Yeonguijeong

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Yeonguijeong
영의정하연부부영정3.jpg
Portrait of who served as Yeonguijeong during the King Sejong's reign.
Korean name
Hangul
영의정/ 영상/ 상상/ 수규/ 원보
Hanja
Revised Romanizationyeong-uijeong[1]/ sangsang/ sugyu/ wonbo
McCune–Reischaueryŏng'ŭijŏng / sangsang/ sukyu / wonbo
The appointment certificate of the 's Prime Minister

Yeonguijeong (Korean pronunciation: [jʌŋ ɰi tɕʌŋ]) was a title created in 1400, during the Joseon Kingdom and the Korean Empire times (1392–1910) and given to the Chief State Councillor[1][2] as the highest government position of "Uijeongbu" (State Council). Existing for over 500 years, the function was handed over in 1895 during the Gabo Reform to the newly formed position of Prime Minister of Korea.[3][4] Only one official at a time was appointed to the position and though was generally called Yeongsang, was also referred to as Sangsang, Sugyu or Wonbo. Although, the title of Yeonguijeong was defined as the highest post in charge of every state affairs by law, its practical functions changed drastically depending on the particular King and whether that King's power was strong or weak.[4]

The establishment[]

The Korean Joseon inherited the state structure of its predecessor, the Goryeo (918–1392), but soon began to reorganize the government. In 1400, the second year after King Jeongjong ascended to the throne, he renamed the Privy Council or Dopyeonguisasa,[5] the highest assigned post in charge of the state affairs of Goryeo, to "Uijeongbu" and let the post be called "yeonguijeong busa" (領議政府事). As both functions of Uijeongbu got stronger, and its system was further revised, Yeonguijeong busa was renamed to Yeonguijeong in a firm establishment of the office.[4]

In 1466, the position was officially put in statutory form as Gyeongguk daejeon (Complete Code of Law)[6] was compiled.[7] The Yeongjuijeong title was generally conferred on a senior minister who had previously served as Jwauijeong (Left State Councilor [8]), a post immediately below that of Yeonguijeong, but higher than that of Uuijeong (Right State Councillor[9]). The three posts were collectively referred to as "Samjeongseung" 삼정승 [10] or "Samuijeong" (Three High Councillors).[4]

List of the Chief State Councillors of Joseon period[]

Reign King Hangul Date Chief State Councillor # Hangul KO source
1 1392–1398 Taejo 태조 1 1392/07/17 Jeong Dojeon 정도전 x kp
2 1398–1400 Jeongjong 정종
3 1400–1418 Taejong 태종 1 1401/07/13-1402.4.18 이서 x kp
2 1402/10/04 성석린 x kp
3 1403/07/16 조준 x kp
4 1405/07/03 2 성석린 kp
5 1406/12/04 2 이서 kp
6 1407/07/04 Uian Daegun (Yi Wa) 의안대군 (이화) x kp
7 1408/01/03 Uian Daegun (Yi Wa) 의안대군 … 사면 kp
8 1408/05/27-1412/08/21 Ha Ryun 하륜 x kp
9 1409/08/10 3 이서 kp
10 1408/10/11 Ha Ryun 2 하륜 kp
11 1412/08/21 3 성석린 kp
12 1414/04/17 Ha Ryun 3 하륜 kp
13 1415/10/28 4 성석린 kp
14 1416/05/25 남재 x kp
15 1416/11/02 유정현 x kp
16 1418/06/05 한상경 x kp
4 1418–1450 Sejong 세종 1 1418/09/03 Sim On 심온 x kp
2 1418/12/07 2 유정현 x kp
3 1424/09/07 이직 x kp
4 1431/09/07 Hwang Hui 황희 x kp
5 1449/10/05-1451/07/13 하연 kp
5 1450–1452 Munjong 문종 1 1451/10/27 Hwangbo In 황보인 x kp
6 1452–1455 Danjong 단종 1 1453/10/11 Suyangdaegun (K-Sejo) 수양대군 (이유) x kp
7 1455–1468 Sejo 세조 1 1455/06/11 Jeong In-ji 정인지 x kp
2 1458/12/07 정창손 x kp
3 1459/11/05 강맹경 x kp
4 1461/04/29 2 정창손 kp
5 1461/05/20 Shin Suk-ju 신숙주 x kp
6 1466/04/18 구치관 kp
7 1466/10/19 Han Myung-hoi 한명회 x kp
8 1467/04/06 황수신 kp
9 1467/05/20 심회 x kp
10 1467/12/12 조석문 kp
11 1468/07/17 구성군 (이준) x kp
8 1468–1469 Yejong 예종 1 1468/12/20 박원형 kp
2 1469/01/23 Han Myung-hoi 2 한명회 x kp
3 1469/08/22 Hong Yun-seong 홍윤성 x kp
9 1469–1494 Seongjong 성종 1 1470/04/06 윤자운 kp
2 1471/10/23 Shin Suk-ju 2 신숙주 x kp
3 1475/07/01 3 정창손 x kp
4 1485/03/28 윤필상 x kp
5 1493/11/06 이극배 kp
10 1494–1506 Yeonsangun 연산군 1 1495/03/20 노사신 x kp
2 1495/10/04 신승선 kp
3 1500/04/11 한치형 kp
4 1503/01/04 성준 x kp
5 1504/04/04 Yu Sun 유순 kp
11 1506–1544 Jungjong 중종 1 1506/09/2 Park Won-jong 박원종 x kp
2 1510/03/06 김수동 kp
3 1512/10/07 유순정 x kp
4 1513/04/02 Seong Hui-ahn 성희안 x kp
5 1513/10/27 송일 kp
6 1514/10/01 Yu Sun 2 유순 kp
7 1516/04/09 정광필 kp
8 1520/02/14 김전 x kp
9 1523/04/18 Nam Gon 남곤 x kp
10 1527/10/21 2 정광필 kp
11 Nam Gon 2 남곤 x kp
12 1527/03/10 장순손 kp
13 1534/11/20 한효원 kp
14 1535/03/26 김근사 kp
15 1537/11/02 윤은보 kp
12 1544–1545 Injong 인종 1 1545/01/13 홍언필 x kp
2 1545/01/06 윤인경 kp
13 1545–1567 Myeongjong 명종 1 1548/05/17 2 홍언필 x kp
2 1549/05/21 Yi Gi 이기 x kp
3 1551/08/23 심연원 x kp
4 1558/05/29 상진 kp
5 1563/01/17 Yun Won-hyung 윤원형 x kp
6 1565/08/15 이준경 x kp
14 1567–1608 Seonjo 선조 1 1573/03/22 권철 kp
2 1574/04/11 홍섬 kp
3 1576/08/18 2 권철 kp
4 1580/05/25 박순 x kp
5 1588/05/11 노수신 x kp
6 최흥원 kp
7 이원익 x kp
8 Ryu Seong-ryong 유성룡 x kp
9 Yun Doo-su 윤두수 x kp
10 Yi San-hae 이산해 x kp
11 이항복 x kp
12 윤승훈 kp
13 유영경 kp
15 1608–1623 Gwanghaegun 광해군 1 1608 2 x kp
2 이덕형 x kp
3 기자헌 x kp
4 Chung In-hong 정인홍 x kp
5 박승종 x kp
16 1623–1649 Injo 인조 1 1623 3 이원익 x kp
2 신흠 x kp
3 오윤겸 kp
4 윤방 x kp
5 김류 x kp
6 이홍주 kp
7 Choi Myung-kil 최명길 x kp
8 이성구 kp
9 홍서봉 kp
10 심열 kp
11 Kim Ja-jeom 김자점 x kp
17 1649–1659 Hyojong 효종 1 Kim Ja-jeom 2 김자점 x kp
2 이경석 x kp
3 Kim Yuk 김육 x kp
4 이시백 x kp
5 심지원 x kp
6 정태화 kp
18 1659–1674 Hyeonjong 현종 1 2 정태화 kp
2 홍명하 kp
3 김수흥 x kp
4 Heo Jeok 허적 x kp
19 1674–1720 Sukjong 숙종 1 Heo Jeok 2 허적 x kp
2 Kim Seok-ju 김석주 x kp
3 김수항 x kp
4 권대운 kp
5 남구만 x kp
6 1696–1699 유상운 kp,ws
7 1700–1701 서문중 kp,ws
8 1701 최석정 x kp,ws
9 1702 2 서문중 kp,ws
10 1702–1703 2 최석정 x kp,ws
11 1703–1705 신완 kp,ws
12 1705–1710 3 최석정 x kp,ws
13 1710 이여 x kp,ws
14 1711–1712 서종태 kp,ws
15 1712–1713 Yi Yu 이유 x kp,ws
16 1714–1716 2 서종태 kp,ws
17 1717–1720 2 김창집 x kp,ws
20 1720–1724 Gyeongjong 경종 1 1720–1721 2 김창집 x kp,ws
2 1721–1723 조태구 kp,ws
3 1723–1724 최규서 kp,ws
21 1724–1776 Yeongjo 영조 1 1724-2729 이광좌 kp,ws
2 1729–1732 Hong Chi-jung 홍치중 kp,ws
3 1732–1735 심수현 kp,ws
4 1735–1737 이의현 ws
5 1737–1740 2 이광좌 kp,ws
6 1740–1754 김재로 x ws
7 1754–1758 이천보 kp,ws
8 1758–1759 유척기 x ws
9 1759 2 이천보 kp,ws
10 1759–1760 김상로 kp,ws
11 1761–1762 홍봉한 kp,ws
12 1762–1763 신 만 kp,ws
13 1763–1766 2 홍봉한 kp,ws
14 1766–1767 서지수 ws
15 1767–1768 김치인 kp,ws
16 1768 2 서지수 ws
17 1768 2 김치인 kp,ws
18 1768–1770 3 홍봉한 kp,ws
19 1770–1772 3 김치인 kp,ws
20 1772 김상복 kp,ws
21 1772 신회 kp,ws
22 1772 2 김상복 kp,ws
23 1772 한익모 kp,ws
24 1772 3 김상복 kp,ws
25 1772–1773 2 신회 kp,ws
26 1773 2 한익모 kp,ws
27 1773–1774 4 김상복 kp,ws
28 1774 3 한익모 kp,ws
29 1774–1775 3 신회 kp,ws
30 1775 4 한익모 kp,ws
31 1775–1776 김상철 kp,ws
? 1731 김흥경 (조선) x kp
? 신임 x kp
? 정호 Err kp
22 1776–1800 Jeongjo 정조 1 1776–1779 김양택 ws
2 1779–1780 서명선 kp,ws
3 1780–1781 2 김양택 ws
4 1781–1783 2 서명선 kp,ws
5 1783–1784 정존겸 kp,ws
6 1784–1785 3 서명선 kp,ws
7 1785–1786 정존겸 kp,ws
8 1786–1789 2 김치인 kp,ws
9 1789 김익 kp,ws
10 1789–1790 이재협 kp,ws
11 1790 2 김익 kp,ws
12 1790–1793 Choi Hyo-won 최효원 ws
13 1793 Chae Je-gong 채제공 x kp,ws
14 1793–1798 홍낙성 x kp,ws
15 1799–1800 이병모 kp,ws
? Kim Jong-su 김종수 x kp
23 1800–1834 Sunjo 순조 1 1800–1802 심환지 x kp,ws
2 1802–1803 이시수 ws
3 1803–1805 이병모 kp,ws
4 1805–1806 서매수 ws
5 1806 2 이병모 kp,ws
6 1806–1812 vacant ws
7 1812–1816 김재찬 x ws
8 1816–1819 vacant ws
9 1819–1821 서용보 ws
10 1821 한용귀 ws
11 1821–1823 2 김재찬 x ws
12 1823–1833 남공철 kp,ws
13 1833–1834 이상황 kp,ws
24 1834–1849 Heonjong 헌종 1 1834–1835 심상규 kp,ws
2 1835–1837 vacant ws
3 1837–1838 2 이상황 kp,ws
4 1838–1841 vacant ws
5 1841–1844 조인영 x kp,ws
6 1845–1848 권돈인 kp,ws
7 1848–1849 정원용 x kp,ws
25 1849–1863 Cheoljong 철종 1 1849–1850 정원용 x kp,ws
2 1850 2 조인영 x kp,ws
3 1851–1852 2 권돈인 kp,ws
4 1853 김흥근 x ws
5 1853–1859 Kim Jwa-geun 김좌근 x kp,ws
6 1859–1861 2 정원용 x kp,ws
7 1861–1862 Kim Jwa-geun 2 김좌근 x kp,ws
8 1862–1863 3 정원용 x kp,ws
26 1863–1897 Gojong 고종 1 1863–1864 Kim Jwa-geun 2 김좌근 x kp,ws
2 1864–1866 조두선 ws
3 1866–1867 이경재 ws
4 1867–1868 김병학 x kp,ws
5 1868 4 정원용 x kp,ws
6 1868–1872 2 김병학 x kp,ws
7 1872–1873 홍순목 x kp,ws
8 1873–1875 Yi Yu-won 이유원 kp,ws
9 1875–1882 이최응/흥인군 x kp,ws
?? 1878 민규호 x kp
10 1882 서방보 ws
11 1882–1884 2 홍순목 x kp,ws
12 1884 김병국 ws
13 1884–1894 Shim Sun-taek 심선택 ws
14 1894 김병시 x ws
15 1894–1895 Kim Hong-jip 김홍집 x kp,ws
16 1895 박정양 ws
17 1895-1896/02/11 Kim Hong-jip 2 김홍집 x kp,ws
18 1896 2 김병시 x ws
19 1896–1898 윤용순 ws

This table started as a translation of the ko:영의정 (Yeonguijeong) page published by the Korean Wikipedia .[a] The corresponding items are tagged "kp" in the "source" column. Not a single reference was provided in this page. For the 1st-14th reigns, a Gregorian installation date was given (the best possibility). In case of multiple occurrences e.g. Seong Seokrin during Taejong reign, this is acknowledged by a tag in the "#" column. For the 14th-26th reigns, only the names were given, so that chronological order is not enforced. For example, Chae Jegong was cited once for the Jeongjo reign, while the biographical article ko:채제공 (Chae Jegong) was listing 1776, 1790, 1793.

Additional material coming from the WorldStatesmen page[11] is tagged as "ws" in the source column. Here too, no references are given. When a cross-checking with the Korean page of a given statesman has been possible, hangul transcription and life dates have been borrowed.

In any case, the column KO is checked each time the corresponding biography exists on the Korean Wikipedia.

Changes of Yeonguijeong's roles[]

Until April 1436, the 18th year of Sejong the Great's reign, Jwauijeong and Uuijeong concurrently served as Panijosa (判吏曹事) and Panbyeongjosa (判兵曹事) respectively, so that they governed personnel affairs of yangban (the literary and military nobility).

Yeonguijeong continued to exist as an honorary post, and so only managed to contemplate and adjust diplomatic documents or re-examine the cases of condemned people.

However, when Hwang Hui was appointed as "Yeonguijeong busa" in that same year, the king modified the government system to strengthen the power of Samjeongseung from the Yukjo (Six Ministries) centered system. With the reform, Sejong noted that a situation in which three highest senior advisors could not participate in the state affairs contravened the original intention to have them as the high state councillors.[4]

During the reform, Yukjo conferred with Uijeongbu regarding the responsibilities of each minister. Uijeongbu discussed legitimacy of the issues, and then reported to the king. After receiving an approval from the king, Uijeongbu returned to Yujo to enact the assigned affairs. As a result, Yeonguijeong came to participate more actively in the representative work as the head of Uijeongbu. However, other ministerial duities, such as the rights of (吏曹; Ministry of Personnel[12]) and (兵曹, Ministry of Military Affairs[13]) to implement personnel management, Byeongjo's mobilization of soldiers, (刑曹, Ministry of Punishments[14])'s right to handle all criminals other than condemned people, were still directly operated by the related ministers.[4]

When Prince Suyang usurped the place of his nephew, King Danjong, the function of Yeonguijeong was relegated to its previous powerless position. This was because when the King Sejo was still a prince, his actions were greatly restricted by his political rivals, Yeonguijeong, Hwangbo In (皇甫仁) and Jwauijeong, Kim Jongseo (金宗瑞). So during the reigns of King Seongjong and Jungjong, there were several proposals to restore the former powers of Uijeongbu, but those suggestions were not implemented.[4]

Major affairs of the state were discussed when Bibyeonsa was established in 1558 (during the 10th year of King Myeongjong's reign). The three High Councillors attended meetings only as "Dojejo" (Supreme Commissioner[15][16]). So the power of Yeonguijeong tended to be increased or decreased, depending on the political atmosphere of the times, such as the degree of the king's power, the relationship between Uijeongbu and Yukjo, the establishment of (備邊司; Border Defense Command[17]), the later administration of Kyujanggak (the Royal Library), the conflicts between political parties, and the advancement of "in-law government" (勢道政治, Sedo jeongchi[18]), among others. Regardless, the title "Yeonguijeong" continued as the apex in the bureaucratic system throughout the entire Joseon period.[4]

See also[]

Notes[]

  1. ^ accessdate: 2011-07-14

References[]

  1. ^ a b "영의정(領議政 ), yeong-uijeong" (in Korean and English). The Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  2. ^ Choi (2006), The Origin of the Roman Catholic Church in Korea p. 375
  3. ^ 영의정 (in Korean and English). Daum Korean-English Dictionary.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h 영의정 (領議政) (in Korean). Empas /EncyKorea. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  5. ^ "도평의사사 (都評議使司), Dopyeonguisasa" (in Korean and English). The Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  6. ^ "경국대전(經國大典), Gyeonggukdaejeon" (in Korean and English). The Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  7. ^ John B. Duncan (2000). The Origins of the Chosŏn Dynasty. University of Washington Press. p. 229. ISBN 0-295-97985-2.
  8. ^ Choi (2006), The Origin of the Roman Catholic Church in Korea p. 372
  9. ^ "우의정(右議政), uuijeong" (in Korean and English). The Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  10. ^ "정승(政丞), Jeongseung" (in Korean and English). The Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 2009-01-29.
  11. ^ "WorldStaesmen". Retrieved 2011-08-01.
  12. ^ "이조(吏曹), Ijo" (in Korean and English). The Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  13. ^ "병조(兵曹), Byeong-jo" (in Korean and English). The Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  14. ^ "형조(刑曹), Hyeongjo" (in Korean and English). The Academy of Korean Studies. Retrieved 2009-01-31.
  15. ^ James B. Palais (1996). Confucian Statecraft and Korean Institutions: Yu Hyŏngwŏn and the Late Chosŏn Dynasty. University of Washington Press. p. 1271. ISBN 0-295-97455-9.
  16. ^ 도제조 (都提調) (in Korean). Empas/EncyKorea.
  17. ^ "비변사(備邊司), Bibyeonsa" (in Korean and English). The Academy of Korean Studies.
  18. ^ "세도정치(勢道政治), sedo jeongchi" (in Korean and English). The Academy of Korean Studies.

External links[]

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