Zabaniyah

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Part of a series on
Islam
Allah3.svg
Beliefs
  • Oneness of God
Practices
  • Profession of Faith
  • Prayer
  • Almsgiving
  • Fasting
  • Pilgrimage
  • Quran
  • Sunnah (Hadith, Sirah)
  • Fiqh (jurisprudence)
  • Sharia (law)
History
  • Timeline
  • Muhammad
  • Caliphate
  • Imamate
  • Medieval Islamic science
  • Spread of Islam
  • Succession to Muhammad
Culture and society
Related topics
  • Apostasy
  • Criticism
  • Glossary
  • Allah-green.svg Islam portal
  • v
  • t

In Islam the Zabaniyah (Arabic: الزبانية) (also spelled Zebani) is a term that appears in the Quran in verse 96:18 and is translated variously as the "forces of hell"[1] who torment the sinners there, the "Angels of punishment", the "Guardians of Hell",[2] "wardens of hell", "angels of hell",[3] etc. They are often identified with the Nineteen Angels of Hell, mentioned in different verses in the Quran, 66:6 and 74:30 or as their subordinates.[4][5] Traditionally they are contrasted with the angels of mercy by their creation from fire instead of light.[6][7] Some scholars regard them, nevertheless, as created from light, along with other angels.[8]

Etymology[]

The word Zabaniyah may have been derived from the syriac shabbāyā, used to describe angels who conduct the souls of the dead or as frightening demons. Another suggestion attributes the origin to rabbāniyya referring to the lords angelic council.[9] Furthermore, Zabaniyah may refer to a class of Arabian demons.[10] Another theory holds that this term may derive from Sumerian zi.ba.an.na ("The Scales") and Assyrian zibanitu (also referring to scales). Al-Mubarrad suggested, zabāniya could derive from the idea of movement and the Zabaniyah are those who "push somebody [back]".[11]

As for the number nineteen, independent researcher Gürdal Aksoy suspects it refers to the sum of the seven planets and twelve signs of the zodiac,[12] as found in Mandaen literature, which, while suggestive, is ultimately inconclusive.[13][14] Scholars such as Richard Bell has found the evidence adduced for this apparent association to lack direct correspondence.[15] In a similar vein, Angelika Neuwirth sees the Qur'an's reference to nineteen as an "ostentatiously enigmatic element",[16] whereas Alan Jones suggests that "initially the meaning of 'nineteen' would have been vague."[17]

In Islamic traditions[]

In Mi'raj literature, one of the Zabaniyya called Susāʾīl, is ordered to show Muhammad the punishments of hell.[18] Islamic art commonly pictures them as horrifying demons with flames leaping from their mouth.[19]

As part of Isma'ili eschatology, Nasir al-Din al-Tusi identified the Zabaniyya with the seven planets, who administrate the upper Barzakhs, indicating that there is a kind of hell within the celestrial spheres. Accordingly, impure souls remain emprisioned within bodies, missing salvation in purely intellectual existence. The Houris appear as counterparts of the Zabaniyya, who are, in contrast to the Zabaniyya, items of knowledge from the beyond.[20]

During the post-Quranic-exegesis, Zabaniyah were also identified with the angels of death appearing to the unjust[21] assisting Azrael, who conduct the sinners at the moment of death, and seize their souls, appearing as black shadows.[22]

In the hadith tradition, Iblis leads an army of angels of punishment to take the soul of a sinner against the angels of mercy.[23](p56) In eschatological manuals

In non-Islamic traditions[]

Prior to the angelification of the Zabaniyah, they were probably thought as a kind of demon.[24] Al-Mubarrad relates them to Afarit, a type of underworld demon still prevailing in later Islamic thought. He states that Afarit are sometimes referred to as "ʿifriyya zibniyya", "ZBN" denoting "pushing back" as their characteristic action.[25]

In Turkish lore they are used for hellhounds or hellbound demons,[26] who dwell in the underworld to torture the sinners.[27] Some traditions hold, that they sometimes engage in war against the angels of mercy. If they meet each other, their strikings can cause thunder.[28]

Gallery[]

  • Muhammad and "shameless women" in Hell.jpg
  • Muhammad and hooked women in Hell.jpg
  • Muhammad visits Hell - from the Miraj Nameh.jpg
  • Muhammad and "mocking women" in Hell.jpg

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ Hans Wilhelm Haussig, Egidius Schmalzriedt Wörterbuch der Mythologie Klett-Cotta 1965 ISBN 978-3-129-09870-7 page 314 (german)
  2. ^ Stephen Burge Angels in Islam: Jalal Al-Din Al-Suyuti's Al-Haba'ik Fi Akhbar Al-mala'ik Routledge 2015 ISBN 978-1-136-50474-7 page 277
  3. ^ translation from Quran.com
  4. ^ Mohammed Rustom The Triumph of Mercy: Philosophy and Scripture in Mulla Sadra SUNY Press 2012 ISBN 9781438443416 p. 90
  5. ^ Hajjah Amina Adil Muhammad the Messenger of Islam: His Life & Prophecy BookBaby 2012 ISBN 978-1-618-42913-1
  6. ^ Jane Dammen McAuliffe Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān Brill 2001 ISBN 9789004147645 p. 118
  7. ^ Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb The Encyclopaedia of Islam: NED-SAM Brill 1995 page 94
  8. ^ "Zebani nedir, zebaniler kimdir, ne demek, görevleri, cehennem".
  9. ^ Christian Lange Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions Cambridge University Press 2015 ISBN 978-1-316-41205-3 page 65
  10. ^ Christian Lange Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions Cambridge University Press 2015 ISBN 978-1-316-41205-3 page 52
  11. ^ Lange, Christian. "Revisiting Hell's Angels in the Quran." Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions edited by Christian Lange, Brill, LEIDEN; BOSTON, 2016, p. 82 JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.10.
  12. ^ Gürdal Aksoy, On the Astrological Background and the Cultural Origins of An Islamic Belie: The Strange Adventures of Munkar and Nakir from the Mesopotamian god Nergal to the Zoroastrian Divinities, https://www.academia.edu/35372440/On_the_Astrological_Background_and_the_Cultural_Origins_of_An_Islamic_Belief_The_Strange_Adventures_of_Munkar_and_Nakir_from_the_Mesopotamian_god_Nergal_to_the_Zoroastrian_Divinities_Mezopotamyal%C4%B1_Tanr%C4%B1_Nergal_den_Zerd%C3%BC%C5%9Fti_Kutsiyetlere_M%C3%BCnker_ile_Nekir_in_Garip_Maceralar%C4%B1_
  13. ^ Lange, Christian (2016). Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions. Leiden. p. 84.
  14. ^ The gnostic world. Trompf, G. W.,, Mikkelsen, Gunner B.,, Johnston, Jay,, Milani, Milad,, BeDuhn, Jason,, Nasoraia, Brikha (Brikha H. S.). Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 978-1-315-56160-8. OCLC 1056109897.CS1 maint: others (link)
  15. ^ Richard, Bell (1991). A commentary on the Qur'ān. Bosworth, Clifford Edmund., Richardson, M. E. J. (Mervyn Edwin John), 1943-. Manchester, England: University of Manchester. p. 453. ISBN 0-9516124-1-7. OCLC 24725147.
  16. ^ Neuwirth, Angelika (2011). Der Koran: Band 1: Frühmekkanische Suren: Poetische Prophetie: Handkommentar mit Übersetzung. p. 369.
  17. ^ Jones, Alan (2007). The Qurʼān. Cambridge. p. 545. ISBN 978-1-909724-32-7. OCLC 878413496.
  18. ^ ange, Christian. "Revisiting Hell's Angels in the Quran." Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions edited by Christian Lange, Brill, LEIDEN; BOSTON, 2016, p. 139 JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.10
  19. ^ Sheila Blair, Jonathan M. Bloom The Art and Architecture of Islam 1250-1800 Yale University Press 1995 ISBN 978-0-300-06465-0 page 62
  20. ^ Christian Lange Paradise and Hell in Islamic Traditions Cambridge University Press 2015 ISBN 9781316412053 p. 214
  21. ^ MONA ZAKI JAHANNAM IN MEDIEVAL ISLAMIC THOUGHT 2015 p. 205 ff.
  22. ^ Lange, Christian. [www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.10 "Revisiting Hell's Angels in the Quran"] Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions edited by Christian Lange, Brill, LEIDEN; BOSTON, 2016, p. 74, 94 JSTOR,
  23. ^ Awn, P. J. (1983). Satan's Tragedy and Redemption: Iblīs in Sufi Psychology. Niederlande: E.J. Brill.
  24. ^ Lange, Christian. "Revisiting Hell's Angels in the Quran." Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions edited by Christian Lange, Brill, LEIDEN; BOSTON, 2016, p. 79 JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.10.
  25. ^ Lange, Christian. "Revisiting Hell's Angels in the Quran." Locating Hell in Islamic Traditions edited by Christian Lange, Brill, LEIDEN; BOSTON, 2016, p. 82 JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1w3.10.
  26. ^ "Meaning of zebani in Turkish english dictionary - İngilizce Türkçe sözlükteki zebani Anlamı 1".
  27. ^ Bayram Erdoğan Sorularla Türk mitolojisi Pozitif, 2007 ISBN 9789756461471 p. 116
  28. ^ Hans Wilhelm Haussig, Egidius Schmalzriedt Wörterbuch der Mythologie Klett-Cotta 1965 ISBN 978-3-129-09870-7 page 314 (german)
Retrieved from ""