Women's football in Turkey

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Women's football in Turkey
AliBeySporvs1453MaltepeGençlik201516 21.JPG
Turkish Women's Third Football League match during the 2015–16 season.
CountryTurkey
Governing bodyTurkish Football Federation
National team(s)Women's national team
International competitions

Women's football in Turkey is the women's branch of football in Turkey and is governed by the Turkish Football Federation (TFF).[1]

History[]

Friendship matches[]

Although Turkey is one of the first countries to adapt women's rights, its practical realization in every part of the society took time. Due to differentiation in the society between men's and women's sports, Turkish women fell behind men in sports. The slogan "football is a men's sport" caused that women were not interested in football in the early days. This incorrect assessment and approach hindered that the number of participants in women's football, like women audience, women footballers, women coaches, women managers and women referees, did not reach the desired level.[2]

The first recorded involvement of women in football took place when six women played in a mixed-gender match in Izmir on 24 May 1954. The first ever football match of only women was played between the Izmir Women's Football team and Istanbul Women's Football team at Mithatpaşa Stadium in Istanbul, today Vodafone Park, on 4 July 1954. During a sports festival on 10 July 1955, one more football match was played between women's teams. There is no indication of women's football event between 1955 and 1969. On 22 August 1969, the first international women's football game in Turkey was played between Italy Girls' and the Joint-Europe Girls' teams at Mithatpaşa Stadium. The match ended with a draw of 1–1 while the Turkish player Afitap scored the only goal of the Joint-Europe team. In 1969, Kınalıada Sports Club in Istanbul formed a girls' football team, which played miniature football in the gym. The team later continued their activities competing against boys' football teams.[2]

In 1971, Haluk Hekimoğlu formed a women's team named "Istanbul Kız Futbol Takımı" (Istanbul Girls' Football Team) with 13 young women on his own personal efforts. This team pioneered the foundation of the country's first women's football club Dostluk Spor (Turkish for "Friendship"), which was officially registered as an association on 19 April 1973 at Moda neighborhood of Kadıköy district in Istanbul.[3] Due to lack of any other women's football teams, Dostluk Spor played demonstration games with men's teams of retired or junior players before some jubilee matches, derbies and season's opening games between 1973 and 1978. The team contributed much to the women's football in Turkey playing in many cities of the country. Their fundraising matches after the 1976 Çaldıran–Muradiye earthquake in Van, eastern Turkey helped growing of social responsibility in the society. The team's advertisement in the newspapers to recruit women players found positive response.[2]

Dostluk Spor's success led soon to the establishment of other women's football teams such as Filizspor in İzmir formed in 1978 by the female students of the Namık Kemal High School,[2] and İncirlispor, Nazende Spor in Ankara the same year. A friendly match played between Filizspor and Dostluk Spor at İzmir Alsancak Stadium ended with the Dostluk Spor's victory of 14–0.[2] Foundation of women's teams in Kocaeli and Samsun followed later.[3] In 1979, Dostluk Spor played a friendly match with the German team SC 07 Bad Neuenahr losing 0–4. This was Dostluk Spor team's first ever international match, and also the first ever international women's football match at clubs' level played in Turkey. On 17 August 1980, Dostluk Spor met Filizspor from Izmir again at Vefa Stadium, Istanbul. An outpoint like in the first match in 1978 was not possible this time, the team from Izmir was defeated only by 2–1. With the foundation of Atılımspor and Deryaspor in 1980, the number of women's football teams in Istanbul reached three.[2]

Establishment of leagues[]

With the formation of Dinarsu Women's Football Team in 1982, women's football in Turkey rose to higher levels.[3] Finally, the Turkish Football Federation (TFF) decided at its board meeting on December 22, 1993 to officially establish a league for women's football. Later on, the TFF published the format and the rules for the Turkish Women's Football League. On March 1, 1994, the schedule of the league matches was determined for a total of 16 teams in four groups to meet each other in turn. The beginning of the first women's league season was planned for March 20, 1994. However, the start was postponed to April 2–3 due to the 1994 local elections held on March 27.[3][4]

Ten years later, there were ten teams active, and the Women's League was dissolved. According to Adnan Ersan, deputy secretary general of the TFF, the league based on a wrong system. The clubs paid barely attention to the provision of experience and training for young players. They did not look ahead for the future, and deployed players older than twenty years of age. Moreover, the played no matches from Mai 2000 on. A great many of factors, which sent women's football in Turkey into offside.[5]

In 2006, the Turkish Women's League was re-established with seven teams, and the Turkish women participated again at international competitions. In the meantime, the government supported the development. The Turkish Ministry of National Education coined a concept in cooperation with the Football Federation that envisaged the establishment of girls' football teams in primary and secondary schools. The women's football in Turkey revived, however the national team was composed of young players of amateur-level experience only. National teams of girls' U-17 and U-15 were established in order to feed the women's national team. Young women's footballers in Germany with Turkish-background were seen as a fill-in to strengthen the national team qualitatively, and were called up.[5]

In order to contribute to the development of women's football, the Board of Directors of the Turkish Football Federation decided on 27 October 2021 to establish the Türkcell Women's Super Football League as the top-flight of the Turkish women's football league system beginning in the 2021-22 season. The 2021-22 Türkcell Women's Football Super League will consist of 24 teams.[6]

Development of women's football in Turkey
Season No. of clubs No. of players
2005–06
7
130
2006–07
15
316
2007–08
39
591
2008–09
51
798
2009–10
54
1,080
2010–11
72
1,500

The number of women's clubs was seven with 130 licensed footballers in the 2005–06 season. As of the 2010–11 season, there were 72 clubs with 1,500 players.[7]

Competitions[]

As of the 2021–22 season, the following competition categories exist for women's football:[1]


Women's football leagues[]

Number of clubs by league and season
2006–07
15
15
2007–08
25
25
2008–09
10
19
29
2009–10
10
10
22
42
2010–11
12
10
23
45
2011–12
12
39
51
2012–13
10
50
60
2013–14
8
69
77
2014–15
10
12
57
79
2015–16
10
12
82
104
2016–17
10
14
103
127
2017–18
10
16
98
124
2018–19
10
15
85
110
2019–20
12
13
79
104
2020–21
16
16
2021–22
24
26
50

Total: 1058

Women' Football Regional League (2009-2011) (45)
Women's Football Third League (2014-2020) (504)
Women's Football Second League (2008-2020, 2021-2022) (305)
Women's Football League 1993-2008
Women's Football First League (2008-2020)
Türkcell Women's Football League (2020-2021)
Türkcell Women's Football Super League (2021-2022) (204)
Source: Data from the archive of the Turkish Football Federation

Women's Football First League[]

Main article: Turkish Women's First Football League
Marmara Üniversitesi Spor (blue/black) vs Konak Belediyespor (red) at the 2013–14 Turkish Women's First League
Women's Football League (1993-2003, 2006-2008 )[]

The Women's First League (Turkish: Kadınlar 1. Ligi) is the top national competition for women's football in Turkey. The league was established in 1993 starting with the 1993–94 season. The 2000–01 season was apparently the first official competition. Three consecutive seasons between 2003 and 2005 were not played.

Women's Football First League (2008-2020)[]

The number of clubs competing in the First League varied from season to season, and dropped from ten in the 2012–13 season to eight in the 2013–14 season.[8] The last standing clubs are relegated to the lower Second League.[9] The number of clubs competing in the First League increased from 10 to 12 in the 2019-20 First League season.

Türkcell Women's Football League (2020-21)[]

With the sponsorship of the mobile phone operator Türkcell, the league was named 2020–21 Turkcell Women's Football League as other sub-level leagues were not played dure to the pandemic. The number of clubs increased from 12 to 16 with promoting of four clubs from the 2019-20 Women's Second League to the existing 12 clubs.

Türkcell Women's Football Super League (2021-22)[]

By October 2021, the Turkish Football federation (TFF) established the Türkcell Women's Football Super League (Turkish: Türkcell Kadın Futbol Süper Lig). 8 clubs of the Süper Lig founded women's football teams and joined the newly established league, chich consists of 24 clubs. The 2021–22 Turkcell Women's Football Super League will be played in two groups of 12 teams. The first standing four teams will play play-offs and the last standing four teams will compete in the play-ot.[10]

The following teams played once in the First League:

  1. 1207 Antalyaspor, Antalya
  2. Adana İdmanyurduspor, Adana
  3. Amasya Eğitim Spor, Amasya
  4. , Antalya
  6. Bucaspor, Izmir
  7. , Bursa
  8. , Istanbul
  9. Derince Belediyespor, Kocaeli
  10. Dinarsuspor, Istanbul
  11. Dostluk Spor, Istanbul
  12. , Izmir
  13. Eskişehirspor, Eskişehir
  14. Eskişehir Lisesi Spor, Eskişehir
  15. Fomget Gençlik Spor, Ankara
  16. Gazi Üniversitesispor, Ankara
  17. Gazikentspor, Gaziantep
  18. Gölcükspor, Kocaeli
  19. Hatay Dumlupınarspor, Hatay
  20. İlkadım Belediyesi Spor, Samsun
  21. , Kocaeli
  22. İzmit Belediyespor, Kocaeli
  23. Karşıyaka BESEM Spor, Izmir
  24. , Istanbul
  25. Lüleburgaz 39 Spor, Kırklareli
  26. , Malatya
  27. Maltepe Yalıspor, Istanbul
  28. Marmara Üniversitesi Spor, Istanbul
  29. Marshall Boyaspor, Istanbul
  30. , Mersin
  31. , Mersin
  32. , Mersin
  33. , Sakarya
  34. , Ordu
  35. Trabzonspor, Trabzon
  36. , Istanbul
Champions

League champion team represents Turkey at the UEFA Women's Champions League.[9]

Season Club City No. of clubs
1994 Dinarsuspor Istanbul 20
Dinarsuspor (2) Istanbul 20
Dinarsuspor (3) Istanbul 28
Dinarsuspor (4) Istanbul 19
Zara Ekinlispor Istanbul 19
Zara Ekinlispor (2) Istanbul 14
Delta Mobilyaspor Istanbul 11
Kuzeyspor Istanbul 12
Samsungücü Samsun
Gazi Üniversitesispor Ankara 10
no league played
no league played
no league played
Gazi Üniversitesispor (2) Ankara 15
Gazi Üniversitesispor (3) Ankara 15
2008–09 Trabzonspor[11] Trabzon 10
2009–10 Gazi Üniversitesispor (4) Ankara 10
2010–11 Ataşehir Belediyespor[12] Istanbul 12
2011–12 Ataşehir Belediyespor (2)[13] Istanbul 12
2012–13 Konak Belediyespor[14] Izmir 10
2013–14 Konak Belediyespor (2)[15] Izmir 8
2014–15 Konak Belediyespor (3) Izmir 10
2015–16 Konak Belediyespor (4) Izmir 10
2016–17 Konak Belediyespor (5) Izmir 10
2017–18 Ataşehir Belediyespor (3) Istanbul 10
2018–19 Beşiktaş J.K. Istanbul 10
2019–20 ALG Spor 1) Gaziantep 12
2020–21 Beşiktaş J.K. (2) Istanbul 16

Notes:

Women's Football Second League[]

Main article: Turkish Women's Second Football League
Turkish Women's Second League match between Akdeniz Nurçelik Spor (black/red) and Osmaniye Kadın Spor (green/yellow) in the 2018-19 season.

The Women's Second League (Turkish: Kadınlar 2. Ligi) is the regional organization for all the clubs, which do not take part in the Women's First League. At the end of each league season, last placed teams of the First League are relegated to the Second League. The top standing teams of the Second League are promoted to the First League. Since there exist no lower level league than the Second League, no relegation takes place from this league.[9]

In the 2013–14 season, a total of 69 teams competed in eight divisions as following:[8]

With the 2015–16 season, the number of teams competing in the Second League was set to twelve. The teams are:

  1. Ağrı Birlikspor, Ağrı
  2. Amasya Eğitim Spor, Amasya
  3. Beşiktaş J.K., Istanbul
  4. Derince Belediyespor, Kocaeli
  5. Fomget Gençlik ve Spor, Ankara
  6. Hakkarigücü, Hakkari
  7. Karşıyaka BESEM Spor, Izmir
  8. Nusaybin Gençlik ve Spor, Mardin
  9. Ovacık Gençlik ve Spor, Karabük
  10. Van BŞB Spor, Van
  11. Vatan Halk Ounları ve Gençlikspor, Bursa
  12. Osmaniye Demirspor, Osmaniye

Women's Football Third League[]

Main article: Turkish Women's Third Football League
Silivri Alibey Spor (red) vs Tekirdağ G.H.S.K. (navy/purple) in the 2019-20 season match of the Turkish Women's Third League.

The Turkish Women's Third Football League is a regional league and is composed of fifteen groups with five to six teams each, making a total of 85 women's teams.

Group 1 (Marmara Region)
  1. Akdeniz Nurçelik, Istanbul
  2. Bakırköy Gençlik, Istanbul
  3. Bakırköy Zara, Istanbul
  4. CFS Bağcılar, Istanbul
  5. Dudulluspor, Istanbul
  6. Fatih Vatan Spor, Istanbul
  7. 1453 Maltepe Spor, Istanbul
  8. Sarıyer Belediyespor, Istanbul
  9. Silivri Alibey Spor, Istanbul
  10. Çerkezköy 1923 Spor, Tekirdağ
  11. Tekirdağ Gençlik Hizmetleri Spor, Tekirdağ
Group 2 (Aegean Region)
  1. Balıkesir Harb-İş, Balıkesir
  2. Gemlik Zeytinspor, Bursa
  3. Akpınar Spor
  4. Bozüyük Halk Eğitim Gençlik ve Spor, Bilecik
  5. Eskişehir Çamlıca Gençlikspor, Eskişehir
  6. Elitspor, Izmir
  7. 7 Eylül Gençlik Spor, Aydın
  8. Denizli Hanbat Spor, Denizli
  9. Pau Gençlik Spor
  10. Manisa Esnaf ve Gençlik Spor, Manisa
Group 3 (Western Black Sea Region)
  1. Düzce Gençlik Hizmetleri, Düzce
  2. Düzce 81 İrem Spor, Düzce
  3. Karşıyaka Kolejispor, Sakarya
  4. Kocarli Gölcük Hatb-İş Spor, Kocaeli
  5. Sinop İl Özel İdare, Sinop
  6. Sinop TML Kız Spor Lisesi, Sinop
  7. Sakarya Bayan Futbol, Sakarya
  8. Zonguldak Gençlik Merkezi, Zonguldak
  9. Karabük Gençlik ve Spor, Karabük
  10. Ankara Metropol Spor, Ankara
Group 4 (Eastern Black Sea region)
  1. Gülizar Hasan Yılmaz Gençlik Spor, Samsun
  2. Ayvacık Gençlik ve Spor
  3. Kanal Boyu Nilüfer Spor
  4. Kavakmeydan Spor, Trabzon
  5. Denizüstü Spor Kulübü
  6. Trabzon Kardelen, Trabzon
  7. Soyaspor, Ordu
  8. Giresun Sanayispor, Giresun
  9. Dereli ÇPL Spor
  10. Sivas Gazi Lisesi Spor, Sivas
Group 5 (Mediterranean Region)
  1. Konya İdmanyurduspor, Konya
  2. Konya Profesyonel Bayan Eğitim Merkezi Spor, Konya
  3. Antalya Konyaaltı Gençlik ve Spor, Antalya
  4. Karaman Yunuskent Spor, Karaman
  5. Mersin Cam Spor, Mersin
  6. Mersin Gençlerbirliği, Mersin
  7. Tarsus Gençlerbirliği, Mersin
  8. Hamidiyespor
  9. Adana Akdeniz Demirspor, Adana
  10. Adanagücü Spor, Adana
Group 6 (Southeastern Anatolia Region)
  1. Kahramanmaraş Anadolu Gençlik, Kahramanmaraş
  2. Maraşgücü Spor, Kahramanmaraş
  3. Akçakoyunlu İdmanyursu Spor
  4. Gaziantep Karataş Spor, Gaziantep
  5. Güneykent Spor
  6. Hatay BB Spor, Hatay
  7. Hatay Dumlupınarspor, Hatay
  8. Şanlıurfa Gençlik Spor, Şanlıurfa
  9. Hatay Sümerspor, Hatay
  10. Tavla Gençlikspor, Hatay
  11. Dörtyol Belediyespor, hatay
Group 7 (Central Anatolia Region)
  1. Güneşspor, Kayseri
  2. Kayseri Atletikspor, Kayseri
  3. Kayseri Gençlerbirliği, Kayseri
  4. Kılıçaslan Yıldızspor
  5. Yıldırım Beyazıt Şafakspor, Kayseri
  6. Yokat Erbaa, Tokat
  7. TOKİ Gençlik, Tokat
  8. Ufuk Keleş Gençlik Spor
  9. Galata Sağlık Sanat Spor
  10. Malatya Bayalar Spor, Malatya
Group 8 (Eastern Anatolia Region)
  1. Erzincan Gençlergücü, erzincan
  2. Geçit Bld Spor, Erzincan
  3. Amed Sportif Faaliyetler Kulübü
  4. Anadolu Harput Spor
  5. Elazığ Bordo Atletikspor, Elazığ
  6. 1955 Batman Belediyespor, Batman
  7. Siirt Hasbeyspor, Siirt
  8. Muş Yağmur Spor, Muş
  9. Muş Kartal Spor, Muş
  10. Bayazıtspor, Ağrı
  11. 76 Iğdır, Iğdır

Women's Regional League[]

Main article: Turkish Women's Regional Football League

The Turkish Women's Regional Football League (Turkish: Kadın Futbolu Bölgesel Ligi) existed two seasons between 2009 and 2011. 22 to 23 teams competed in four groups. Four seasons after its establishment, the Women's Third League was established in the 2014–15 season.[17]

Player eligibility[]

As of the 2016–17 season, the Turkish Football Federation set following player eligibility criteria for the number of players in the teams playing in three women's leagues. Reference date for the player's age in the table is the beginning of the season.[18] Some minor changes took place in the 2018-19 season.[19]

Criteria First
League		 Second
League		 Third
League
Age 13 max. 2 max. 2 max. 4
Age group 14–28 Yes Yes Yes
Age group >28 max. 5 max. 5 max. 5
Foreigner max. 5 No No

Girls' U-13 Regional League[]

The first Girls' U-13 Football League ("Minik Kızlar Futbol Ligi") was established in Istanbul in 2016 by the Istanbul Amateur Sport Clubs Federation as a regional league.[20] The regulations were in conform with of the Turkey Girl's U-13 Championship set by the Turkish Football Federation. The teams consisted of eight players and six reserves. However, it was not allowed for a team to have less than five players on the pitch. The match was played on the half size of a regular field, with a goalpost frame of 5 m × 2 m (16.4 ft × 6.6 ft), for two 30 minutes.[21] Seven teams competed in two groups in the first 2015-16 league season.[22] In 2019, 12 teams competed in two groups.[23]

Turkey championships[]

Girls' U-17 Turkey Championship[]

For the girls of age group 15–16, the Girls' U-17 Turkey Championship (Turkish: Genç Kızlar Şampiyonası) is being held. It is an important organization in respect of the development of women's football in Turkey.[9]

The first leg of the 2009 Women's U-17 Turkey Championship (Turkish: Genç Kızlar Türkiye Şampiyonası) was held between July 9–12, 2009 with the participation of 36 clubs in six groups across Turkey each having six teams. The top first teams of the six groups were entitled to play the finals.[24] The finals were held between July 23–25, 2009 in Bartın. Mevlana Lisesi from Ümraniye, Istanbul became champion of the 2008–09 season defeating Izmir Konak Belediyespor by 1–0 in the final match.[25]

The Girls' U-17 Championship developed rapidly in the following years so that the number of participating teams increased from 27 in 2008 to 110 in 2018.[26][27]

The Turkish Football Federation announced by August 2019 in its 2019-20 season's competition status that the Girls' U-17 Championship was abolished. The decision was sharply criticized by some women's football club managers. It was claimed that girl footballers of age group 16-17 will be forced to play in the senior team of their club with the disadvantage of appearing against older and much experienced opponents.[28]

Development of Girls' U-17 Turkey Championship
Year No. of
Groups		 No. of
Teams		 Ref.
2008 7 27 [26]
2009 6 36 [25]
2010 7 43 [29]
2012 8 35 [30]
2013 13 55 [31]
2014 16 73 [32]
2015 20 105 [33]
2016 29 129 [34]
2017 25 114 [35]
2018 32 110 [27]
2020 Abolished [35]

Girls' U-15 Turkey Championship[]

The Girls' U-15 Turkey Championship (Turkish: Yıldız Kızlar Şampiyonası) is organized for the girls' teams in the age category 13–14.[9]

It was held in the 2008–09 season between July 18–20, 2009 with the participation of six teams in two groups. The leaders of the two groups, Kocaeli Gölcükspor and Bursa Sağlıkgücüspor, played the finals in Düzce. Gölcükspor became champion by winning 3–0.[36]

2015 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification match of Turkey women's (white) vs Belarus women's (red)

Horozkentspor (Denizli) won the 2016 championship title. Kocaeli Harb-İş became runner-up and Konak Belediyespor (Izmir) placed third.[37]

Girls' U-13 Local Championships[]

The Girls' U-13 Local Championships Turkish: U-13 Kızlar Yerel Şampiyonaları) are held in provinces, where at least four teams participate. The teams consists of a goalkeeper, seven players and five substitutes.[38]

National teams[]

Main article: Turkey women's national football team
2015 UEFA Championship Second qualifying round – Group 1 match Turkey girls' U-17 (red) vs Finland girls' U-17 (blue)
Turkey (red) vs Iran (white) at the 2010 Youth Olympics in Singapore

Women's football in Turkey is represented in international competitions by:[1]

A 2013-FIFA report stated that Turkey makes serious efforts to develop a strong women's national team at senior level by using foreign resources. Turkish-descent female players from diverse nations, including Australia, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden and the USA, are called up to international events.[39] The idea behind is the hope that the experience of these players will help improve the standards, and give the youngsters at home a boost.[40]

UEFA Women's Champions League[]

By virtue of winning 2008–09 Turkey National Women's First League, Trabzonspor played in August 2009 in the Group D for qualification to the 2009–10 UEFA Women's Champions League. This was the first time ever a Turkish women's football team participated in the play-offs for the UEFA league established in the 2001–2002 season.[41] The team won its first match against ŽNK Krka from Slovenia by 2–0, however lost the following plays to Torres Calcio Femminile of Italy by 0–9 and to Slovan Duslo Šaľa from Slovakia by 1–2. Trabzonspor women's team failed so to participate in the 2009–2010 UEFA Champions League.[42]

In the following years, Gazi Üniversitesispor in 2010–11, Ataşehir Belediyespor, twice in 2011–12 and 2012–13, and Konak Belediyespor, also twice in 2013–14 and 2014–15, played in the UEFA Women's Champions League. In the 2013–14 season, Konak Belediyespor became the first ever Turkish women's team to play in the league's Round of 16 knockout phase.

UEFA Women's Champions League
Season Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Round
2009–10 Trabzonspor 3 1 0 2 3 11 −8 Qualifying
2010–11 Gazi Üniversitesispor 3 0 1 2 3 22 −19 Qualifying
2011–12 Ataşehir Belediyespor (1) 3 0 1 2 3 9 −6 Qualifying
2012–13 Ataşehir Belediyespor (2) 3 1 0 2 5 10 −5 Qualifying
2013–14 Konak Belediyespor (1) 7 5 0 2 7 8 −1 Round of 16
2014–15 Konak Belediyespor (2) 3 2 0 1 13 5 +8 Qualifying
2015–16 Konak Belediyespor (3) 3 1 0 2 7 14 −7 Qualifying
2016–17 Konak Belediyespor (4) 3 1 0 2 7 8 −1 Qualifying
2017–18 Konak Belediyespor (5) 3 2 0 1 11 4 +7 Qualifying
2018–19 Ataşehir Belediyespor (3) 3 1 1 1 10 10 0 Qualifying
2019–20 Beşiktaş J.K. 3 1 2 0 6 3 +3 Qualifying
2020–21 ALG Spor + Qualifying

See also[]

References[]

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