2010 Brazilian presidential election

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
2010 Brazilian presidential election
← 2006 3 October 2010 (first round)
31 October 2010 (second round)		 2014 →
  Dilma Rousseff - foto oficial 2011-01-09 (cropped2).jpg Senador José Serra (Foto Oficial 2015) (cropped2).jpg
Nominee Dilma Rousseff José Serra
Party PT PSDB
Alliance For Brazil to Keep on Changing Brazil Can Do More
Home state Minas Gerais São Paulo
Running mate Michel Temer Indio da Costa
States carried 15 + DF 11
Popular vote 55,752,483 43,711,162
Percentage 56.05% 43.95%
2010 Brazilian presidential election map (Round 2).svg
Presidential election results map after the second round of voting: Red denotes states won by Dilma, and Blue denotes those won by Serra.
President before election

Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
PT

Elected President

Dilma Rousseff
PT

The Brazilian presidential election was held in 2010 with two rounds of balloting. The election determined the successor to President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, known as Lula, of the left-wing Workers' Party,[1] who was constitutionally ineligible to run for a third term as he has already served two terms after winning the elections in 2002 and being re-elected in 2006.[2]

With the support of Lula, the ruling Workers' Party nominated Dilma Rousseff, a former member and co-founder of the Democratic Labour Party[3] who joined Lula's administration as Ministry of Mines and Energy and later served as presidential Chief of Staff.[4] For her vice presidential running mate, Dilma chose Michel Temer, a member of the centre-right Brazilian Democratic Movement, who served as President of the Chamber of Deputies[5] and previously considered a presidential run in his own right.

The centre-right Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB) nominated José Serra, who resigned as Governor of São Paulo to mount his presidential campaign. A former Mayor of São Paulo who had served as Minister of Health during the Cardoso Administration, Serra had previously been the presidential nominee of his party in 2002.[6] For his vice presidential running mate, Serra chose Indio da Costa, a conservative Federal Deputy from Rio de Janeiro who was a member of the right-wing Democrats party. Da Costa, who became embroiled in controversy over his suggestion that the Workers' Party was linked to the international drug trade, received international comparisons to American politician Sarah Palin.[7][8]

Additionally, Marina Silva, a Senator from the northwestern state of Acre and former Minister of the Environment under Lula, left the ruling Workers Party to mount a candidacy as part of the Green Party. Silva criticized the environmental policies of the Lula Administration and ran a campaign in support of sustainable development, ending corruption, and decriminalizing marijuana.[9] Silva, who would've been the first Black woman to serve as President,[10] saw support from younger voters and managed to win almost 20% of the vote in the first round, well exceeding initial expectations.[11]

Dilma defeated Serra in the second round, becoming the first and only female President of Brazil. The election was noted as being the first time since the inaugural presidential election after the military dictatorship that Lula did not run for president.[12]

Background[]

The candidates of the two major political groups of the country were Lula's former Chief of Staff, Dilma Rousseff, of the ruling centre-left democratic socialist/social democratic Workers' Party (PT), and São Paulo State former governor, José Serra, from the centre-right[13] opposition coalition formed mainly by the[14][15] Social Democratic Party (PSDB), and the right-wing Democrats (DEM).[16]

Another main candidate was Marina Silva, Lula's former Minister of Environment. She is the candidate for the Green Party (PV), which she joined on late 2009 after leaving the PT, which she helped establishing in the 1980s.[17] She has obtained international recognition as a defender of the Amazon Rainforest, but is less known in her native Brazil, being unable to obtain more support than the other two major candidates in opinion polls.[18]

Lula's potential successors[]

As Lula was ineligible to run for a third consecutive term due to term limits established by the Brazilian constitution, speculation mounted in the years prior to the election around who might take the mantle of the Workers' Party in his absence. Though Lula was widely popular, many commentators speculated that his likely successors in the PT would fail to generate his populist touch.[19] Polling conducted in Lula's second term found that a slim majority favored amending the constitution to allow Lula to run for a third term, but he opposed such efforts.[20] Two of Lula's key allies tipped as potential successors, former Minister of Finance Antonio Palocci and former presidential Chief of Staff José Dirceu, were harmed by their involvement in the 2005 Mensalão scandal.[21]

Dilma with Marta Suplicy, previously considered a likely candidate of the PT in 2010.

In 2008, Lula announced that he wanted a woman to succeed him in the presidency.[22] Former Mayor of São Paulo Marta Suplicy, who served at the helm of Brazil's largest city from 2001 to 2005, was considered to be, along with Dilma, the most likely candidate to lead the PT in the 2010 presidential election.[21][23][24][19] Polling conducted in 2008 found her to be a more popular potential presidential candidate than Dilma.[25] After losing her bid for reelection in 2004,[26] Suplicy was appointed by Lula to the position of Minister of Tourism, which was speculated to be an attempt at elevating her profile for a 2010 presidential bid.[27] In 2008, Suplicy mounted another bid was for Mayor of São Paulo, which was seen as a precursor to a potential presidential bid in 2010;[28] Suplicy lost the election, damaging her political fortunes.[29]

Ciro Gomes, former governor of Ceará and Minister for National Integration during Lula's first cabinet, was a possible candidate for the Brazilian Socialist Party (PSB). In the years prior to the election, there was some speculation that Lula would support Ciro, a formal rival of his, in the 2010 election if no potential PT candidates appeared viable.[30][21] Following the selection of Dilma as the candidate of the PT, the ruling centre-left group was worried that Ciro's bid could take votes from Rousseff,[14] and thus, on April 27, PSB declined to launch his candidacy in order to support her.[31] Gomes, a populist who had appeared on third place in polls from May 2009 to April 2010, had been a presidential candidate in 1998 and 2002, when he had a poor result after making sexist remarks and struggling to control his temper.[14]

In addition to Dilma, Suplicy, and Gomes, other PT members or allies were mentioned as being potentially tapped by Lula to run in his absence. Senator Aloízio Mercadante of São Paulo, a key power-player in the PT who helped found the party[32] and served as Lula's vice presidential running-mate in the 1994 presidential election,[33] was also mentioned as a possible successor.[21]

PSDB nomination[]

Serra and Aécio Neves, who was speculated as a potential candidate of the PSDB, in 2010.

José Serra, the Governor of São Paulo, resigned from the position to mount a bid for the presidency as a member of the dominant centre-right Brazilian Social Democratic Party (PSDB). Serra previously served as the party's candidate in the 2002 presidential election, where he lost to Lula. Aécio Neves, the popular Governor of Minas Gerais, was considered another potential candidate for the party, and later served as the party's nominee in the 2014 presidential election.[34][35] During the campaign, Serra sought to challenge the perception of the PSDB as an elitist party.[36] Serra's moderate positions on social issues such as abortion and religious issues, where he took a secularist approach compared to many conservative politicians, was noted.[37]

Efforts by PSOL[]

Heloísa Helena, a prominent former Senator from Alagoas, considered a presidential candidacy on the Socialism and Liberty Party (PSOL) ticket.[14] Formerly a member of the dominant Workers' Party (PT), Helena was expelled from the PT in 2003 for criticizing the party's move to the centre under the Lula presidency. In the run-up to the election, Helena was considered a serious prospective candidate, being described as the only viable candidate who could potentially abandon the country's market-friendly economic policies.[14] However, she declined to run for president in order to win back her Senate seat; she lost her race for Senate.[38] On June 30, 2010, Plínio de Arruda Sampaio, a longtime politician who was formerly a senior PT official, was chosen to serve as PSOL's presidential nominee at the 2010 convention.

There were speculations that PSOL would form a broad coalition with Marina Silva. As the media printed such news, the United Socialist Workers' Party announced that if this coalition was formed, it would launch the candidacy of its president José Maria de Almeida.[39] However, a resolution approved by members of PSOL determined that the coalition would be formed if PV gave up its alliances with the Lula administration, PSDB, DEM, and neoliberal stances.[38] This resolution would make it very hard for the two parties to ally, since PV is led by José Sarney's son Sarney Filho and Silva herself has said that her candidacy could not be perceived as opposing Lula.[38] Another faction of PV, led by Fernando Gabeira, is explicitly in favor of an alliance with PSDB, which left very few people in the party able to accept the proposal.[38] As Rede Brasil Atual reported, "the coalition move[d] more by the desire of Green Party pre-candidate, Marina Silva, and Socialism and Liberty Party President, Heloísa Helena, than by aspirations of both parties".[40]

Other candidacies[]

The election also featured five candidates from smaller parties, bringing the number of presidential candidates to a total of nine.[41] They are Ivan Pinheiro from the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB), José Maria de Almeida from the United Socialist Workers' Party (PSTU), Rui Costa Pimenta from the Workers' Cause Party (PCO), José Maria Eymael from the Christian Social Democratic Party (PSDC), and Levy Fidélix from the Brazilian Labour Renewal Party (PRTB).[41] According to the Superior Electoral Court's guidelines, they were not able to participate in televised debates, since their parties were not represented in the lower house of the National Congress.[42]

Former Governor José Serra (PSDB) on the campaign trail in 2010.

Issues[]

Both candidates offered little threat to the economic stability of the country, but they differed significantly on issues such as fiscal discipline, foreign policy and state intervention.[12] They were both likely to maintain a primary budget surplus to make public debt payments and reduce the ratio of debt to GDP. Some analysts believe Serra would have contained expenditure more effectively.[12] Rousseff, in the other hand, favors a bigger role for state enterprises in the economy, which could reduce participation by private firms in sectors such as banking, oil and gas.[12] Serra, who authorized the sale of Nossa Caixa bank in 2008, is seen as more open to privatization, as well as cuts in the public sector payroll.[14] While past elections brought economic instability, in 2010 neither candidate was expected to stray far from current economic policies.[43]

Rousseff was expected to continue Lula's foreign policy, boosting ties with developing nations, pushing for reform of multilateral bodies and lobbying for a permanent seat on the U.N. Security Council.[12] Serra would likely have cooled ties with Lula's left-wing allies in Latin America, which could affect energy investments in both Bolivia and Venezuela.[12] He could also take a harder line in trade disputes with Argentina and Mercosur.[12] According to Mark Weisbrot, in an op-ed published by The Guardian Unlimited on January 29, 2010, if the centre-right candidate wins the race, it "would really be a huge win for the [U.S.] State Department." He argues that "while U.S. officials under both Bush and Obama have maintained a friendly posture toward Brazil, it is obvious that they deeply resent the changes in Brazilian foreign policy [...] and its independent stances with regard to the Middle East, Iran and elsewhere."[44]

Former presidential Chief of Staff Dilma Rousseff at a podium in 2010.

Candidates[]

Candidates in runoff[]

# Party/coalition Presidential candidate Political office(s) Vice-Presidential candidate
13
Dilma rindo.jpg
 Dilma Rousseff (PT) Chief of Staff of the Presidency 2005–10; Minister of Mines and Energy 2003–05
Michel Temer (foto 2).jpg
 Michel Temer (PMDB)
45
José Serra no Rio.jpg
 José Serra (PSDB) Governor of São Paulo 2007–10; Mayor of São Paulo 2005–06; PSDB National President 2003–05; Minister of Health 1998–2002; Minister of Planning 1995–96; Federal Deputy from São Paulo 1987–95
Indiodacosta30062010.jpg
 Indio da Costa (DEM)

Candidates failing to make runoff[]

# Party/coalition Presidential candidate Political office(s) Vice-Presidential candidate
16
(2015-06-04) 2º Congresso Nacional da CSP-Conlutas Dia1 152 Romerito Pontes (18687750336).jpg
 José Maria de Almeida (PSTU) PSTU National President since 1993 Cláudia Durans (PSTU)
21
Ivan Pinheiro PCB - 2014 (cropped).jpg
 Ivan Pinheiro (PCB) PCB Secretary General since 2005
Edmilson Costa - PCB.jpg
 Edmilson Costa (PCB)
27
José Maria Eymael no senado.jpg
 José Maria Eymael (PSDC) PSDC National President since 1997; Federal Deputy from São Paulo 1986–95 José Paulo Neto (PSDC)
28
Levy Fidelix tv brasil (cropped).jpg
 Levy Fidelix (PRTB) PRTB National president since 1994 Luiz Eduardo Duarte (PRTB)
29
Rui Costa Pimenta PCO ABr (cropped).jpg
 Rui Costa Pimenta (PCO) PCO National President since 1995 Edson Dorta (PCO)
43
MarinaSilva2010 (cropped).jpg
 Marina Silva (PV) Senator for Acre since 1995; Minister of the Environment 2003–08; State Deputy of Acre 1991–95; City Councillor of Rio Branco 1989–91
Guilherme Leal Cropped.jpg
 Guilherme Leal (PV)
50
Plínio Sampaio 2008.jpg
 Plínio de Arruda Sampaio (PSOL) Federal Deputy from São Paulo 1963–64, 1985–86, 1987–91
Hamilton Assis vota 50, eleições 2012 (cropped).jpg
 Hamilton Assis (PSOL)

Campaign[]

The official campaign began on July 6, 2010.[45] The Superior Electoral Court has accepted the candidacies of all nine applicant candidates. According to the Superior Electoral Court's guidelines, once the official campaign began the candidates are allowed to participate on marches, motorcades, and use sound trucks to ask for votes and distributing leaflets.[45] But they are forbidden to distribute shirts, hats, and gifts such as keyrings and pens.[45] Rallies are allowed, but music concerts are prohibited.[45] The candidates are not allowed to advertise on streetlights, bridges, clubs and other places of common use.[45] Billboard ads are also prohibited, as well as attendance in inauguration of public premises.[45]

Issues[]

Public health[]

One of the main public health issues debated so far in the election, raised by Rousseff's campaign, is the addiction to crack cocaine.[46] As a response to her campaign, Serra said he will establish clinics to treat addicts.[47] He also said he will hand over 150 medical specialties clinics in two years.[47] Rousseff said she will expand measures currently implemented by the Lula government.[47] She has also advocated the need for national production and distribution of medicines, through increased public investment.[47] Silva has advocated the focus on disease prevention.[47]

Education[]

Serra has pledged to invest in the infrastructure of primary public schools, while Rousseff said that eradicating illiteracy is her top priority.[47] She has also proposed the creation of a National Articulated System of Education to redesign the mechanisms employed in managing the sector.[47] Silva said her focus is to invest intensively in all levels of formal education. She has also advocated the expansion of technologies access and the adoption of central lines to be addressed by educators.[47]

Welfare[]

Serra has compromised to retain Bolsa Família, claiming it will be expanded through aids to young people that take vocational education courses.[47] Dilma also said that she will expand the program, defending the "institutional strengthening" of the Ministry of Social Development and Action Against Hunger, which means that the ministry will be responsible for integrating all social policies of the government.[47] Silva defends a "third generation of social welfare", which would be achieved through partnerships with the private sector and the structuring of more educational projects.[47]

Employment[]

Serra has committed to expand technical schools in order to create more jobs.[47] He has also said that improving the infrastructure of public services will be a tool for creating new jobs.[47] Rousseff has defended the maintenance of the economic policies of the Lula government, but has also promised to hold a tax reform in order to alleviate the expenses of workers.[47] Silva has proposed the creation of green jobs through tax incentives for environmentally friendly businesses, in order to reduce the emission and consumption of carbon dioxide.[47]

Public safety[]

Although it was not included on his government plan, Serra's main proposal for public safety is the creation of a Ministry of Public Safety.[47] On the other hand, Rousseff has promised to expand the current National Public Security and Citizenship Program to the whole country.[47] She has also proposed the creation of a Constitutional Fund for Public Security, which would give aids in the wages of police officers nationwide.[47] Silva defended the creation of a "new institutional structure for public safety", which would combine the police work with investments in preventive policies.[47]

Debates[]

Main article: Brazilian presidential election debates, 2010

For the 2010 presidential election, the Superior Electoral Court has approved three televised debates, in addition to an unprecedented internet debate, which will be held by UOL and Folha de S.Paulo on August 18.[48]

According to the Superior Electoral Court's guidelines, the candidates whose parties are not represented in the lower chamber of the National Congress are not able to participate in televised debates.[42] Such candidates are challenging this decision in order to be able to participate on the debates.[42]

The first presidential debate took place on August 5, held by Rede Bandeirantes.[48] The second debate was held on August 18, 2010 by internet portal UOL and newspaper Folha de S.Paulo. It was the first presidential debate broadcast exclusively through internet in the history of the country.

Electoral programme[]

Presidential debate.

According to the electoral law, all free-to-air television and radio networks must carry two 50-minute time slots a day[49] from August 17 until September 30, 2010.[50] The time allocated to each candidate is based on the number of seats held by the parties comprising their coalition in the Chamber of Deputies.[50] The electoral programs are considered a key campaign tool in Brazil, where TV and radio are the main sources of information for most voters.[49] The free air time on radio and TV also includes candidates contesting races for Governors, Legislative Assemblies, and both houses of the Congress.[49] Parties are also allowed to run six 30-second advertisements per day.[49]

Serra's electoral programs on TV were criticized for focusing too much on public health issues, with Financial Times correspondent Jonathan Wheatley saying that "[one] would think he was running for health minister".[51] In the other hand, Rousseff's programs have been noted for their professionalism and production quality,[51] while Marina Silva's programs were criticized for their lack of cohesion.[52] Journalist Ricardo Noblat commented on his blog that her first TV program seemed more like "a BBC documentary on the environment" than an electoral program.[52] Serra was also the target of criticism by Silva on the UOL/Folha debate for the use of a scenic favela in his program, while São Paulo still has many slums.[53] After the airing of Serra's second program, singer Elba Ramalho, which had one of her songs featured in it, released a note stating that she did not recorded the jingle used by the candidate, and that is not her voice featured in the program.[54] Although she publicly supported Serra in 2002, she stated she would maintain her neutrality in this election.[54] In spite of this declaration, Ramalho decided to support Rousseff on the second round.[55]

Serra's first television program was also the target of ridicule by Twitter users over the unintended double entendre of a phrase he said.[56] In the video, which has been posted over 24 times on Google Video, he cites examples of people which benefited from his former public office experiences.[56] However, in order to exemplify it, he used the preposition como, which can be used as both "as" and the first person inflection of the verb "to eat", that has a negative connotation for "to have sex with".[56]

According to a poll conducted by Census Institute on August 20–22, 42.9% of voters claimed they are watching or listening to the electoral programs on either radio or TV.[57] Dilma had the best electoral programs for 56% of them, while Serra's programs were preferred by 34%.[57] Silva's programs were chosen as the best by only 7.5% of them.[57]

Second round alliances[]

On October 20, after PSOL instructed its members to vote for either PT's Dilma Rousseff or blank/null in the second round,[58] Heloísa Helena decided to leave the presidency of the party.[59] She felt that the party "lacked identity" with the support to Rousseff.[59] The party's presidential candidate declared that he would vote null, while PSOL's congressmen declared their "critical vote" on Rousseff.[58] Party members were oriented "not to give any votes to Serra".[58]

PCB took a similar stance, saying they will "defeat Serra on the ballots and Dilma on the streets".[60] PSTU, in the other hand, advocated the null voting on the second round.[61] PV held a convention, where most of the 92 voting members decided that the party should stay neutral in the second round.[62] Party members were free to support either of the two candidates, but they were forbidden to use flags or other party symbols.[62] If they did so, they could have been punished with disaffiliation.[62]

On October 14, the Progressive Party, a member of the Lulista[clarification needed] coalition bloc in the National Congress which had remained neutral in the first round, decided to support Dilma.[63] Most of its directories and candidates had already supported Rousseff on the first round.[63] The Brazilian Labour Renewal Party also supported Rousseff in the second round. Levy Fidélix posted a photo on his Flickr account where he is accompanied by supporters holding flags of Rousseff's campaign.[64][dubious – discuss]

Opinion polling[]

Main article: Opinion polling for the 2010 Brazilian presidential election

From January 1, 2010 up to the day preceding the election, all polls had to be registered with the Superior Electoral Court.[65]

Opinion polling in 2010

According to polls, Rousseff was most likely to have won the race in the first round with over 50% of the valid voting intentions. She had a rapid increase in her popularity since mid-2009,[why?] and thus consolidated her lead against Serra, who had led the polls for over two years. She was given a further boost when incumbent President Lula campaigned on her behalf on her television programmes.[14] Marina Silva was not able to reach more than 10% in the polls, but at the end of the campaign she experienced a rapid boost,[why?] and achieved 14% at the last poll. The other candidates had been unable to reach more than 2%. The number of undecided voters and those who declared an intention to vote blank or null was at about 12% according to the last poll.

Election results[]

Nationwide results[]

Candidate Party Running mate Party First round Second round
Votes % Votes %
Dilma Rousseff PT Michel Temer PMDB 47,651,434 46.91 55,752,529 56.05
José Serra PSDB Indio da Costa DEM 33,132,283 32.61 43,711,388 43.95
Marina Silva PV Guilherme Leal PV 19,636,359 19.33
Plínio de Arruda Sampaio PSOL Hamilton Assis PSOL 886,816 0.87
José Maria Eymael PSDC José Paulo Neto PSDC 89,350 0.09
José Maria de Almeida PSTU Cláudia Durans PSTU 84,609 0.08
Levy Fidelix PRTB Luiz Eduardo Duarte PRTB 57,960 0.06
Ivan Pinheiro PCB Edmilson Costa PCB 39,136 0.04
Rui Costa Pimenta PCO Edson Dorta PCO 12,206 0.01
Invalid/blank votes 9,603,594 − 7,142,025 −
Total 111,193,747 100 106,606,214 100
Registered voters/turnout 135,804,433 81.88 135,804,433 78.50
Popular vote (first round)
Rousseff
 
 46.91%
Serra
 
 32.61%
Silva
 
 19.33%
Others
 
 1.15%
Popular vote (second round)
Rousseff
 
 56.05%
Serra
 
 43.95%

State results[]

First round[]

States/districts won by Dilma Rousseff
States/districts won by José Serra
States/districts won by Marina Silva

Second round[]

States/districts won by Dilma Rousseff
States/districts won by José Serra
By municipality[]

[66]

██ Municipalities won by Rousseff with less than 65% of the votes
██ Municipalities won by Rousseff with over 65% of the votes
██ Municipalities won by Serra with less than 65% of the votes
██ Municipalities won by Serra with over 65% of the votes

  • Acre

  • Alagoas

  • Amapá

  • Amazonas

  • Bahia

  • Ceará

  • Espírito Santo

  • Federal District

  • Goiás

  • Maranhão

  • Mato Grosso

  • Mato Grosso do Sul

  • Minas Gerais

  • Pará

  • Paraíba

  • Paraná

  • Pernambuco

  • Piauí

  • Rio de Janeiro

  • Rio Grande do Norte

  • Rio Grande do Sul

  • Rondônia

  • Roraima

  • Santa Catarina

  • São Paulo

  • Sergipe

  • Tocantins

Worldwide results[]

Election results following the first round of voting by expatriate voters.

First round[]

Countries/territories won by Dilma Rousseff
Countries/territories won by José Serra
Countries/territories won by Marina Silva

Second round[]

Election results following the second round of voting by expatriate voters.
Countries/territories won by Dilma Rousseff
Countries/territories won by José Serra

Voter demographics[]

Demographic subgroup Rousseff Serra % of
total vote
Total vote 56 44 100
Gender
Men 60 40 48
Women 53 47 52
Age
16–24 years old 54 46 18
25–34 years old 57 43 24
35–44 years old 59 41 20
45–59 years old 58 42 23
60 and older 53 47 15
Education
Less than high school 62 38 45
High school diploma 54 46 39
Bachelor's degree or more 45 55 16
Family income
Under 2x min wage 62 38 44
2-5x min wage 55 45 36
5-10x min wage 50 50 11
Over 10x min wage 43 57 9
Region
Southeast 53 47 45
South 47 53 16
Northeast 69 31 25
North + Central-West 55 45 14

Source: [3] </ref>

International reaction[]

Analysis[]

One of the important outcomes of the election was seen as the role of new media.[97] Al Jazeera English also analysed the difference between the Brazil and Myanmar elections where the former was a "defeat for big media" and the latter saw a media clampdown in the run-up to the election.[98]

References[]

  1. ^ Colitt, Raymond. "Key dates in Brazil's 2010 presidential race". Reuters. January 11, 2010.
  2. ^ Barrionuevo, Alexei. "The Health of a Likely Presidential Candidate Comes Under Brazil's Microscope". The New York Times, May 23, 2009. Retrieved June 14, 2009.
  3. ^ "Mares nunca dantes navegados". revista piauí (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-11-13.
  4. ^ "NEWS IN ENGLISH – Dilma Rousseff biography". Jusbrasil (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-11-13.
  5. ^ "Temer é aprovado vice na chapa de Dilma à Presidência – Política". Estadão (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-11-13.
  6. ^ "Editorial: O mal a evitar". O Estado de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). 25 September 2010. Retrieved 27 October 2010.
  7. ^ "No Twitter, vice de Serra é comparado a Sarah Palin – 19/07/2010 – Poder – Folha de S.Paulo". m.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  8. ^ Barrionuevo, Alexei (2010-07-26). "Brazil's President Works to Lend Popularity to a Protégée (Published 2010)". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  9. ^ David Maciel. "De Lula à Dilma Roussef: crise econômica, hegemonia neoliberal e regressão política" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  10. ^ "Marina Silva diz querer ser primeira mulher negra a ser presidente - Abril.com". 2011-07-16. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  11. ^ "Marina Silva surpreende na reta final e pode gerar segundo turno, diz Instituto Análise | Guilherme Barros". 2010-10-03. Archived from the original on 2010-10-03. Retrieved 2020-11-14.
  12. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Colitt, Raymond. "Positions of Brazil's leading candidates". Reuters. January 11, 2010.
  13. ^ Freedom House (July 16, 2009). "Freedom in the World 2009 – Brazil". UNHCR. Archived from the original on 2011-07-24. Retrieved 2010-02-07. In early 1994, Fernando Henrique Cardoso (...) forged a three-party, centre-right coalition around his Brazilian Social Democracy Party (PSDB).
  14. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g Colitt, Raymond. "Key names in Brazil's 2010 presidential race". Reuters. December 17, 2010.
  15. ^ Segrillo, Angelo (2004). "A confusão esquerda-direita no mundo pós-Muro de Berlim" [The left-right confusion in the post-Berlin Wall world]. Dados (in Portuguese). 47: 615–632. doi:10.1590/S0011-52582004000300006. ISSN 0011-5258. Most analists defined PSDB as center-left as of its foundation (...) The story changed after 1994, with the election of PSDB to the Presidency. A rhetoric of overcoming the classical ideological divisions (...) was one of the justifications for the grand parliamentary alliance center and right-wing parties (...). As a matter of fact, after the 1994 election, most analists starting defining PSDB as a centrist party along with PMDB
  16. ^ Block, Robert (October 8, 1994). "Cardoso faces challenge to fulfil promises of reform". The Independent. ...The alliance of his centrist Brazilian Social Democrat Party (PSDB) with the right-wing Liberal Front (PFL).
  17. ^ (in Portuguese) Agência Estado. "PV já articula apoio à candidatura de Marina Silva". August 14, 2009. Globo.com. Retrieved on 2009-08-15.
  18. ^ Uol.com, synthesis of late-2010 opinion poll results [1], last viewed October 3, 2010
  19. ^ Jump up to: a b Colitt, Raymond (2008-04-09). "Brazil President Lula hunting for right successor". Reuters. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  20. ^ Costa, Ana Nicolaci da (2008-04-28). "Many in Brazil want third Lula term but he says no". Reuters. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  21. ^ Jump up to: a b c d Line, A. TARDE On. "Lula já planeja seu sucessor para 2010". Portal A TARDE (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  22. ^ "marta suplicy sucesor do lula 2010 2008 – Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  23. ^ "Marta pavimenta candidatura no PT à sucessão de Lula". www2.senado.leg.br (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  24. ^ "Folha de S.Paulo – Presidente já pensa em Marta Suplicy ou Ciro Gomes para a disputa de 2010 – 03/09/2006". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  25. ^ "José Serra é o favorito à sucessão de Lula em 2010 – 31/03/2008 – Eleições – Datafolha". datafolha.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  26. ^ "Folha de S.Paulo – ELEIÇÕES 2004Serra vence em São Paulo; PT sofre derrota no país – 01/11/2004". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  27. ^ "Marta Suplicy aceita ser a nova ministra do Turismo | – Guia da Saúde – SC". clicrbs.com.br. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  28. ^ LR, Redacción (2008-10-04). "Hoy se sabrá quién podría ser el sucesor de Lula". larepublica.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  29. ^ "Mal presagio para Lula en ballotage del domingo". www.ambito.com. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  30. ^ "Na TV, Ciro se coloca como possível sucessor de Lula". Terra (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  31. ^ "Ciro Gomes diz que decisão do PSB foi 'erro tático' – O Globo" (in Portuguese). Oglobo.globo.com. 2010-04-27. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  32. ^ Reuters. "Brazil's Rousseff shifts Cabinet into election gear". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  33. ^ "Folha de S.Paulo – PT quer Mercadante para o lugar de Bisol – 27/7/1994". www1.folha.uol.com.br. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  34. ^ "PSDB 'está longe' de decidir nome para 2010, diz Aécio – Política". Estadão (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  35. ^ "G1 > Política – NOTÍCIAS – Aécio Neves desiste de disputar a Presidência em 2010". g1.globo.com. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  36. ^ Line, A. TARDE On. "Serra quer mudar suposta imagem elitista do PSDB". Portal A TARDE (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  37. ^ "As vidas possíveis de José Serra". CartaCapital (in Portuguese). 2012-10-30. Retrieved 2020-12-01.
  38. ^ Jump up to: a b c d (in Portuguese) Faria, Tales. "PSol aprova resolução para se afastar de Marina Silva" Archived 2009-12-13 at the Wayback Machine. Último Segundo. December 8, 2009.
  39. ^ (in Portuguese) Uribe, Gustavo. "Heloísa Helena costura acordo com o PV para 2010" Archived June 6, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. O Estado de S. Paulo. October 20, 2009.
  40. ^ (in Portuguese) Peres, João. "Por aliança com PSOL, PV terá de abrir mão de tucanos e democratas". Rede Brasil Atual. November 25, 2009.
  41. ^ Jump up to: a b (in Portuguese) "Saiba quem são os candidatos à Presidência". R7. July 1, 2010
  42. ^ Jump up to: a b c (in Portuguese) Agência Estado. "Cinco 'nanicos' ficam de fora dos debates na TV" Archived September 21, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. O Estado de S. Paulo. August 5, 2010.
  43. ^ Prada, Paulo. "For Brazil, It's Finally Tomorrow". The Wall Street Journal. March 29, 2010.
  44. ^ Weisbrot, Mark. "Why Washington Cares About Countries Like Haiti And Honduras". The Huffington Post. February 1, 2010. (Originally published by The Guardian Unlimited on January 29, 2010).
  45. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f (in Portuguese) "Começa campanha eleitoral dos 9 candidatos que concorrem à Presidência". Jornal da Globo. July 7, 2010.
  46. ^ (in Portuguese) Mendonça, Ricardo. "Boca de Urna: Dilma e o crack" Archived August 13, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Época. May 12, 2010.
  47. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s (in Portuguese) "Veja as principais propostas dos presidenciáveis Dilma, Marina e Serra para cinco áreas" Archived 2010-07-10 at the Wayback Machine. R7. July 7, 2010.
  48. ^ Jump up to: a b (in Portuguese) EFE. "Final da Libertadores teve audiência maior que debate dos presidenciáveis". European Pressphoto Agency. August 6, 2010.
  49. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f "Brazil candidates begin daily election broadcasts". BBC. August 18, 2010.
  50. ^ Jump up to: a b Dáu, Priscila. "Começa amanhã horário eleitoral gratuito no rádio e na televisão". Correio. September 16, 2010.
  51. ^ Jump up to: a b Wheatley, Jonathan. "Brazil's election: who's your choice?". Financial Times. August 18, 2010.
  52. ^ Jump up to: a b (in Portuguese) Noblat, Ricardo. "Deu a louca no programa de Marina". O Globo. August 19, 2010.
  53. ^ (in Portuguese) Agência Estado. "Marina critica "favela artificial" em propaganda do PSDB". ClicRBS. August 18, 2010.
  54. ^ Jump up to: a b (in Portuguese) "Elba Ramalho esclarece que não gravou jingle para Serra" Archived 2010-08-21 at the Wayback Machine. Terra. August 18, 2010.
  55. ^ "Notícias do Último Segundo: o que acontece no Brasil e no Mundo". iG.
  56. ^ Jump up to: a b c (in Portuguese) ""Serra comedor" se espalha nas redes sociais" Archived August 23, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Terra Eleições. August 18, 2010.
  57. ^ Jump up to: a b c (in Portuguese) Campanerut, Camila. "Pesquisa CNT/Sensus: Dilma tem 46% das intenções de voto; Serra, 28,1%". BOL. August 24, 2010.
  58. ^ Jump up to: a b c (in Portuguese) Pasini, Mariana. "PSOL indica 'voto crítico' em Dilma ou voto nulo no 2º turno". G1. October 15, 2010.
  59. ^ Jump up to: a b (in Portuguese) Agência Brasil. "Heloísa Helena deixa presidência do PSol por causa do apoio à Dilma" Archived October 22, 2010, at the Wayback Machine. Correio Braziliense. October 20, 2010.
  60. ^ (in Portuguese) Brazilian Communist Party. "Derrotar Serra nas urnas e depois Dilma nas ruas". Brasil de Fato. October 19, 2010.
  61. ^ (in Portuguese) Neto, Eduardo Almeida. "Como lutar contra a direita nas eleições? Votando nulo" Archived 2010-10-27 at the Wayback Machine. Unified Workers' Socialist Party. October 5, 2010.
  62. ^ Jump up to: a b c (in Portuguese) Rodrigo Rodrigues. "PV e Marina anunciam neutralidade no segundo turno". Último Segundo. October 17, 2010.
  63. ^ Jump up to: a b (in Portuguese) Mestieri, Gabriel. "PP formaliza apoio a Dilma no 2º turno" Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. R7. October 14, 2010.
  64. ^ [2]
  65. ^ (in Portuguese) "Confira o calendário eleitoral 2010" Archived 2010-08-27 at the Wayback Machine. Terra.
  66. ^ "Mapa da votação para presidente nos municípios – Infográficos". Estadão.
  67. ^ Official results by electoral zone[permanent dead link]. Superior Electoral Court official website.
  68. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj "Divulga2010 – Aplicação de acompanhamento de resultado de eleições – Versão 1.1.0 (Provedor: Senado Federal)". TSE. 2010-10-04. Archived from the original on 2010-10-05. Retrieved 2010-10-04.
  69. ^ "Embaixadas: Dilma vence em Paris e Roma; Serra em Londres". Terra (in Portuguese). October 3, 2010. Archived from the original on March 22, 2012. Retrieved October 3, 2010.
  70. ^ Jump up to: a b Flint, Guila (October 3, 2010). "Dilma ganha eleições em Ramallah, Serra é vitorioso em Tel Aviv". BBC Brasil (in Portuguese).
  71. ^ Trevisan, Cláudia (October 3, 2010). "Serra vence eleição na Nova Zelândia". O Estado de S. Paulo (in Portuguese).
  72. ^ "Raio-x – UOL Eleições – 2010". eleicoes.uol.com.br.
  73. ^ Calgaro, Fenanda (October 3, 2010). "Serra vence eleição em Londres em disputa acirrada com Dilma". UOL.
  74. ^ "Raio-x – UOL Eleições – 2010".
  75. ^ (in Portuguese) Eleições 2010 – Apuração Archived 2010-10-06 at the Wayback Machine. Agência Brasil.
  76. ^ "Cenário PolÃtico do Brasil – Presidente – Eleições 2010 – Terra".
  77. ^ Durão Barroso felicita vitória de Dilma Rousseff e quer continuação de parceria estratégica Jornal de Notícias. Retrieved on 2010-11-01. (in Portuguese).
  78. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e f Líderes internacionais parabenizam Dilma pela vitória G1.com.br. Retrieved on 2010-11-01. (in Portuguese).
  79. ^ Presidente da Bulgária convida Dilma a visitar o país onde o pai dela nasceu G1.com.br. Retrieved on 2010-11-01. (in Portuguese).
  80. ^ Dilma Rousseff visita a cidade natal do pai, na Bulgária Jornal Nacional. Retrieved on 2012-05-24. (in Portuguese).
  81. ^ Colombia will maintain "excellent relations" with new Brazilian leader Colombia Reports. Retrieved on 2010-11-01.
  82. ^ "Costa Rica felicitó a Brasil por elección de Dilma Rousseff". Univision. 1 November 2010. Archived from the original on 2013-02-05. Retrieved 2021-07-22.
  83. ^ http://www.adn.es/internacional/20101101/NWS-1110-Guatemala-Gobierno-Rousseff-Brasil-elecciones.html[permanent dead link]
  84. ^ Guayana felicita a Dilma Rousseff, la primera presidenta de Brasil EFE. Retrieved on 2010-11-01. (in Spanish).
  85. ^ Ahmadinejad congratulates Brazilian president-elect Rousseff Iran Times. Retrieved on 2010-11-01.
  86. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2010-11-13. Retrieved 2010-11-02.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  87. ^ Los líderes iberoamericanos felicitan a Rousseff EuropaPress. Retrieved on 2010-11-01. (in Spanish).
  88. ^ http://www.map.ma/eng/sections/royal_activities/hm_the_king_congratu6016/view[permanent dead link]
  89. ^ Felicitó Daniel Ortega a presidenta electa de Brasil Prensa Latina. Retrieved on 2010-11-01. (in Spanish).
  90. ^ "Fernando Lugo felicita Dilma Rousseff por vitória nas eleições". November 2010.
  91. ^ http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=234168&Itemid=1
  92. ^ "Medvedev felicita Dilma Rousseff por 'convincente' vitória". November 2010.
  93. ^ Obama e outros presidentes parabenizam Dilma pela vitória G1.com.br. Retrieved on 2010-11-01. (in Portuguese).
  94. ^ https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hHn5kyOuN5KXVKmIJSeHeUL7-xRQ?docId=CNG.aa064aec753e723fd36505d4adb65ada.7a1
  95. ^ http://www.prensa-latina.cu/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=234138&Itemid=1
  96. ^ "'Bem-vinda ao clube', diz Hugo Chávez para Dilma". Folha.com. 31 October 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2010.
  97. ^ http://blogs.aljazeera.net/americas/2010/11/16/media-relation-brazils-election
  98. ^ "Breaking News, World News and Video from al Jazeera".

External links[]

Retrieved from ""