Zebu

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For other uses, see Zebu (disambiguation).

Zebu
Bos taurus indicus.jpg
Conservation status
Domesticated
Scientific classification e
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Family: Bovidae
Subfamily: Bovinae
Genus: Bos
Species:
B. indicus
Subspecies:
B. i.
Trinomial name
Bos indicus
Linnaeus, 1758[1]
Synonyms
  • Bos indicus

The zebu (/ˈziːb(j)uː, ˈzeɪbuː/; (Bos indicus), sometimes known in the plural as indicine cattle or humped cattle, is a domestic species of cattle originating in the Indian sub-continent.[2] Zebu are characterised by a fatty hump on their shoulders, a large dewlap, and sometimes drooping ears. They are well adapted to withstanding high temperatures, and are farmed throughout the tropical countries, both as pure zebu and as hybrids with taurine cattle, the other main type of domestic cattle. Zebu are used as draught and riding animals, dairy cattle, and beef cattle, as well as for byproducts such as hides and dung for fuel and manure. Some small breeds such as the miniature zebu are also kept as pets. In 1999, researchers at Texas A&M University successfully cloned a zebu.[3]

In some regions, such as parts of India, cattle, especially zebu, have significant religious meaning.

Taxonomy and name[]

The scientific name Bos indicus was introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 for humped cattle in China.[1] The zebu was classified as a distinct species by Juliet Clutton-Brock in 1999,[4][5] but as a subspecies of the domestic cattle, Bos taurus indicus, by Peter Grubb in 2005.[6] In 2011, Colin Groves and Peter Grubb classified it as a distinct species again.[7] The American Society of Mammalogists also considers it to be a species.[8]

Origin[]

A Pillar of Ashoka, dating to the 3rd century BCE, depicting a zebu
Zebu pictured on a coin of the Indo-Scythian king Azes II, late first century BC

Zebu cattle are thought to be derived from the Indian aurochs Bos primigenius namadicus, a subspecies of the aurochs.[9] Wild Asian aurochs disappeared during the time of the Indus Valley Civilisation from its range in the Indus River basin and other parts of the South Asian region possibly due to interbreeding with domestic zebu and resultant fragmentation of wild populations due to loss of habitat.[10]

Archaeological evidence including depictions on pottery and rocks suggests that it was present in Egypt around 2000 BC and thought to be imported from the Near East or south. It is thought to have first appeared in sub-Saharan Africa between 700 and 1500 and was introduced to the Horn of Africa around 1000.[11]

Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the zebu Y chromosome haplotype groups are found in three different lineages: Y3A, the most predominant and cosmopolitan lineage; Y3B, only observed in West Africa; and Y3C, predominant in south and northeast India.[12]

Breeds and hybrids[]

Hariana breed of Zebu cattle in north India

Some 75 breeds of zebu are known, split about evenly between African breeds and Indian ones. The major zebu cattle breeds of the world include Gyr, Kankrej and Guzerat, Indo-Brazilian, Brahman, Sibi Bhagnari, White Nukra, Acchai,[13] Cholistani, Dhanni, Lohani, Nelore, Ongole, Sahiwal, Red Sindhi, Butana and Kenana, Baggara, Tharparkar, Kangayam, Southern Yellow, Kedah-Kelantan and Local Indian Dairy (LID). Kedah-Kelantan and LID originated from Malaysia. Other breeds of zebu are quite local, like the Hariana of Haryana and eastern Punjab[14] or the Rath of Alwar district in eastern Rajasthan.[15]

Zebu, which can tolerate extreme heat,[16] were imported into Brazil in the early 20th century. Their importation marked a change in cattle ranching in Brazil, where feral cattle had grazed freely on extensive pasturage, and bred without animal husbandry. Zebu were considered "ecological" since they could graze on natural grasses and their meat was lean and without chemical residues.[17]

From the 1960s onwards, Nelore which is an off breed of Ongole Cattle became the primary breed of cattle in Brazil because of its hardiness, heat-resistance, and because it thrives on poor-quality forage and breeds easily, with the calves rarely requiring human intervention to survive. Currently more than 80% of beef cattle in Brazil (approximately 167,000,000 animals) are either purebred or hybrid Ongole Cattle which is originated from Ongle region of Andhra Pradesh.

The African sanga cattle breeds originated from hybridization of zebu with indigenous African humpless cattle; they include the Afrikaner, Red Fulani cattle, Ankole-Watusi, Boran cattle and many other breeds of central and southern Africa. Sanga cattle can be distinguished from pure zebu by their having smaller humps located farther forward on the animals.

Zebu market in Madagascar

Zebu were imported to Africa over many hundreds of years, and interbred with taurine cattle there. Genetic analysis of African cattle has found higher concentrations of zebu genes all along the east coast of Africa, with especially pure cattle on the island of Madagascar, either implying that the method of dispersal was cattle transported by ship or alternatively, the zebu may have reached East Africa via the coastal route (Pakistan, Iran, Southern Arabian coast) much earlier and crossed over to Madagascar. Partial resistance to rinderpest led to another increase in the frequency of zebu in Africa.

In the early 20th century in Brazil, Zebu were crossbred with Charolais cattle, a European taurine breed. The resulting breed, 63% Charolais and 37% zebu, is called the Canchim. It has a better meat quality than the zebu and better heat resistance than European cattle. The zebu breeds used were primarily Indo-Brazilian with some Nelore and Guzerat. Another Charolais cross-breed with Brahmans is called Australian Charbray and is recognised as a breed in some countries. Zebu are very common in much of Asia, including China, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bangladesh and almost all countries in Southeast Asia. In Asia, taurine cattle are only found in the northern regions such as Japan, Korea, and Mongolia, possibly domesticated separately from the other taurine cattle originating from Europe and Africa).

Characteristics[]

Female zebu in Sri Lanka

Zebu have humps on the shoulders, large dewlaps, and droopy ears.[18] Compared to taurine cattle, zebus are well adapted to the hot, dry environment of the tropics. Adaptations include resistance to drought and tolerance of intense heat and sunlight.[19]

As expected for a non-African breed, the zebu does not appear to have any trypanotolerance,[20][21] as evidenced by the pattern of zebu introgression into African cattle.[20] There is a decrease up to - and rapid end at - tsetse-infested areas.[20]

Reproduction[]

Zebu are generally mature enough to give birth when it's only 29 months old. This is based on the development of their bodies to withstand the strain of carrying and lactation. Early reproduction can place too much stress on the body and possibly shorten lifespans. Carrying time of the calf averages at 285 days, but varies depending on the age and nutrition of the mother. The sex of the calf may also affect the carrying time, as male calves are carried for a longer period than females. Location, breed, body weight, and season affect the overall health of the animal and in return may also affect the carrying period.[19]

Behavior[]

Studies on the natural weaning of zebu cattle have shown that the cow weans her calves over a 2-week period, but after that, she continues to show strong affiliatory behavior with her offspring and preferentially chooses them for grooming and as grazing partners for at least 4–5 years.[22]

Uses[]

Draft zebu pulling a cart in Mumbai, India

Zebu are used as draught and riding animals, dairy cattle, as well as for byproducts such as hides, dung for fuel and manure, and horn for knife handles and the like. Zebu, mostly miniature zebu, are kept as pets.[23] In India, the number of draft cattle in 1998 was estimated at 65.7 million head.[24] Zebu cows commonly have low production of milk. They do not produce milk until maturation later in their lives and do not produce much. When zebus are crossed with taurine cattle, milk production generally increases.[19]

Jallikattu in India is a bull taming sport radically different from European bullfighting, humans are unarmed and bulls are not killed.

Hindu tradition[]

Further information: Cattle slaughter in India

Zebu are venerated within the Hindu religion of India. In the Vedic period they were a symbol of plenty.[25]: 130  In later times they gradually acquired their present status. According to the Mahabharata, they are to be treated with the same respect 'as one's mother'.[26] In the middle of the first millennium, the consumption of beef began to be disfavoured by lawgivers.[25]: 144  Although there has never been any cow-goddesses or temples dedicated to them,[25]: 146  cows appear in numerous stories from the Vedas and Puranas. The deity Krishna was brought up in a family of cowherders, and given the name Govinda (protector of the cows). Also, Shiva is traditionally said to ride on the back of a bull named Nandi.

Milk and milk products were used in Vedic rituals.[25]: 130  In the postvedic period products of the cow—milk, curd, ghee, but also cow dung and urine (gomutra), or the combination of these five (panchagavya)—began to assume an increasingly important role in ritual purification and expiation.[25]: 130–131 

See also[]

References[]

  1. ^ a b Linnaeus, C. (1758). "Bos indicus". Systema naturae per regna tria naturae: secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). 1 (Tenth reformed ed.). Holmiae: Laurentii Salvii. p. 71.
  2. ^ Chen, Shanyuan; Lin, Bang-Zhong; Baig, Mumtaz; Mitra, Bikash; Lopes, Ricardo J.; Santos, António M.; Magee, David A.; Azevedo, Marisa; Tarroso, Pedro; Sasazaki, Shinji; Ostrowski, Stephane (2010-01-01). "Zebu Cattle Are an Exclusive Legacy of the South Asia Neolithic". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 27 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1093/molbev/msp213. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 19770222.
  3. ^ "Cloning gives second chance for bull". BBC News. British Broadcasting Corporation. 1999-09-03. Retrieved 2008-10-11.
  4. ^ Clutton-Brock, J. (1999) [1987]. "Asiatic cattle". A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals (Second ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-521-63495-3. OCLC 39786571.
  5. ^ Gentry, A.; Clutton-Brock, J. & Groves, C.P. (2004). "The naming of wild animal species and their domestic derivatives". Journal of Archaeological Science. 31 (5): 645–651. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2003.10.006.
  6. ^ Grubb, P. (2005). "Subspecies Bos taurus indicus". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 645–646. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  7. ^ Groves, C. & Grubb, P. (2011). "Domestication". Ungulate taxonomy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 8–9.
  8. ^ "Explore the Database". www.mammaldiversity.org. Retrieved 2021-08-21.
  9. ^ Van Vuure, C. (2005). Retracing the Aurochs: History, Morphology and Ecology of an Extinct Wild Ox. Sofia: Pensoft Publishers. ISBN 978-954-642-235-4.
  10. ^ Rangarajan, M. (2001). India's Wildlife History. Delhi, India: Permanent Black. p. 4. ISBN 978-81-7824-140-1.
  11. ^ Marshall, F. (1989). "Rethinking the Role of Bos indicus in Sub-Sahara Africa". Current Anthropology. 30 (2): 235–240. doi:10.1086/203737. JSTOR 2743556. S2CID 143063029.
  12. ^ Pérez-Pardal, L.; Sánchez-Gracia, A.; Álvarez, I.; Traoré, A.; Ferraz, J.B.S.; Fernández, I.; Costa, V.; Chen, S.; Tapio, M.; Cantet, R.J. & Patel, A. (2018). "Legacies of domestication, trade and herder mobility shape extant male zebu cattle diversity in South Asia and Africa". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 18027. Bibcode:2018NatSR...818027P. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36444-7. JSTOR 18027. PMC 6303292. PMID 30575786.
  13. ^ "Pak Dairy Info - Achi Breed".
  14. ^ Porter, V. (1991). "Hariana — India: Haryana, eastern Punjab". Cattle: A Handbook to the Breeds of the World. London: Helm. p. 245. ISBN 0-8160-2640-8.
  15. ^ Porter, V. (1991). "Rath — India: Alwar and eastern Rajasthan". Cattle: A Handbook to the Breeds of the World. London: Helm. p. 246. ISBN 0-8160-2640-8.
  16. ^ "Food Ark - Cattle Breeds - Pictures, More From National Geographic Magazine". Ngm.nationalgeographic.com. 2013-04-25. Retrieved 2013-05-30.
  17. ^ Wilcox, R.W. (2004). "Zebu's Elbows: Cattle Breeding the Environment in Central Brazil, 1890-1960". In Brannstrom, C. (ed.). Territories, commodities, and knowledges: Latin American Environmental History in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. London: Institute for the Study of the Americas. pp. 218–246. ISBN 9781900039574.
  18. ^ "Definition: Zebu". Online Medical Dictionary. Retrieved 2007-09-08.
  19. ^ a b c Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. (1989). A Review of a Reproductive Performance of Female Bos Indicus (zebu) Cattle. ILRI (aka ILCA and ILRAD). ISBN 9789290530992.
  20. ^ a b c MacHugh, D.E. (1997). "Microsatellite DNA Variation and the evolution, domestication and phylogeography of Taurine and Zebu Cattle (Bos taurus and Bos indicus)". Genetics. 146 (3): 1071–1086. doi:10.1093/genetics/146.3.1071. PMC 1208036. PMID 9215909.
  21. ^ Makina, S.O.; Whitacre, L.K.; Decker, J.E.; Taylor, J.F.; MacNeil, M.D.; Scholtz, M.M.; van Marle-Köster, E.; Muchadeyi, F.C.; Makgahlela, M.L. & Maiwashe, A. (2016). "Insight into the genetic composition of South African Sanga cattle using SNP data from cattle breeds worldwide". Genetics Selection Evolution. 48 (1): 88. doi:10.1186/s12711-016-0266-1. PMC 5111355. PMID 27846793.
  22. ^ Reinhardt, V. & Reinhardt, A. (1981). "Cohesive relationships in a cattle herd (Bos indicus)". Behaviour. 77 (3): 121–150. doi:10.1163/156853981X00194.
  23. ^ "One of the Oldest Cattle Breeds". American Miniature Zebu Association. Retrieved 2 December 2019.
  24. ^ Phaniraja, K.L. & Panchasara, H.H. (2009). "Indian draught animals power". Veterinary World. 2 (10): 404–407.
  25. ^ a b c d e Jha, D. N. (2002). The myth of the holy cow. London: Verso. p. 130. ISBN 978-1-85984-676-6.
  26. ^ "Mahabharata, Book 13-Anusasana Parva, Section LXXVI". Sacred-texts.com. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 15 October 2013.

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