1985 Ontario general election
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125 seats in the 33rd Legislative Assembly of Ontario 63 seats needed for a majority | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Oleg85.png/220px-Oleg85.png)
The 1985 Ontario general election was held on May 2, 1985, to elect the members of the 33rd Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Canada. The Progressive Conservatives won the most seats but not a majority.
Shortly afterward, the 42 years of PC governance in Ontario came to an end by a confidence vote defeating Premier Frank Miller's minority government. David Peterson's Liberals then formed a minority government with the support of Bob Rae's New Democratic Party.
Prelude[]
Around Thanksgiving in 1984, Ontario Premier Bill Davis announced that he would be stepping down from his longtime post and as leader of the Ontario PCs in early 1985. In office since 1971, he had a string of electoral victories by pursuing a moderate agenda and by relying on the skill of the Big Blue Machine team of advisors. Davis, who remained generally popular throughout his term in office, would unveil a surprise legacy project: full funding for Ontario's separate Catholic school system, which would become known as Bill 30. That decision was supported by both other parties, but was generally unpopular, especially in the PC base.
The subsequent leadership race saw the party divide into two rough camps. The moderate and mainly-urban wing was represented by the second-place finisher, Larry Grossman. The more conservative rural faction backed the eventual victor, Frank Miller. After Miller's victory at the convention, the party's factions failed to reconcile, which was especially important since many moderate members of the Big Blue Machine were pushed aside.
Election[]
Despite those problems, the PCs remained far ahead in the polls, and when Miller called an election just six weeks after becoming premier, he was about 20% ahead of the Liberals. Over the campaign the PCs lead began to shrink as the Liberals waged a highly effective campaign. During the campaign, the separate schools question re-emerged when the Anglican prelate of Toronto, Archbishop Lewis Garnsworthy, held a news conference on the issue in which he compared Davis's methods in pushing through the reform to Adolf Hitler: "This is how Hitler changed education in Germany, by exactly the same process, by decree. I won't take that back."[1] Garnsworthy was much criticized for his remarks, but the issue was revived, which alienated the PC base, some of whom chose to stay home on election day.
The election held May 2, 1985 ended in a stalemate. The PCs emerged with a much-reduced caucus of 52 seats. The Liberals won 48 seats but won slightly more of the popular vote. The NDP held the balance of power, with 25 seats.
Despite taking 14 seats from the PCs, the Liberals were somewhat disppointed, as they felt that they had their first realistic chance of winning government in recent memory. The NDP was also disappointed by the election result. The party had been nearly tied with the Liberals for popular support for several years and had hoped to surpass them.
Aftermath[]
The incumbent PCs intended to remain in power with a minority government, as they had done on two occasions under Davis' leadership. Rae and the NDP had little interest in supporting a continuation of PC rule and began negotiations on May 13 to reach an agreement with the Liberals. Rae and Peterson signed an accord on May 29[2] that would see a number of NDP priorities put into law in exchange for an NDP motion of non-confidence in Miller's government and the NDP's support of the Liberals. The NDP agreed to support a Liberal minority government for two years during which the Liberals agreed not to call an election.
Miller, apprised of negotiations, considered a plan to address the province on the television two days before the throne speech, disown funding for Catholic schools, and announce he was meeting with the Lieutenant Governor to request an election before a confidence vote could take place.[3] Believing that the Lieutenant Governor would have to call an election if requested before the confidence vote, Miller refused to do so since he believed the party's finances to be too fragile for a second campaign and that repudiating a key Davis policy would tear the party apart.[4]
On June 18, 1985, the PCs were defeated by the passage of a motion of no confidence introduced by Rae. Lieutenant-Governor John Black Aird then asked Peterson to form a government. Miller resigned eight days later, and Peterson's minority government was sworn in on the same day.
Results[]
Party | Leader | 1981 | Elected | % change | Popular vote | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
#[5] | % | change | ||||||
Progressive Conservative | Frank Miller | 70 | 52 | -25.7% | 1,349,168 | 37.11% | -7.3% | |
Liberal | David Peterson | 34 | 48 | +41.2% | 1,377,965 | 37.90% | +4.2% | |
New Democratic | Bob Rae | 21 | 25 | +19.0% | 857,743 | 23.59% | +2.5% | |
Libertarian | Scott Bell | — | 12,831 | 0.35% | ||||
Green | — | 5,345 | 0.15% | |||||
Communist | Gordon Massie | — | 3,696 | 0.10% | -0.06% | |||
Freedom | none (Robert Metz, President) | — | 1,583 | 0.04% | ||||
Independents | — | 27,368 | 0.75% | n/c | ||||
Total seats | 125 | 125 | 3,635,699 | 100% |
The Revolutionary Workers League fielded one candidate.
Riding results[]
Algoma:
- (x) Bud Wildman (NDP) 7575
- Jim Thibert (PC) 3694
- Bryan McDougall (L) 2995
- (x) John Lane (PC) 7174
- Tom Farquhar (L) 4704
- Len Hembruf (NDP) 3309
- (x) Bruce McCaffrey (PC) 13394
- Gino Matrundola (L) 13182
- Bob Hebdon (NDP) 5429
- Simon Srdarev (Lbt) 456
- (x) Marion Bryden (NDP) 12672
- Paul Christie (PC) 7301
- Sally Kelly (L) 5065
- Steve Thistle (Lbt) 396
- (x) Ross McClellan (NDP) 8088
- Walter Bardyn (L) 6655
- Bento de Sao Jose (PC) 1964
- Ronald Rodgers 324
- Bob Callahan (L) 25656
- Jeff Rice (PC) 21239
- Terry Gorman (NDP) 8313
- Jim Bridgewood (Comm) 531
- Dave Duqette 500
Brantford:
- (x) Phil Gillies (PC) 13444
- Jack Tubman (NDP) 12303
- Herb German (L) 6533
:
- (x) Robert Nixon (L) 15317
- Ian Birnie (PC) 5817
- Irene Heltner (NDP) 3487
Brock:
- Peter Partington (PC) 9741
- Bill Andres (L) 9081
- Robert Woolston (NDP) 3867
- Brian Dolby (G) 755
- Cam Jackson (PC) 16479
- Doug Redfearn (L) 11822
- Walter Mukewich (NDP) 10820
Cambridge:
- (x) Bill Barlow (PC) 12888
- Alec Dufresne (NDP) 11985
- Bob Jeffrey (L) 7083
Carleton:
- (x) Bob Mitchell (PC) 17732
- Hans Daigeler (L) 15093
- Bea Murray (NDP) 7165
- Gilles Morin (L) 23221
- (x) Bob MacQuarrie (PC) 16188
- Joan Gullen (NDP) 8829
:
- (x) Norm Sterling (PC) 15524
- Dan Maxwell (L) 8019
- Alan White (NDP) 3468
- Maurice Bossy (L) 10340
- (x) Andy Watson (PC) 9206
- Ron Franko (NDP) 5535
Cochrane North:
- René Fontaine (L) 8793
- (x) René Piché (PC) 6883
- Andre Philippe (NDP) 2878
- (x) Alan Pope (PC) 13935
- Roger Loiselle (NDP) 5662
- Jim Martin (L) 4002
- Luc Guindon (PC) 9430
- Claude Poirier (L) 6384
- Steve Corrie (NDP) 5828
- (x) Dennis Timbrell (PC) 15481
- John Atkin (L) 7504
- Michael Wyatt (NDP) 6153
- Gary Watson (Ind [RWL]) 1382
- (x) Tony Lupusella (NDP) 6677
- Gil Gillespie (L) 6600
- Joe Palozzi (PC) 3564
- Gordon Massie (Comm) 298
- Joseph Cordiano (L) 11234
- (x) Odoardo Di Santo (NDP) 11013
- Vincent Stabile (PC) 3329
- (x) George McCague (PC) 16198
- Gary Johnson (L) 11822
- Jeff Koechlin (NDP) 4316
- (x) Sam Cureatz (PC) 15193
- Doug Smith (NDP) 9832
- Steve Ryan (L) 7584
Durham West:
- (x) George Ashe (PC) 18684
- Brian Evans (L) 14348
- Don Stewart (NDP) 8495
- Eugene Gmitrowicz (Lbt) 911
- (x) Ross Stevenson (PC) 14343
- Don Hadden (L) 9760
- Margaret Wilbur (NDP) 5440
- David McFadden (PC) 13503
- Dianne Poole (L) 12589
- John Goodfellow (NDP) 4880
- (x) Ron McNeil (PC) 11816
- Peter Charlton (L) 8619
- Gord Campbell (NDP) 5315
Erie:
- (x) Ray Haggerty (L) 10926
- Stan Pettit (PC) 5904
- Shirley Summers (NDP) 3191
- Pat Hayes (NDP) 7901
- Jack Morris (L) 6615
- Jack Menard (PC) 6105
- Ray Boggs 2925
Essex South:
- (x) Remo Mancini (L) 11382
- Paul Setterington (PC) 5098
- Jeff Totten 4947
- Paul Hertel (NDP) 267
- (x) Ed Philip (NDP) 16792
- John Smith (PC) 7573
- John Genser (L) 6544
- (x) Mickey Hennessy (PC) 14452
- Don Smith (NDP) 7071
- Norris Badanai (L) 4629
- John MacLennan (Comm) 289
- Larry South (L) 11684
- (x) J. Earl McEwen (PC) 9297
- Lars Thompson (NDP) 3723
- Ross Baker 941
:
- (x) Bob McKessock (L) 16061
- Case Vanderham (PC) 5875
- Rhonda Green (NDP) 2402
- Eric Biggins (Lbt) 306
- (x) Eddie Sargent (L) 14883
- Arlene Wright (PC) 7595
- Joanne Shaw (NDP) 2340
- (x) Gordon Miller (L) 17456
- Barbara Martindale (PC) 9863
- Wayne Pierce (NDP) 3821
:
- Don Knight (L) 14991
- Peter Pomeroy (PC) 14777
- Doug Hamilton (NDP) 4871
- Neil Sivertson 665
- Lily Oddie Munro (L) 9184
- (x) Mike Davison (NDP) 8800
- John Ankers (PC) 2883
Hamilton East:
- (x) Robert W. Mackenzie (NDP) 13774
- Shirley Collins (L) 12174
- Fred Lombardo (PC) 5268
- Kerry Wilson (Comm) 234
- (x) Brian Charlton (NDP) 13871
- Steve Oneschuk (PC) 9729
- Dominic Agostino (L) 7757
Hamilton West:
- (x) Richard Allen (NDP) 10182
- Paul Hanover (L) 9732
- Anne Jones (PC) 6705
- Ron Crawford 496
- Val Hache 97
- (x) Jim Pollock (PC) 12272
- Paul Ockenden (L) 5586
- Elmer Buchanan (NDP) 4492
- (x) Yuri Shymko (PC) 9960
- Elaine Ziemba (NDP) 9630
- John Rudnicki (L) 5578
- Bob Cumming (Lbt) 498
- Robert Seajkowski 244
- Andrew Scorer (G) 209
Humber:
- Jim Henderson (L) 18057
- (x) Morley Kells (PC) 16106
- Peter Sutherland (NDP) 5160
- (x) Murray Elston (L) 17159
- (PC) 8550
- Norma Peterson (NDP) 1992
- (x) Jack Riddell (L) 13820
- Bryan Smith (PC) 7381
- Paul Klopp (NDP) 1148
- Carmen Dawson 229
- (x) Leo Bernier (PC) 12574
- Colin Wasacase (NDP) 4025
- Mark Ducharme (L) 2254
:
- (x) Jim McGuigan (L) 11616
- Shirley McHardy (PC) 7838
- Donald Alexander (NDP) 1916
Kingston and the Islands:
- Ken Keyes (L) 11924
- (x) Keith Norton (PC) 9637
- Pamela Cross (NDP) 3892
- Don Irvine (G) 285
Kitchener:
- David Cooke (L) 14066
- Don Travers (PC) 9684
- Tim Little (NDP) 5654
- Ed Halbach (Ind [Humanist]) 453
- Albert Norris 157
:
- (x) John Sweeney (L) 15987
- Jim Ziegler (PC) 8737
- Mike Cooper (NDP) 4673
:
- Gilles Pouliot (NDP) 5708
- Jim Files (PC) 4532
- Michael Power (L) 3448
- David Smith (L) 10816
- Bob Boyd (PC) 9956
- Grant Reynolds (NDP) 1987
:
- (x) Douglas Wiseman (PC) 10916
- John Carley (L) 5146
- Don Page (NDP) 3297
Lakeshore:
- Ruth Grier (NDP) 11539
- Frank Sgarlata (L) 9502
- (x) Al Kolyn (PC) 7886
- (x) Robert Runciman (PC) 11809
- Dolores Wing (L) 6748
- Bob Smith (NDP) 3583
- Mackie Morrison 741
- (x) Philip Andrewes (PC) 12226
- Gladys Huffman (L) 9004
- Barbara Mersereau (NDP) 2264
- Ken Lee 1036
- (x) David Peterson (L) 13890
- Bill Rudd (PC) 6714
- Peter Cassidy (NDP) 4340
- Michelle McColm (F) 403
- (x) Ron Van Horne (L) 20536
- George Auold (PC) 11433
- Marion Boyd (NDP) 5191
- Robert Smink (F) 566
- Joan Smith (L) 24522
- (x) Gord Walker (PC) 17839
- David Winninger (NDP) 5080
- Robert Metz (F) 614
- Doug Reycraft (L) 11292
- (x) Bob Eaton (PC) 10482
- Larry Green (NDP) 2169
- (x) Bud Gregory (PC) 14900
- Victor Maida (L) 12334
- Larry Taylor (NDP) 12015
- Steve Offer (L) 21369
- (x) Terry Jones (PC) 19945
- Sylvia Weylie (NDP) 9943
Mississauga South:
- Margaret Marland (PC) 13186
- Carolynne Siller (L) 11623
- Barry Stevens (NDP) 4770
- (x) Frank Miller (PC) 12723
- Kenneth McClellan (L) 3036
- Bob Maguire (NDP) 2836
- (x) Vince Kerrio (L) 14658
- Ted Salci (PC) 8616
- Deloris Skilton (NDP) 6778
Nickel Belt:
- (x) Floyd Laughren (NDP) 8912
- Evelyn Dutrisac (PC) 5849
- Trudy Bolduc (L) 2255
Nipissing:
- (x) Mike Harris (PC) 14900
- Mike Gauthier (L) 11002
- Lynne Bennett (NDP) 3984
Northumberland:
- (x) Howard Sheppard (PC) 14296
- Joan Fawcett (L) 12446
- Judi Armstrong (NDP) 3247
- Terry O'Connor (PC) 14265
- Doug Carrothers (L) 13578
- Kevin Flynn (NDP) 4390
- Chris Kowalchuk (G) 2008
Oakwood:
- (x) Tony Grande (NDP) 10407
- Joe Ricciuti (L) 9631
- Harriet Wolman (PC) 4636
- Mike Sterling (Comm) 327
Oriole:
- Elinor Caplan (L) 17641
- (x) John Williams (PC) 13557
- Lorne Strachan (NDP) 3660
- George Graham (Lbt) 1106
Oshawa:
- (x) Mike Breaugh (NDP) 12686
- Bob Boychyn (PC) 7528
- Joe Neal (L) 5034
- (x) Evelyn Gigantes (NDP) 11890
- Graham Bird (PC) 8005
- Pat Legris (L) 7103
- John Turmel 364
Ottawa East:
- (x) Bernard Grandmaitre (L) 14601
- Kathryn Barnard (NDP) 3971
- Paul St. Georges (PC) 2257
- Serge Girard (politician)|Serge Girard 518
- (x) Claude Bennett (PC) 12971
- Andrew Caddell (L) 11634
- John Smart (NDP) 8311
- (x) Reuben Baetz (PC) 15089
- Alex Cullen (L) 12141
- Greg Ross (NDP) 4427
- Gregory Vezina (G) 701
- (x) Dick Treleaven (PC) 15507
- Charlotte Sutherland (L) 10656
- Wayne Colburn (NDP) 5660
- Kaye Sargent (Lbt) 729
- Rick Spurgeon 577
- (x) Tony Ruprecht (L) 12065
- Richard Gilbert (NDP) 5176
- Tessie Jew (PC) 2052
Parry Sound:
- (x) Ernie Eves (PC) 10904
- Richard Thomas (L) 9544
- Leo Gagne (NDP) 1130
- (x) Hugh Edighoffer (L) 20040
- Glynn Coghlin (PC) 6076
- Warren Ham (NDP) 2796
Peterborough:
- (x) John Turner (PC) 16878
- Linda Slavin (NDP) 11941
- Bill Ayotte (L) 9734
- John Conlin (Lbt) 461
- George K. Kerr (G) 212
- (x) Jim Foulds (NDP) 13084
- Swede Johnson (PC) 9826
- John Ranta (L) 6169
Prescott and Russell:
- (x) Jean Poirier (L) 18833
- Guy Genier (PC) 11038
- Maurice Landry (NDP) 2625
- (x) James Taylor (PC) 10170
- Gordon Mylks (L) 6918
- Harry Plummer (NDP) 2307
Quinte:
- (x) Hugh O’Neil (L) 18988
- Neil Robertson (PC) 9287
- Gene Morosan (NDP) 1817
- Jack Pierce (PC) 5053
- Howard Hampton (NDP) 4775
- Ron King (L) 2944
- (x) Sean Conway (L) 12849
- Bryan Hocking (PC) 5748
- Robert Cottingham (NDP) 740
- (x) Paul Yakabuski (PC) 14182
- Dermott Calver (L) 9687
- Ish Theilheimer (NDP) 3420
Riverdale:
- David Reville (NDP) 9869
- Bret Snider (PC) 4590
- Doug DeMille (L) 3949
- Maggie Bizzell (Comm) 322
- Michael Tegtmeyer (G) 192
- (x) Larry Grossman (PC) 10332
- Meg Griffiths (NDP) 8373
- Jim DaCosta (L) 6330
- Cathy Laurier (Comm) 264
- Judy Hannon (G) 232
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | +/- | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal | (x) Jim Bradley | 20,605 | 57.94 | ||
Progressive Conservative | Elaine Herzog | 9,029 | 25.39 | ||
New Democratic | Michael Cormier | 5,624 | 15.81 | ||
Communist | Eric Blair | 305 | 0.86 | ||
Total valid votes | 35,563 | 100.00 | |||
Rejected, unmarked and declined ballots | 201 | ||||
Turnout | 35,764 | 61.65 |
- Ian Scott (L) 13120
- Julian Porter (PC) 9702
- Barbara Hall (NDP) 4878
- Earl Epstein (Lbt) 227
- (x) Susan Fish (PC) 11378
- Diana Hunt (NDP) 10543
- Joseph Mifsud (L) 9361
- Michael Beech (Lbt) 1007
- Karol Siroky (Ind [New Tories]) 186
Sarnia:
- (x) Andy Brandt (PC) 18651
- Michael Robb (L) 7438
- Duncan Longwell (NDP) 3572
- Margaret Coe (Lbt) 792
- Karl Morin-Strom (NDP) 16362
- (x) Russ Ramsay (PC) 15293
- Roy Youngson (L) 4830
- William C. Davis (PC) 8890
- Gerald Lennon (L) 8531
- Barry Christensen (NDP) 7577
- Ed Fulton (L) 15855
- Verla Fiveash (PC) 11245
- Alawi Mohideen (NDP) 4381
- Jim McIntosh (Lbt) 1402
- David Warner (NDP) 10119
- (x) Alan Robinson (PC) 9900
- Carole Lidgold (L) 6674
- George Dance (Lbt) 348
- Alvin Curling (L) 30504
- Carole Noble (PC) 22644
- Jerry Daca (NDP) 9072
- R.J. Austin 1972
- (x) Richard Johnston (NDP) 12889
- Kurt Christensen (PC) 5994
- Anthony Judd (L) 4806
- John MacMillan 544
- Earl W. Rowe (PC) 15379
- Ross Whiteside (L) 14845
- Paul Wessenger (NDP) 9639
- Steve Kaasgaard 566
- (x) Al McLean (PC) 13371
- Fayne Bullen (NDP) 11002
- George MacDonald (L) 7566
:
- (x) Noble Villeneuve (PC) 13119
- Bill Dillabough (L) 7036
- Rudi Derstroff (NDP) 1700
Sudbury:
- (x) Jim Gordon (PC) 12591
- Ernie St-Jean (NDP) 7010
- Chris Nash (L) 6302
- (x) Elie Martel (NDP) 17241
- George McDonald (PC) 9576
- Edelgard Mahant (L) 4726
- David Ramsay (NDP) 10765
- (x) Ed Havrot (PC) 7941
- Dale Woods (L) 2026
- George Yeates 464
- (x) John Eakins (L) 15340
- Murray Fearrey (PC) 11570
- Art Field (NDP) 3209
- (x) Herbert Epp (L) 16458
- Lynne Woolstencroft (PC) 9149
- Richard Gerson (NDP) 4534
- (x) Mel Swart (NDP) 17065
- Roy Smith (L) 6027
- Ed Minchin (PC) 5618
:
- (x) Jack Johnson (PC) 14845
- Bruce Whiteside (L) 10401
- Sandy Young (NDP) 6395
- Rick Ferraro (L) 17995
- Marilyn Robinson (PC) 12989
- Derek Fletcher (NDP) 6641
- (x) Gordon Dean (PC) 12322
- June Peace (L) 10337
- Sharon Lehnert (NDP) 8571
- Albert Papazian 947
- Chris Ward (L) 18328
- (x) Ann Sloat (PC) 13160
- Lynn Spencer (NDP) 6158
- George Grinnell (G) 751
Wilson Heights:
- Monte Kwinter (L) 12363
- (x) David Rotenberg (PC) 10175
- Howard Moscoe (NDP) 7793
- (x) Dave Cooke (NDP) 17883
- Ron Burgoyne (PC) 6719
- Ferguson Jenkins (L) 4418
- (x) Bill Wrye (L) 10730
- Paul Forder (NDP) 7583
- Ron Arkell (PC) 3681
- Mike Longmoore (Comm) 197
- (x) Bernard Newman (L) 9130
- Jane Boyd (PC) 6980
- Gay Parent (NDP) 6698
- (x) Don Cousens (PC) 25022
- Ron Maheu (L) 19776
- Diane Meaghan (NDP) 7171
- Stewart Cole 2644
- (x) Robert Elgie (PC) 11459
- Gord Crann (NDP) 9183
- Omar Chaudhery (L) 6629
- Ed McDonald (Comm) 929
- Kathy Sorensen (Lbt) 410
- (x) Bette Stephenson (PC) 17943
- Gunnar Tannis (L) 10078
- Gord Doctorow (NDP) 6872
- Scott Bell (Lbt) 2339
- Greg Sorbara (L) 21291
- (x) William Hodgson (PC) 17196
- Keith Munro (NDP) 7026
- (x) Bob Rae (NDP) 16373
- Horace Hale (L) 6807
- Toomas Dunapuu (PC) 5321
- Paul Schulze 1063
- Lucille Boikoff 402
- Dusan Kubias (Lbt) 343
York West:
- (x) Nick Leluk (PC) 14595
- Leonard Braithwaite (L) 13880
- Phil Jones (NDP) 6980
- Bob Dunk (Lbt) 1099
- Claudio Polsinelli (L) 15986
- Mike Foster (NDP) 12658
- Leslie Soobrian (PC) 3431
Post-election changes[]
York East (res. Robert Elgie, September 26, 1985), April 17, 1986:
- Christine Hart (L) 9347
- (PC) 7956
- (NDP) 7928
- (Lbt) 243
- (Comm) 100
- Mark Adair (G) 60
- John Turmel (SC[B]) 44
- 27
Cochrane North (res. René Fontaine, 1986), August 14, 1986:
- René Fontaine (L) 8463
- 766
- 606
- Graham McCready 185
- Kaye Sargent (Lbt) 99
- John Turmel 75
David Ramsay, elected as a New Democrat, joined the Liberal Party on October 6, 1986. Tony Lupusella, also elected as a New Democrat, joined the Liberal Party on December 17, 1986. After Lupusella's defection, the Liberals held as many seats in the legislative assembly as the Progressive Conservatives, at 51, (if the Speaker of the Legislature is included as a Liberal).
Paul Yakabuski, PC MPP for Renfrew South died July 31, 1987
See also[]
- Politics of Ontario
- List of Ontario political parties
- Premier of Ontario
- Leader of the Opposition (Ontario)
- Independent candidates, 1985 Ontario provincial election
Notes[]
A Replaced as Premier by David Peterson on June 26, 1985
B Turmel ran as a "Social Credit Party of Ontario" candidate despite the fact that the party was long since defunct
References[]
- ^ Robert Matas, "Davis like Hitler on schools: bishop," Globe and Mail, 25 April 1985, p. 1.
- ^ "What happens in a hung Parliament - Macleans.ca".
- ^ Stevens, Geoffrey (1990), Leaders and Lesser Mortals, Toronto: Key Porter Books, pp. 48–50, ISBN 1550134442
- ^ Stevens, Geoffrey (1990), Leaders and Lesser Mortals, Toronto: Key Porter Books, pp. 50, ISBN 1550134442
- ^ "EFRS".
Further reading[]
- Byers, R. B., ed. (1988). Canadian Annual Review of Politics and Public Affairs, 1985. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442671980.
- 1985 elections in Canada
- General elections in Ontario
- 1985 in Ontario
- May 1985 events in Canada