Yujiulü Mugulü

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Yujiulü Mugulü
郁久閭木骨閭
Tribal chief
柔然帝国.png
Map representing rourans well to the north, located at the epicenter[citation needed] of the eastern steppe, in comparison to other states in its vicinity, with its area of influence extremely west and east, bordering the northern Wei state (北魏), appearing under the bluish color.
Tribal chief of the Rouran tribe
Reign330–? or 308–316
Coronation330 or 308, Hetulin
PredecessorThere is no, title created
SuccessorYujiulü Cheluhui
Born3rd century, before 277
Died4th century, 316 or after 330
Issue
Names
Yùjiǔlǘ Mùgǔlǘ[a]
ClanYujiulü clan
DynastyRouran tribe
Religiontengrism
OccupationTuoba Xianbei soldier, Xianbei slave (former and uncertain)
Criminal details
GuiltyDelay in fulfilling an order
PenaltyDeath by beheading
StatusRunaway (probably dead in 316 or after 330 by unknown cause of death)

Yujiulü Mugulü (Chinese: 郁久閭木骨閭; pinyin: Yùjiǔlǘ Mùgǔlǘ) is a legendary ruler of Mongolia and warrior in the period when it was under the rule of tribes and peoples originating from the fragmentation of the failed and crumbling Xianbei confederation.

Biography[]

Mugulü served in the Xianbei army under the leadership of the Tuoba tribal chief, Tuoba Yilu (295–316) of Dai. Possibly a legendary figure, he was a Xianbei slave according to Chinese sources, though this anecdote has been rejected by modern scholars.[1] He was the ancestor the Yujiulü clan, from whom sprang the founders of the Rouran Khaganate[2] that would be responsible for gathering the proto-Mongol tribes for more than a century again, this after the disastrous confederation of the Xianbei that collapsed due to a very bad hereditary power succession. Been falling only in the putsch of the Gokturks led by rebel leader, Ashina Tumen.

Birth[]

It is likely that he was born before AD 277, at the end of Tuoba Liwei's reign.[3][4]

Childhood[]

Little is known about the childhood[citation needed] of this possibly legendary ruler, when and were he had been born, the names of his parents, as well as his consorts, were not disclosed by Book of Wei,[5] written in Chinese language by the Tuoba Northern Wei dynasty, enemies of Mugulü's descendants, the Rourans. A parallel, mostly identical, account on Mugulü, the Yujiulü clan, and the Rouran was given by another Chinese chronicle, the History of the Northern Dynasties.[6]

Conjugal relationship[]

According to Chinese chronicles, Mugulü was a man whose women were commonly taken as wives or concubines.[citation needed] So he probably had more than one consort.

Fragmentation of Xianbei confederacy[]

See also: Xianbei state § History#Decline, and Xianbei state § History#Later history

After the fall of the last khans, Budugen and Kebineng of the Xianbei, in 234, the Xianbei state began to split into a number of smaller independent domains. The third century saw both the fragmentation of the Xianbei state in 235 and the branching out of the various Xianbei tribes later to establish significant empires of their own.

Youth[]

Xianbei and Xianbei Tuoba
Xianbei belt buckles from the 3rd or 4th century
The Sixteen Chinese Kingdoms. The Xianbei state of the Tuoba clan is represented as "Dai"(310-376),[7] a predecessor state to Former Qin, (前秦)
See also: Xianbei § Sixteen Kingdoms, Nirun and Northern Wei

According to Chinese chronicles, Mugulü was a slave of the Xianbei of unknown origin who was captured and enslaved by a Tuoba raider cavalryman[8] during the reign of chief Liwei (220-277)[9][10] of the Tuoba, a Xianbei clan[11][12][13][14] most likely of Proto-Mongolic origin.[15] However, in this respect Chinese chronicles cannot be trusted, and the anecdote of him being a slave has been rejected by modern scholars. The tale of him being a slave is "a typical insertion by the Chinese historians intended to show the low birth and barbarian nature of the northern nomads."[1]

The anecdote that Mugulü was a slave was constantly used in Tuoba-Rouran diplomacy, in which Emperor Xuanwu ordered the ministers to pass the message to the Futu ambassador, Hexi Wuiliba (紇奚勿六跋), that the Rourans were only descendants of slaves and hence the former emperors had only mercy on them and they would soon lose their lands.[citation needed]

Mugulü's career and his escape through the Gobi[]

According to the Book of Wei, after having matured (when at least 30-year-old) or because of his strength,[16] Mugulü was emancipated; then became a warrior in the Tuoba Xianbei cavalry, under the leadership of Tuoba Yilu of Dai (307–316), son of , who was head of the Tuoba clan, Duke of Dai, and later, Prince of Dai, being the founder of this Xianbei kingdom.[17] However, he tarried past the deadline and was sentenced to death by beheading.[18] He vanished and hid amidst the Yellow Desert's streams and valleys for a time, in the Guangmo valley,[19][20] gathered and united up to and over one hundred of escapees.[21] The escapees sought refuge under a Gaoche (Tiele) neighboring tribe[22][20] called Hetulin (紇突隣).[23][24][25][26]

Death[]

It is not known when Mugulü died, sources say 316 AD[27] or after 330 AD,[28] nor is the cause of death known.[citation needed]

Family and succession[]

When Mugulü died, Cheluhui, his son, will be vigorous and there will be a group of people. Later generations of ancestors were ignorant and looked like insects, so they changed their name to worms (Ruan-Ruan).[29][30][20] His son Cheluhui became a courageous, rough hero, acquired his own tribal horde and either he was or his tribe were called Rouran.[31][32] Cheluhui's government was marked by nomadism and peace,[33] but they remained subjects to the Xianbei Tuobas.[34][31] Later, he would be succeeded by his son, , son of Cheluhui and grandson of Mugulü.[35]

Under both his son, his grandson, and his great-grandson's rule, his newly formed tribe remained subject to the Tuoba and other Xianbei tribes. [20]

From the death of his great-great-grandson, Rouran was divided. [20]

His descendants and successors were:[36]

  1. Yujiulü Cheluhui, Son
  2. , grandson
  3. , great-grandson
  4. , great-great-grandson

Personal name[]

Yujiulü Mugulü
Chinese郁久閭木骨閭

According to the Chinese chronicles, the Xianbei (Sianbi) master called the captive Mugulü, a Xianbei word glossed as "bald-headed" (首禿)[37] possibly owing to his appearances, his hairline starting at his eyebrow's level,[38][39] and because he did not remember his name and surname.[40] This was reconstructed as Mongolic Muqur (Mukhur) or Muquli (Mukhuli) presumably "round, smooth" by Japanese researcher Shiratori Kurakichi.[41][42] Alexander Vovin instead proposes that Mùgúlǘ (木骨閭), in reconstructed Middle Chinese *muwk-kwot-ljo, transcribed Tuoba Xianbei *moqo-lo ~ muqo-lo 'bald head', which is analysable as 'one [who/]which has cut off/fallen off [hair]' and cognate with Mongolic lexical items like Written Mongolian moɣutur ~ moqutur 'blunt, hornless, bald tail' (cf. Chinese gloss as 禿尾 'bald tail'), moqu-ɣar, Middle Mongol muqular 'hornless', moqo-dag 'blunt'; all of those are from Proto-Mongolic *muqu 'to be cut off, break off, fall off', which in turn would produce the semantic variation 'blunt ~ hornless ~ hairless ~ bald'.[43]

Clan name[]

See also: Yujiulü clan § Origin, and Yujiulü

According to the Book of Wei, the dynasty founded by Mugulü's descendants was called Yujiulü, which sound superficially like Mugulü, and thus the Yujiulü clan (郁久閭氏, reconstructed Middle Chinese: ʔjuk kjǝu ljwo[44]) emerged.[45][46] Róna-Tas suggested that Yujiulü rendered *ugur(i) > Uğur, a secondary form of Oğur.;[47] Peter B. Golden additionally proposed connection with Turkic uğurluğ "feasible, opportune", later "auspicious fortunate" or oğrï "thief", an etymology more suited to the dynasty's founder's activities; additionally Yujiulü may be comparable to Middle Mongolian uğuli "owl" (> Khalkha ууль uul'), as personal names based on bird names are common in Mongolic.[48]

Other names to Mugulü[]

See also: Kurt (surname)

Qur (Kur) ~ Qurt (Kurt) (from Turkic, meaning 'insect (weevil, black beetle, etc.), 'worm', or, only in Oghuz languages, 'wolf'; from "some general word for 'an unpleasant creature'"[49]): is a hypothetical reconstruction of his name by Haussig, possibly based on the Rourans' hairstyles or totemic animals[50] or graphically pejorative exonyms which contain the 'worm, insect' 虫 radical in Chinese records.[51][52][53]

The Lü surname in traditional Chinese character
See also: Change of Xianbei names to Han names
See also: Lü (surname)

Lü (simplified Chinese: 闾; traditional Chinese: 閭; pinyin: Lǘ): truncated version of Yujiulü (郁久閭/闾) and Mugulü (木骨閭/闾) borne by Sinicized Rouran refugees who fled south to China after Yujiulü clan had been overthrown by the Göktürks in 551 CE and completely annihilated in 555.[54] Most Xianbei clans adopted Chinese family names during Northern Wei Dynasty. In particular, many were sinicized under Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei.[citation needed]

Mugului~Muguluy~Moguliue (Mongolian: Мугулюй):[citation needed]

Legacy[]

In foundation of the Rouran tribe[]

Crossing the Gobi Desert with a hundred fugitives, Mugulü was on the verge of founding a nation that would later dominate the epicenter of the eastern steppe[citation needed]

Around 330,[31] Mugulü's descendants multiplied into the Yujiulü clan; the Rouran tribe was founded by Mugulü, but formed by his son, Cheluhui.[55] Mugulü's son Cheluhui gathered and led an independent tribe, self-proclaimed Rouran.[31] Much later, Yujiulü Shelun (or Jarun), turns his tribe into a vast nomadic empire.[56][57][29][58] Later, the Rouran were considered vassals (chen) by Tuoba Wei, even though it's a newly formed empire. By 506; at the time of Nagai/Futu, respectively at the end of one and the beginning of the reign of the other; they were considered a vassal state (fanli). They were considered equal partners by the Chinese empire. Following the growth of Rouran and the turning of Wei into a classical Chinese state, they were considered partners of equal rights by Wei (lindi gangli).[59][60] Such an empire would soon be overthrown in 551 by their subjects, the Göktürks,[61][62][63][64][65] under the leadership of Ashina Tumen (real name Bumin),[66] son of Ashina Tuwu (阿史那吐務), and also grandson of Ashina Natalu, who became known as Axian Shad (阿賢設) who was subimitted to Rouran.[67] Bumin's second son Muqan Qaghan, allying with the Sinicized Xianbei Northern Zhou dynasty, completely annihilated the Rourans in 555, effectively replacing the dynastic rule of the Yujilü clan with the Ashina tribe's rule and establishing the first empire of the nomadic Turkic peoples.[68]

Epitaph of Yujiulü Furen (郁久闾伏仁), died on 29 November 586

Yujiulü clan lost its dominant power in steppe to Ashina tribe in 555. Some of them even served Sui dynasty, such as Yujiulü Furen (d. 29 November 586).[69] Chinese author Wang Anyi wrote that her mother Ru Zhijuan might be descended from Rouran.[70]

In creating the term “Mongols"[]

See also: Mongolia § Etymology

The term “Mongol” is a likely derivation from his name.[71] Probably this name was due to the fact that the Nirun named the province in the name of their leader.[citation needed] Perhaps this is one of Mugulü greatest legacies.[citation needed]

Descendants of Mugulü[]

See also: Yujiulü clan § Family tree, and Rouran Khaganate § Rulers family tree

Genetics[]

See also[]

The Xianbei of the 3rd century.

Succession[]

Yujiulü Mugulü
Yujiulü clan of Rouran tribe
Born: 3rd century, before 277 Died: 4th century, 316 or after 330
Regnal titles
Preceded by
None, title created 		Tribal chief of Rourans
330–? 		Succeeded by
Yujiulü Cheluhui

References[]

Notes[]

Citations[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b Kradin NN (2005). "FROM TRIBAL CONFEDERATION TO EMPIRE: THE EVOLUTION OF THE ROURAN SOCIETY". Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. Volume 58 (2), 149–169 (2005). |volume= has extra text (help)
  2. ^ René Grousset: The Empire of the Steppes. A History of Central Asia. 1827. Reprint 1970. S. 61, 585, Nr. 91
  3. ^ Weishu vol. 103 始神元之末，掠騎有得一奴 tr. "In the beginning of the end of the Shenyuan, a [Tuoba] raider cavalryman acquired a slave"
  4. ^ Golden, Peter B. "Some Notes on the Avars and Rouran", in The Steppe Lands and the World beyond Them. Ed. Curta, Maleon. Iași (2013). p. 54-56.
  5. ^ Weishu vol. 103 section "Ruru"
  6. ^ Beishi vol. 98 section "Ruru"
  7. ^ Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 57. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
  8. ^ Weishu vol. 103 始神元之末，掠騎有得一奴 tr. "In the beginning of the end of the Shenyuan, a [Tuoba] raider cavalryman acquired a slave"
  9. ^ Weishu vol. 103 始神元之末，掠騎有得一奴 tr. "In the beginning of the end of the Shenyuan, a [Tuoba] raider cavalryman acquired a slave"
  10. ^ Golden, Peter B. "Some Notes on the Avars and Rouran", in The Steppe Lands and the World beyond Them. Ed. Curta, Maleon. Iași (2013). p. 55.
  11. ^ Wei Shou. Book of Wei. Vol. 1
  12. ^ Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 60–65. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
  13. ^ Holcombe, Charles (2001). The Genesis of East Asia: 221 B.C. - A.D. 907. p. 131.
  14. ^ Tseng, Chin Yin (2012). The Making of the Tuoba Northern Wei: Constructing Material Cultural Expressions in the Northern Wei Pingcheng Period (398-494 CE) (PhD). University of Oxford. p. 1.
  15. ^ *Pulleyblank, Edwin G. (2000). "Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity", Early China. p. 20
  16. ^ Weishu vol. 103. The phrase "木骨閭既壯" is translatable as literally "Mugulü, because of [his] robustness", or - figuratively - "Mugulü, because of [his] maturity"; cf. Liji "Quli I txt: "三十曰壯" tr: "When he is thirty, we say, 'He is at his maturity;'" by James Legge
  17. ^ Weishu vol. 103 "免奴為騎卒。穆帝時" tr. "[he was] release[d] from slavery and made a cavalry soldier, during the time of Emperor Mu (of Dai)"
  18. ^ Weishu vol. 103 "坐後期當斬"
  19. ^ 依紇突隣部　諸本及北史卷九八蠕蠕傳「紇」作「純」。按本卷高車傳末即附有紇突隣部，卷二太祖紀登國五年五月及十二月、皇始二年二月見此部，都作「紇突隣」，「純」乃形近而訛，今改正。
  20. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e Weishu 554, Vol. 103.
  21. ^ Weishu vol. 103 "亡匿廣漠谿谷間, 逋逃得百餘人
  22. ^ 依紇突隣部　諸本及北史卷九八蠕蠕傳「紇」作「純」。按本卷高車傳末即附有紇突隣部，卷二太祖紀登國五年五月及十二月、皇始二年二月見此部，都作「紇突隣」，「純」乃形近而訛，今改正。
  23. ^ Weishu vol. 103, Ruru "依紇突隣部" tr. "[They] relied on the Hetulin tribe"
  24. ^ The corresponding passage in Beishi vol. 98 Ruru reads "依純突鄰部" tr. "[They] relied on the Chuntulin tribe" or "[They] relied on the pure Tulin tribe"
  25. ^ Both Weishu, Vol. 103, Gaoche and Beishi Vol. 98, Gaoche have "又有紇突隣" tr. "[There] were also the Hetulin tribe"
  26. ^ Bozan 1962, p. 225.
  27. ^ Lee 2015, pp. 51–52.
  28. ^ Yıldırım 2013, p. 35.
  29. ^ Jump up to: a b 《魏书·蠕蠕传》
  30. ^ 狀類於蟲故改其號為蠕蠕　諸本「蟲」作「蠱」，北史卷九八作「虫」，冊府卷九五六 • 、通典卷一九六蠕蠕條作「蟲」。洪氏考異卷一０以為「蠱」即「蟲」字。按這裏實是字訛，北史作「虫」即俗「蟲」字可證，今據改。又本傳稱此族「自號柔然」，宋書、南齊書稱「芮芮」，北齊書、隋書作「茹茹」，與「柔然」都是一名的異譯，此譯作「蠕蠕」則是拓跋燾有意侮辱。
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Pohl 2018, p. 33.
  32. ^ Weishu Vol. 103 "木骨閭死，子車鹿會雄健，始有部眾，自號柔然" "Mugulü died; [his] son Cheluhui, virile and robust, began to gather the tribal multitude, [his/their] self-appellation Rouran"
  33. ^ Weishu, vol. 103 "車鹿會既為部帥，歲貢馬畜、貂豽皮，冬則徙度漠南，夏則還居漠北。"Cheluhui, since made tribal chief, [paid] annual tributes in horses, livestock, [as well as] skins of martens and seals. in winter [they] moved southwards across the desert; in summer [they] returned northwards to dwell in the desert."
  34. ^ Weishu Vol. 103 "而役屬於國。" tr. "yet [Cheluhui/Rouran] [was/were] vassal(s) of (our) state.
  35. ^ Weishu, vol. 103 "車鹿會死，子吐奴傀立" tr. "Cheluhui died, [his] son Tunugui [was] established [as ruler]."
  36. ^ Grousset (1970), pp. 61, 585, n. 91.
  37. ^ Weishu vol. 103 "其主字之曰木骨閭。「木骨閭」者，首禿也。"
  38. ^ Weishu, "Vol. 103" "髮始齊眉 [...] 首禿也"
  39. ^ Weishu Vol. 103 "髮始齊眉"
  40. ^ vol. 103 "忘本姓名"
  41. ^ 白鳥庫吉 1910; 内田吟風 1971: 218.
  42. ^ Ginfu 1971, p. 218, note 4.
  43. ^ Vovin, Alexander. 2007. "Once again on the Tabγač language", Mongolian Studies, XXIX: 200-202
  44. ^ Golden, Peter B. (2018). "The Stateless Nomads of Central Eurasia". Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity. Empires and Exchanges in Eurasian Late Antiquity: Rome, China, Iran, and the Steppe, ca. 250–750. pp. 317–332. doi:10.1017/9781316146040.024. ISBN 9781316146040. Retrieved 2019-11-09.
  45. ^ Weishu Vol. 103 txt. "木骨閭與郁久閭聲相近，故後子孫因以為氏。" tr. "Mugulü and Yujiulü sound similar; hence [Mugulü's] descendants later used as surname"
  46. ^ Lee, Joo-Yup (2015-12-04). Qazaqlïq, or Ambitious Brigandage, and the Formation of the Qazaqs: State and Identity in Post-Mongol Central Eurasia. BRILL. p. 52. ISBN 9789004306493.
  47. ^ Róna-Tas, András. (1999). Hungarians and Europe in the early Middle Ages : an introduction to early Hungarian history. Budapest: Central European University Press. pp. 210–211. ISBN 9639116483. OCLC 654357432.
  48. ^ Golden, Peter B. "Some Notes on the Avars and Rouran", in The Steppe Lands and the World beyond Them. Ed. Curta, Maleon. Iași (2013). p. 55.
  49. ^ Clauson, Gerard (1972). An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-13th Century Turkish. Oxford University Press. p. 648.
  50. ^ Theobald, Ulrich (2012) Rouran 柔然 for ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art
  51. ^ Haussig 1953; in Uchida 1971: 218.
  52. ^ Uchida 1971, p. 218, note 4.
  53. ^ Hans Wilhelm Haussig 1953.
  54. ^ Gao Yang. "The Origin of the Turks and the Turkish Khanate", X. Türk Tarih Kongresi: Ankara 22 – 26 Eylül 1986, Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler, V. Cilt, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1991, p. 730-731.
  55. ^ Grousset (1970), pp. 61, 585, n. 91.
  56. ^ Book of Wei, Vol. 103
  57. ^ 《魏书·蠕蠕传》
  58. ^ 《魏书·蠕蠕传》
  59. ^ Kurbanov, A. The Hephthalites: Archaeological and historical analysis. PhD dissertation, Free University, Berlin, 2010
  60. ^ https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B7%D1%8E%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B9
  61. ^ 馬長壽, 《突厥人和突厥汗國》, 上海人民出版社, 1957, (Ma Zhangshou, Tujue ve Tujue Khaganate), pp. 10-11. (in Chinese)
  62. ^ 陳豐祥, 余英時, 《中國通史》, 五南圖書出版股份有限公司, 2002, ISBN 978-957-11-2881-8 (Chen Fengxiang, Yu Yingshi, General history of China), p. 155. (in Chinese)
  63. ^ Gao Yang, "The Origin of the Turks and the Turkish Khanate", X. Türk Tarih Kongresi: Ankara 22 - 26 Eylül 1986, Kongreye Sunulan Bildiriler, V. Cilt, Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1991, s. 731.
  64. ^ Burhan Oğuz, Türkiye halkının kültür kökenleri: Giriş, beslenme teknikleri, İstanbul Matbaası, 1976, p. 147. «Demirci köle» olmaktan kurtulup reisleri Bumin'e (in Turkish)
  65. ^ Larry W. Moses, "Relations with the Inner Asian Barbarian", ed. John Curtis Perry, Bardwell L. Smith, Essays on Tʻang society: the interplay of social, political and economic forces, Brill Archive, 1976, ISBN 978-90-04-04761-7, p. 65. text: "Slave' probably meant vassalage to the Juan Juan confederation of Mongolia, whom they served in battle by providing iron weapons, and also marching with qaghan's armies.
  66. ^ "Tumen" is used for expressing 10,000 and "Bum" is used for expressing 100,000 in Secret History of the Mongols, Larry Moses, "Legend by the numbers: The Symbolism of Numbers in the 'Secret History of the Mongols'", Asian folklore studies, Vol. 55-56, Nanzan University Institute of Anthropology, 1996, p. 95.
  67. ^ Erkoç, Hayrettin İhsan (2018-05-01). "Çin ve Tibet Kaynaklarına Göre Göktürk Mitleri / Myths of the Türks According to Chinese and Tibetan Sources". Belleten (Türk Tarih Kurumu). LXXXII.
  68. ^ Pohl 2018, p. 36.
  69. ^ "隋代《郁久闾伏仁墓志》考释-中国文物网-文博收藏艺术专业门户网站" [An Interpretation of the Epitaph of Yujiulü Furen]. www.wenwuchina.com. Retrieved 2019-11-09.
  70. ^ Choy, Howard Yuen Fung (2008). Remapping the Past: Fictions of History in Deng's China, 1979 -1997. BRILL. p. 74. ISBN 9789004167049.
  71. ^ Г. Сүхбаатар (1992). "Монгол Нирун улс" [Mongol Nirun (Rouran) state]. Монголын эртний түүх судлал, III боть [Historiography of Ancient Mongolia, Volume III] (in Mongolian). 3. pp. 330–550.
  72. ^ "隋代《郁久闾伏仁墓志》考释-中国文物网-文博收藏艺术专业门户网站" [An Interpretation of the Epitaph of Yujiulü Furen]. www.wenwuchina.com. Retrieved 2019-11-09.

Bibliography[]

Sources[]

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  • 『北史』(列伝第八十六 蠕蠕)
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Monograph[]

  • 内田吟風、田村実造他訳注『騎馬民族史１ 正史北狄伝』 平凡社東洋文庫, 1971.

Further reading[]

External links[]

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