cal (mounted on Technicals, armoured cars, tanks, and APCs)[51][52][53]
  • SG-43/SGM Goryunov (mounted on Technicals, tanks and APCs)[54]
  • Type 53/57 (Chinese variant of the SG-43 and SGM)
  • DShK 12.7mm Heavy machine gun (mainly mounted on Technicals and APCs)[55][53][56]
  • Type 54 (Chinese variant of the DShK)[57]
  • Type 77 12.7mm Heavy machine gun
  • NSV 12.7mm Heavy machine gun (taken off from disabled tanks and re-mounted on Technicals)
  • Zastava M87 (Yugoslav variant of the NSV mounted on Technicals)
  • KPV 14.5mm Heavy machine gun (mounted on Technicals)[58]
  • Browning M2HB .50 Cal (mounted on Technicals, tanks, and APCs)[30][59][60]
  • AN/M2 aircraft gun (version of the Browning M2HB mounted on Technicals and armoured cars)[59]

Grenade systems[]

Land mine systems[]

Anti-tank rocket and grenade launchers[]

RL-83 Blindicide
M72 LAW
M203 grenade launcher
M79 grenade launcher
  • M9A1 Bazooka 80mm
  • 88.9mm Instalaza M65 (Spanish improved variant of the US M20 "Super Bazooka" 3.5 inch)
  • LRAC Mle 50 73mm (French-produced anti-tank rocket launcher developed from the German Panzerschreck)[68]
  • RL-83 Blindicide anti-tank rocket launcher[69]
  • M72 LAW[9][70]
  • M80 Zolja 64mm (Yugoslav-produced anti-tank rocket launcher similar to the M72 LAW)
  • RPG-2 rocket-propelled grenade launcher.[71][72]
  • RPG-7 rocket-propelled grenade launcher.[71][72][73][74][75]
  • Type 69 RPG rocket-propelled grenade launcher
  • M47 Dragon
  • CMS B-300 83mm Shoulder-launched Multipurpose Assault Weapon (SMAW)
  • ENTAC[76]
  • MILAN (mounted on Technicals and M113 APCs)[77][74][78][53]
  • BGM-71 TOW (mounted on Technicals and M113 APCs)[79]
  • AT-3 Sagger[78]
  • M203 grenade launcher[5][9][80]
  • M79 grenade launcher[81]

Recoilless rifles[]

B-10 82mm recoilless rifle in Batey Ha-Osef Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel.
B-11 107mm recoilless rifle in Batey ha-Osef Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel.
  • Type 36 57mm (Chinese-produced version of the shoulder-fired US M18 recoilless rifle)[82]
  • M2 Carl Gustaf 84mm
  • M67 90mm
  • B-10 82mm (mounted on Technicals)[83][53][84]
  • B-11 107mm (mounted on Technicals)[85]
  • SPG-9 73mm (mounted on Technicals)[86]
  • Type 56 75mm (Chinese variant of the US M20 recoilless rifle)[87][88]
  • M40A1 106mm (mounted on Technicals, M113, AMX-VCI, and VAB APCs)[89][90][53]
  • L6 Wombat 120mm (mounted on Technicals)

Mortars[]

Soltam M-65 120mm heavy mortar in Beyt ha-Totchan Museum, Zikhron Ya'akov, Israel.
Soltam M-66 160mm heavy mortar in Beyt ha-Totchan Museum, Zikhron Ya'akov, Israel.

Rocket and missile systems[]

DKB Grad-P 122mm single tube rocket launcher system in Batey Ha-Osef Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel.
APR-40/RO-40 128mm 6-tube multiple rocket launcher mounted on a DAC chassis in Beyt ha-Totchan Museum, Zikhron Ya'akov, Israel.

Anti-tank guns[]

ZiS-2 57mm anti-tank gun in Batey Ha-Osef Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel, 2005.
D-44 85mm anti-tank gun in Beyt ha-Totchan Museum, Zikhron Ya'akov, Israel.

Anti-aircraft guns and Autocannons[]

AZP S-60 57mm anti-aircraft gun in Hatzerim Israel Airforce Museum, Beersheba, Israel.

Howitzers[]

Mle 1950 BF-50 155mm howitzer in Beyt ha-Totchan Museum, Zikhron Ya'akov, Israel.
M-30 122mm howitzer in Beyt ha-Totchan museum, Zikhron Ya'akov, Israel.

Armoured vehicles[]

AML-90 of the Lebanese Army in Beirut, 1982.
ex-PLO built UR-416 clone in Batey Ha-Osef Museum, Tel Aviv, Israel, 2005.
BTR-152 converted into an ARV by the South Lebanese Army in Yad La-Shiryon Museum, Latrun, Israel, 2005.
ex-Lebanese Army AMX-VCI in Yad La-Shiryon Museum, Latrun, Israel, 2005.
BTR-50PK converted into a Medevac vehicle by the South Lebanese Army in Yad La-Shiryon Museum, Latrun, Israel, 2005.
ex-Lebanese Army M41A3 light tank in Yad La-Shiryon Museum, Latrun, Israel, 2005.
ex-Lebanese Army AMX-13 light tank in Yad La-Shiryon Museum, Latrun, Israel, 2005.
Amal fighters manning a T-55A tank provided by Syria, Beirut 1980s.

Technicals, Gun trucks, transport and recovery vehicles[]

Vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices[]

Helicopters[]

Aircraft[]

Naval craft[]

See also[]

  • Lebanese Ground Forces Equipment
  • Lebanese Armed Forces Out of Service Equipment
  • Lebanese Civil War
  • Lebanese Air Force aircraft inventory
  • Military equipment of Hezbollah
  • Syrian intervention in Lebanon
  • 1958 Lebanon crisis
  • 1982 Lebanon War

Notes[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Katz, Russel, and Volstad, Armies in Lebanon (1985), pp. 44-45, Plate G3.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag "The Weapons: Semi-auto Pistols". lebaneseforces.com. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 12 March 2015.[better source needed]
  3. ^ Jump up to: a b Katz and Volstad, Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 (1988), p. 47, Plate H3.
  4. ^ Katz, Battleground Lebanon (1990), Plate D3.
  5. ^ Jump up to: a b Katz and Volstad, Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 (1988), p. 46, Plate H1.
  6. ^ Katz, Battleground Lebanon (1990), Plate B2.
  7. ^ McNab, Soviet Submachine Guns of World War II: PPD-40, PPSh-41 and PPS (2014), p. 68.
  8. ^ Popenker, Maxim. "Sa. 23". Modern Firearms.
  9. ^ Jump up to: a b c Micheletti and Debay, Liban – dix jours aux cœur des combats (1989), p. 30.
  10. ^ Katz, Battleground Lebanon (1990), Plate B1.
  11. ^ Republic of Serbia: Ministry of Economy and of Regional Development. "Annual Report on the Transfers of Controlled Goods in 2008". p. 37. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014. Retrieved 25 October 2014 – via Stockholm International Peace Research Institute.
  12. ^ Katz, Battleground Lebanon (1990), Plate D3.
  13. ^ Jump up to: a b c "Post-WWII use of the MAS-36 rifle: Part II (export users)". wwiiafterwwii.wordpress.com. 2015-08-23. Retrieved 2017-06-15.
  14. ^ http://world.guns.ru/rifle/autoloading-rifles/fr/mas-1949-and-4956-e.html
  15. ^ Micheletti and Debay, Liban – dix jours aux cœur des combats (1989), p. 31.
  16. ^ Jump up to: a b Scarlata, Paul (July 2009). "Military rifle cartridges of Lebanon Part 2: from independence to Hezbollah". Shotgun News.
  17. ^ Katz and Volstad, Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 (1988), p. 39.
  18. ^ Huon, Un Siècle d'Armement Mondial: Armes à feu d'infanterie de petit calibre, tome 4 (1981), page unknown.
  19. ^ http://www.bavarianm1carbines.com/carbinesnara.html
  20. ^ Katz, Battleground Lebanon (1990), Plate B2.
  21. ^ Katz, Russel, and Volstad, Armies in Lebanon (1985), p. 16.
  22. ^ Katz, Battleground Lebanon (1990), p. 48; Plate B3.
  23. ^ Abi-Chahine, The People's Liberation Army through the eyes of a lens, 1975–1991 (2019), p. 19.
  24. ^ Katz and Volstad, Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 (1988), p. 46, Plate G5.
  25. ^ Katz, Battleground Lebanon (1990), Plate B4.
  26. ^ Katz, Battleground Lebanon (1990), Plate B1.
  27. ^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix A, table A-8.
  28. ^ Jenzen-Jones & Spleeters, Identifying & Tracing the FN Herstal FAL Rifle: Documenting signs of diversion in Syria and beyond (2015), pp. 20-21.
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix A, table A-8.
  30. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Laffin, The War of Desperation: Lebanon 1982-85 (1985), p. 40.
  31. ^ Katz, Russel, and Volstad, Armies in Lebanon (1985), pp. 40-41, Plate D2.
  32. ^ Katz and Volstad, Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 (1988), p. 46, Plate H2.
  33. ^ Katz, Russel, and Volstad, Armies in Lebanon (1985), p. 44, Plate G2.
  34. ^ Jump up to: a b Katz and Volstad, Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 (1988), p. 46, Plate G3.
  35. ^ Jump up to: a b Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), p. 106.
  36. ^ Thompson, The G3 Battle Rifle (2019), pp. 29; 64.
  37. ^ Katz, Russel, and Volstad, Armies in Lebanon (1985), p. 40, Plate D1.
  38. ^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), p. 7; Appendix A, table A-8.
  39. ^ Jump up to: a b Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix A, table A-3; A-8.
  40. ^ Kassis, Invasion of Lebanon 1982 (2019), p. 355.
  41. ^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix A, table A-3.
  42. ^ Russell, Katz, and Volstad, Armies in Lebanon 1982–84 (1985), p. 43.
  43. ^ Micheletti and Debay, Liban – dix jours aux cœur des combats (1989), p. 35.
  44. ^ Katz, Battleground Lebanon (1990), Plate C3.
  45. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 103.
  46. ^ Kassis, Invasion of Lebanon 1982 (2019), p. 199.
  47. ^ Katz, Battleground Lebanon (1990), Plate A2.
  48. ^ Laffin, The War of Desperation: Lebanon 1982-85 (1985), pp. 179–183.
  49. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 22.
  50. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Katz and Volstad, Arab Armies of the Middle East Wars 2 (1988), p. 47, Plate H4.
  51. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 43.
  52. ^ Jump up to: a b Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 29.
  53. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Neville, Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces (2018), p. 15.
  54. ^ Abi-Chahine, The People's Liberation Army through the eyes of a lens, 1975–1991 (2019), p. 19.
  55. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 117.
  56. ^ Abi-Chahine, The People's Liberation Army through the eyes of a lens, 1975–1991 (2019), p. 19.
  57. ^ Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 2e partie: Les combats israélo-Syriens au Liban, 1982, p. 15.
  58. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 209.
  59. ^ Jump up to: a b c Neville, Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces (2018), p. 9.
  60. ^ Abi-Chahine, The People's Liberation Army through the eyes of a lens, 1975–1991 (2019), pp. 22-23.
  61. ^ http://www.lexpev.nl/grenades/middleeastasia/china/stickgrenadetype67.html
  62. ^ Katz, Battleground Lebanon (1990), Plate C3.
  63. ^ Katz, Battleground Lebanon (1990), Plate C3.
  64. ^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Introduction, p. 1.
  65. ^ Jump up to: a b c Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 41.
  66. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Willey, Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War in Lebanon (2016), p. 7.
  67. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m Willey, Landmines and Explosive Remnants of War in Lebanon (2016), p. 9.
  68. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 26.
  69. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 16.
  70. ^ Jump up to: a b c Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 4.
  71. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix A, table A-11.
  72. ^ Jump up to: a b Rottman, The Rocket-propelled Grenade (2010), p. 63.
  73. ^ Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 2e partie: Les combats israélo-Syriens au Liban, 1982, p. 10.
  74. ^ Jump up to: a b Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), p. 63.
  75. ^ Jump up to: a b Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 35.
  76. ^ Henson, Jason W."MGM-32 Entac ATGM." Archived 2 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine "Harpoon Head Quarters". Retrieved: 24 December 2009.
  77. ^ Katz, Battleground Lebanon (1990), Plate B3.
  78. ^ Jump up to: a b Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 36.
  79. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), pp. 15; 35.
  80. ^ Rottman, US Grenade Launchers – M79, M203, and M320 (2017), p. 37.
  81. ^ Rottman, US Grenade Launchers – M79, M203, and M320 (2017), p. 22.
  82. ^ Kassis, Invasion of Lebanon 1982 (2019), p. 194.
  83. ^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix A, table A-9; Appendix D, D-6.
  84. ^ Kassis, Invasion of Lebanon 1982 (2019), p. 230.
  85. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 58.
  86. ^ Jump up to: a b Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 31.
  87. ^ Kassis, Invasion of Lebanon 1982 (2019), p. 199.
  88. ^ A Toyota Land Cruiser BJ40/42 of the AMAL militia in 1984 armed with a Chinese made Type 56 75mm recoilless rifle.
  89. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix A, table A-9.
  90. ^ Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), p. 25.
  91. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k https://web.archive.org/web/20160728223823/http://www.inss.org.il/uploadimages/SystemFiles/lebanon.pdf
  92. ^ Gander, Terry J. (22 November 2000). "National inventories, Lebanon". Jane's Infantry Weapons 2001-2002. p. 3087.
  93. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 21.
  94. ^ Sex & Bassel Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 26.
  95. ^ Sex & Bassel Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 26.
  96. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), pp. 41-43.
  97. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 82.
  98. ^ Jump up to: a b Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 98.
  99. ^ Sex & Bassel Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 26.
  100. ^ Sex & Bassel Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 26.
  101. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix A, table A-6.
  102. ^ Jump up to: a b Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 22.
  103. ^ Abi-Chahine, The People's Liberation Army through the eyes of a lens, 1975–1991 (2019), pp. 76-77; 80.
  104. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 65.
  105. ^ Jump up to: a b Mahé, La Guerre Civile Libanaise, un chaos indescriptible! (1975-1990), p. 81.
  106. ^ Abi-Chahine, The People's Liberation Army through the eyes of a lens, 1975–1991 (2019), pp. 78-79.
  107. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), pp. 210-211.
  108. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 56.
  109. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 75.
  110. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) (1998), p. 66.
  111. ^ Abi-Chahine, The People's Liberation Army through the eyes of a lens, 1975–1991 (2019), p. 81.
  112. ^ Katz, Battleground Lebanon (1990), Plate D3.
  113. ^ Jump up to: a b Guest, Lebanon (1994), p. 106.
  114. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 37.
  115. ^ Kassis, Invasion of Lebanon 1982 (2019), p. 196.
  116. ^ Micheletti and Debay, Liban – dix jours aux cœur des combats (1989), p. 9.
  117. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 211.
  118. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 61.
  119. ^ Abi-Chahine, The People's Liberation Army through the eyes of a lens, 1975–1991 (2019), pp. 77; 81.
  120. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 26.
  121. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 77.
  122. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 54.
  123. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 25.
  124. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 160.
  125. ^ Jump up to: a b Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), pp. 16-21, 32-36, 52; Appendix A, A-10, table 3; Appendix D, D-5.
  126. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 59.
  127. ^ Jump up to: a b El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 95.
  128. ^ http://www.warwheels.net/Model_M35A2wBoforsASSAD.html - 1/35 scale Model Photos of a Lebanese Special Forces AA QF Bofors 40mm gun mounted on a M35A2 Gun Truck.
  129. ^ http://osw.zone/paint-weathering-diorama/vallejo-colors/135-btr-152-apc-armed-with-bofors-40-mm-gunnlp-tigers-militialebanon1976-by/ - 1/35 scale Model Photos of a Lebanese Tigers Militia AA QF Bofors 40mm gun mounted on a BTR-152 APC, c.1976.
  130. ^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix A, table A-10; Appendix D, D-2.
  131. ^ Jump up to: a b Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 27.
  132. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 15; 53.
  133. ^ Neville, Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces (2018), p. 15.
  134. ^ Kassis, Invasion of Lebanon 1982 (2019), p. 233.
  135. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix A, table A-10.
  136. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 46.
  137. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 60-61.
  138. ^ Jump up to: a b Neville, Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces (2018), p. 5.
  139. ^ Neville, Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces (2018), pp. 22-23, Plate C2.
  140. ^ Guardians of the Cedars M35A1 gun-truck fitted with a ZU-23-2 AA autocannon, c.1976.
  141. ^ 1/72 scale model of a Guardians of the Cedars M35A1 gun-truck with ZU-23-2 Anti-Aircraft autocannon.
  142. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 28.
  143. ^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), p. 22.
  144. ^ Jump up to: a b c Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 52.
  145. ^ Micheletti, Bataille d'Artillerie, RAIDS magazine (1989), p. 14.
  146. ^ Guest, Lebanon (1994), p. 105.
  147. ^ Kassis, Invasion of Lebanon 1982 (2019), p. 232.
  148. ^ Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s (1985), p. 35.
  149. ^ Jump up to: a b Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 10.
  150. ^ Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 1re partie: 1975-1978, p. 11.
  151. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 15; 21-22; 49.
  152. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Zaloga, Armour of the Middle East Wars 1948-78 (1981), p. 33.
  153. ^ Mesko, Greer and Manley, M41 Walker Bulldog in action (1991), p. 39.
  154. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 9; 50.
  155. ^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix A, table A-10; Appendix D, D-3.
  156. ^ Zaloga, Armour of the Middle East Wars 1948-78 (1981), pp. 33; 39-40, Plate H1.
  157. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 62; 80-83.
  158. ^ Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 2e partie: Les combats israélo-Syriens au Liban, 1982, p. 8.
  159. ^ Zaloga, Kinnear and Sarson, T-34-85 Medium Tank 1944-94 (1996), pp. 39; 47.
  160. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 67.
  161. ^ Kassis, Invasion of Lebanon 1982 (2019), p. 234.
  162. ^ Dunord, Liban: Les milices rendent leurs armes, RAIDS magazine (1991), p. 31.
  163. ^ Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) (1998), pp. 64-65.
  164. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), pp. 60-61; 65.
  165. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 97.
  166. ^ Kinnear, Sewell & Aksenov, Soviet T-54 Main Battle Tank (2018), Appendix eight: known customers and users of the T‑54 medium tank, p. 182.
  167. ^ Kinnear, Sewell & Aksenov, Soviet T-55 Main Battle Tank (2019), Appendix six: known client users of the T‑55 medium tank, p. 160.
  168. ^ Kassis, Les TIRAN 4 et 5, de Tsahal aux Milices Chrétiennes, p. 59.
  169. ^ Menargues, Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban (2004), p. 85.
  170. ^ Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s (1985), p. 35.
  171. ^ Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) (1998), pp. 63-64.
  172. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), pp. 16-18.
  173. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 20.
  174. ^ Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 1re partie: 1975-1978, p. 10.
  175. ^ Zaloga, Armour of the Middle East Wars 1948-78 (1981), pp. 33; 40, Plate H3.
  176. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 8.
  177. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 38-39; 50.
  178. ^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), p. 21; Appendix D, D-4.
  179. ^ Mesko, Greer and Manley, M41 Walker Bulldog in action (1991), p. 27.
  180. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 91.
  181. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 51; 53.
  182. ^ Micheletti, Les véhicules de la Guerre du Liban, RAIDS magazine (1994), p. 9.
  183. ^ http://forum.tayyar.org/f8/army-lebanon-36023/index7.html – information on al-Murabitoun Shilka vehicles.
  184. ^ Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 2e partie: Les combats israélo-Syriens au Liban, 1982, p. 14.
  185. ^ Zaloga, ZSU-23-4 Shilka & Soviet Air Defense Gun Vehicles (1993), pp. 35-36.
  186. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 16.
  187. ^ Christopher F. Foss, Jane's Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide (2002), pp. 324-325.
  188. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 7.
  189. ^ Lathrop, McDonald and Laurier, Cadillac Cage V-100 Commando 1960-71 (2002), p. 42.
  190. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 14; 45; 54-55.
  191. ^ Zaloga and Bull, Staghound armored car 1942-62 (2000), pp. 42-45.
  192. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 83-89.
  193. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 46-48.
  194. ^ Fortin, Ludovic. T17E1 Staghound Armoured Car – Le char sur roues, Trucks & Tracks Magazine, December 2007 - January 2008 issue, pp. 48-67.
  195. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 85-87.
  196. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 59.
  197. ^ http://milinme.wordpress.com/category/staghound/ – Colonel Barakat's Army of Free Lebanon's Staghound Mk.III armoured car near Binayit el-Béton, East Beirut, March 1976.
  198. ^ "WarWheels.Net -1/35 Bronco Lebanese T17E1 Staghound Car Mark 1 Model Photos". Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2011-03-14. – 1/35 scale model of a Staghound armoured car on Al-Murabitoun service, c.1976.
  199. ^ Hamizrachi, The Emergence of South Lebanon Security Belt (1984), pp. 55-89.
  200. ^ Badran, Lebanon: Liberation, Conflict, and Crisis (2010), pp. 50-52.
  201. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 22; 24-25; 40; 56-58.
  202. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 74.
  203. ^ Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s (1985), p. 35.
  204. ^ Jump up to: a b Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 9.
  205. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 6-7; 23; 26; 28-29; 30-31.
  206. ^ Jump up to: a b c Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 79.
  207. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 179.
  208. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 179.
  209. ^ http://milinme.wordpress.com/category/v-200-chaimite – An ex-ISF V-200 Chaimite employed by the Guardians of the Cedars pictured at Houche-el-Oumara during the Battle of Zahleh, April–June 1981.
  210. ^ Monteiro, Berliet, Chaimite e UMM – Os Grandes Veículos Militares Nacionais (2018), pp. 41-43.
  211. ^ Katz, Battleground Lebanon (1990), p. 38.
  212. ^ Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), p. 56.
  213. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), pp. 5; 72.
  214. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 125-127.
  215. ^ Kassis, Invasion of Lebanon 1982 (2019), p. 185.
  216. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), pp. 153-155.
  217. ^ Mahé, La Guerre Civile Libanaise, un chaos indescriptible! (1975-1990), p. 79.
  218. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 58-60.
  219. ^ http://osw.zone/paint-weathering-diorama/vallejo-colors/135-btr-152-apc-armed-with-bofors-40-mm-gunnlp-tigers-militialebanon1976-by/ – 1/35 scale Model Photos of a Lebanese Tigers Militia AA QF Bofors 40mm gun mounted on a BTR-152 APC, c.1976.
  220. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 178.
  221. ^ Jump up to: a b Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 58.
  222. ^ Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s (1985), p. 35.
  223. ^ Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), pp. 53; 57-58.
  224. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 21.
  225. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 30-31.
  226. ^ Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), p. 54.
  227. ^ Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), pp. 52; 60.
  228. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 14; 22; 44; 56-57.
  229. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), pp. 21; 53.
  230. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 63.
  231. ^ El-Assad, Blue Steel: M-3 Halftracks in South Lebanon (2006), p. 58.
  232. ^ Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s (1985), p. 35.
  233. ^ Zaloga, Armour of the Middle East Wars 1948-78 (1981), pp. 33; 39, Plate G1.
  234. ^ Jump up to: a b c Dunstam, Hadler and Smith, The M113 series (1983), p. 33.
  235. ^ Christopher F. Foss, Jane's Tank & Combat Vehicle recognition guide (2002), p. 215.
  236. ^ El-Assad, Blue Steel III: M-113 Carriers in South Lebanon (2007), p. 8.
  237. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 117.
  238. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 49-50.
  239. ^ Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), pp. 54; 56; 60.
  240. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 66.
  241. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 39.
  242. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 40.
  243. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 75.
  244. ^ O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 32.
  245. ^ Jump up to: a b Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 30.
  246. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 135.
  247. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 47; 51; 58; 60.
  248. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), pp. 66-67.
  249. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), pp. 6; 63.
  250. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 37; 133.
  251. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 8; 51.
  252. ^ Jump up to: a b Neville, Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces (2018), p. 14.
  253. ^ Kassis, Invasion of Lebanon 1982 (2019), p. 197.
  254. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Annex C Appendix II". US Army Technical Manual of Foreign Military Sales: Battlefield Damage Assessment and Repair (PDF). Washington, D.C. 18 December 1987. p. 262. TM 9-2320-356-BD. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  255. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 201.
  256. ^ Kassis, Invasion of Lebanon 1982 (2019), p. 231.
  257. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 47; 53.
  258. ^ Kassis, Invasion of Lebanon 1982 (2019), pp. 238-239.
  259. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 64-65; 111.
  260. ^ Kassis, Invasion of Lebanon 1982 (2019), p. 232.
  261. ^ Jureidini, McLaurin, and Price, Military operations in selected Lebanese built-up areas (1979), Appendix D, D-6.
  262. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 16-17; 21; 29-31; 47; 53; 87; 91; 139.
  263. ^ Jump up to: a b Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 5.
  264. ^ Kassis, Invasion of Lebanon 1982 (2019), p. 201.
  265. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 62.
  266. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 107.
  267. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), pp. 25; 62; 66.
  268. ^ Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2003), p. 52.
  269. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 27; 73; 113; 121-123.
  270. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 31.
  271. ^ Neville, Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces (2018), pp. 22-23, Plate C2.
  272. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 213.
  273. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 49-51.
  274. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 24-27.
  275. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 59; 75.
  276. ^ Mahé, La Guerre Civile Libanaise, un chaos indescriptible (1975-1990), p. 81.
  277. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 12-13.
  278. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 63.
  279. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 66-67.
  280. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 55–57; 71.
  281. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 93.
  282. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 68-69.
  283. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 55-57.
  284. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 74.
  285. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 6.
  286. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 19.
  287. ^ "Lebanese Armed Forces Vehicles: The CUCV (Dodge & Chevrolet)". Military In the Middle East. Retrieved 20 April 2014.
  288. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 67.
  289. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 92.
  290. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 47.
  291. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), pp. 32-33.
  292. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 14-15; 99-101; 143.
  293. ^ Dunord, Liban: Les milices rendent leurs armes (1991), p. 31.
  294. ^ Kassis, Invasion of Lebanon 1982 (2019), p. 248.
  295. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 12.
  296. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), p. 23.
  297. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 18-19.
  298. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), pp. 57; 64.
  299. ^ El-Assad, Civil Wars Volume 1: The Gun Trucks (2008), pp. 115; 117.
  300. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 18; 57.
  301. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), pp. 210-211.
  302. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 26.
  303. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 70.
  304. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 33.
  305. ^ Naud, La Guerre Civile Libanaise - 1re partie: 1975-1978, p. 9.
  306. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 25; 51.
  307. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), p. 18.
  308. ^ Zaloga, Tank battles of the Mid-East Wars (2) (1998), p. 53.
  309. ^ Kassis, Véhicules Militaires au Liban/Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2012), pp. 19; 21.
  310. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), pp. 192-193.
  311. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), p. 19.
  312. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), pp. 22-23.
  313. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), pp. 20-21; 52.
  314. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), pp. 182-183.
  315. ^ Sex & Abi-Chahine, Modern Conflicts 2 – The Lebanese Civil War, From 1975 to 1991 and Beyond (2021), pp. 78-79.
  316. ^ Kassis, 30 Years of Military Vehicles in Lebanon (2003), p. 34.
  317. ^ The Atlas Group and Walid Raad - Cornerhouse
  318. ^ Katz, Russel, and Volstad, Armies in Lebanon (1985), p. 34.
  319. ^ O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), pp. 121; 123.
  320. ^ Guest, Lebanon (1994), p. 111.
  321. ^ O'Ballance, Civil War in Lebanon (1998), p. 132.
  322. ^ Jump up to: a b Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters (1981), p. 82.
  323. ^ Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s (1985), p. 35.
  324. ^ "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 68". flightglobal.com. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  325. ^ Jump up to: a b c Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), p. 129.
  326. ^ Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s (1985), p. 35.
  327. ^ "World Air Forces 1983". flightglobal.com. p. 359. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
  328. ^ Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters (1981), p. 90.
  329. ^ Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s (1985), p. 35.
  330. ^ Micheletti and Debay, Liban – dix jours aux cœur des combats (1989), p. 18.
  331. ^ Jump up to: a b Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), p. 130.
  332. ^ Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters (1981), p. 86.
  333. ^ "World Air Forces 1983". flightglobal.com. p. 359. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
  334. ^ Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s (1985), p. 35.
  335. ^ Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), pp. 130-131.
  336. ^ Gunston, An Illustrated Guide to Military Helicopters (1981), p. 19.
  337. ^ Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s (1985), p. 35.
  338. ^ Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s (1985), p. 35.
  339. ^ Jackson, Modern Combat Aircraft 23: Mirage (1985), p. 53.
  340. ^ Jackson, World Air Power Journal Volume 14 (1993), p. 127.
  341. ^ Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), pp. 129-130.
  342. ^ Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s (1985), p. 35.
  343. ^ "World Air Forces 1987 pg. 68". Flightglobal Insight. 1987. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  344. ^ Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s (1985), p. 35.
  345. ^ Rolland, Lebanon: Current Issues and Background (2003), p. 186.
  346. ^ Hirst, Beware of Small States: Lebanon, Battleground of the Middle East (2010), pp. 100-101.
  347. ^ Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), pp. 128-129.
  348. ^ Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s (1985), p. 35.
  349. ^ Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), pp. 82-83; 130.
  350. ^ Jump up to: a b Hokayem, L'armée libanaise pendant la guerre: un instrument du pouvoir du président de la République (1975-1985) (2012), p. 133.
  351. ^ http://www.navypedia.org/ships/lebanon/le_ls_sour83.htm
  352. ^ http://www.navypedia.org/ships/lebanon/le_ls_sour.htm
  353. ^ Kechichian, The Lebanese Army: Capabilities and Challenges in the 1980s (1985), p. 35.
  354. ^ http://www.navypedia.org/ships/lebanon/le_cf_byblos.htm
  355. ^ http://www.navypedia.org/ships/lebanon/le_cf_lebanon.htm
  356. ^ Hoy and Ostrovsky, By Way of Deception: The Making and Unmaking of a Mossad Officer (1990), p. 304.
  357. ^ Menargues, Les Secrets de la guerre du Liban (2004), p. 110.

References[]

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  • Bassel Abi-Chahine, The People's Liberation Army through the eyes of a lens, 1975–1991, Éditions Dergham, Jdeideh (Beirut) 2019. ISBN 978-614-459-033-1
  • Beate Hamizrachi, The Emergence of South Lebanon Security Belt, Praeger Publishers Inc., New York 1984. ISBN 978-0-275-92854-4
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