2015 in paleontology
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Paleontology or palaeontology is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised feces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because humans have encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred or were published in the year 2015.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 2015 in paleontology. |
Plants[]
Cnidarians[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Santodomingo, Wallace & Johnson |
Miocene |
Indonesia |
A staghorn coral, a species of Acropora. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Santodomingo, Wallace & Johnson |
Miocene |
Indonesia |
A staghorn coral, a species of Acropora. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Santodomingo, Wallace & Johnson |
Miocene |
Indonesia |
A staghorn coral, a species of Acropora. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Santodomingo, Wallace & Johnson |
Miocene |
Indonesia |
A staghorn coral, a species of Acropora. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Santodomingo, Wallace & Johnson |
Late Oligocene |
Malaysia |
A staghorn coral, a species of Acropora. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Santodomingo, Wallace & Johnson |
Miocene |
Indonesia |
A staghorn coral, a species of Acropora. |
|||
Actinaraea michoacanensis[3] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Filkorn & Pantoja-Alor |
Early Cretaceous (early Aptian) |
Cumburindio Formation |
Mexico |
A stony coral belonging to the family , a species of . |
|
Actinastrea chumbitaroensis[3] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Filkorn & Pantoja-Alor |
Early Cretaceous (late Albian) |
Mal Paso Formation |
Mexico |
A stony coral belonging to the family , a species of . |
|
Gen. et comb. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Denayer & Webb |
Carboniferous (Mississippian) |
Australia |
A rugose coral belonging to the group and the family . A new genus for "Lithostrotion" columnare Etheridge (1900); genus also contains "" columellaris Pickett (1966), "Lithostrotion" parvicolumnare Pickett (1966), "Lithostrotion" wilkinsoni Pickett (1966) and "Orionastraea" flemingi Webb (1990), as well as new species Australastraea arcifera and Australastraea carinata. |
|||
Axisvacuus tenerus[5] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Fedorowski |
Carboniferous (early Serpukhovian) |
Poland |
A rugose coral belonging to the group and the family , a species of . |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Fedorowski |
Carboniferous (early Serpukhovian) |
Poland |
A rugose coral belonging to the group and the family . The type species is Birkenmajerites primus. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Baron-Szabo |
Early Cretaceous (late Barremian–early Aptian) |
A stony coral belonging to the family Dendrophylliidae. The type species is C. merbeleri. |
||||
Nom. nov |
Valid |
Doweld |
Late Silurian |
Kyrgyzstan |
An anthozoan belonging to the group and the family ; a replacement name for Rotalites Leleshus (1970). |
|||
Chelmia[5] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Fedorowski |
Carboniferous (early Serpukhovian) |
Poland |
A rugose coral belonging to the group . The type species is Chelmia radiata. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Denayer & Webb |
Carboniferous (early Viséan) |
Australia |
A rugose coral belonging to the group and the family ; a species of Cionodendron. |
|||
Craspedophyllia japonica[8] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Stanley & Onoue |
Late Triassic |
Japan |
A stony coral belonging to the family , a species of . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Niko, Ibaraki & Tazawa |
Devonian |
Japan |
A tabulate coral belonging to the family . |
|||
Crateroseris stefani[10] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Eliášová |
Late Jurassic (Tithonian) |
Štramberk Limestone |
Czech Republic |
A stony coral belonging to the family , a species of . |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Gretz, Lathuilière & Martini |
Early Jurassic (Hettangian) |
France |
A coral. The type species is Cryptosepta nuda. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Niko, Suzuki & Taguchi |
Miocene |
Katsuta Group |
Japan |
A species of Dendrophyllia. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid[14] |
Budd & Bosellini |
Oligocene |
Italy |
||||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Löser & Zell |
Cretaceous |
Romania |
A stony coral belonging to the group and the family . A new genus for "" ksiazkiewiczi bucovinensis Morycowa (1971) (raised to the rank of a separate species Eocolumastrea bucovinensis) |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Denayer |
Carboniferous (Mississippian) |
Yaricak Formation |
Turkey |
A rugose coral belonging to the group , possibly a member of the family . |
||
Goniophyllum osloense[17] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Johannessen in Wright |
Silurian (late Telychian) |
Norway |
An operculate coral, a species of Goniophyllum. |
||
Guembelastraea kanmerae[8] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Stanley & Onoue |
Late Triassic |
Japan |
A stony coral belonging to the family , a species of . |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Eliášová |
Late Jurassic (Tithonian) |
Štramberk Limestone |
Czech Republic |
A stony coral belonging to the family . The type species is Halucinophyllia subridens. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Löser, Arias & Vilas |
Early Cretaceous (Aptian and Albian) |
Mexico |
A stony coral belonging to the family , a species of . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Santodomingo, Wallace & Johnson |
Miocene |
Indonesia |
A staghorn coral, a species of Isopora. |
|||
Latiphyllia mexicana[3] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Filkorn & Pantoja-Alor |
Early Cretaceous (late Albian) |
Mal Paso Formation |
Mexico |
A stony coral belonging to the family Montlivaltiidae, a species of . |
|
Nom. nov |
Valid |
Doweld |
Late Ordovician |
China |
An anthozoan belonging to the group ; a replacement name for Granulina Leleshus (1975). |
|||
Margarosmilia mizukamia[8] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Stanley & Onoue |
Late Triassic |
Japan |
A stony coral belonging to the family , a species of . |
||
Mycetophyllopsis azteca[3] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Filkorn & Pantoja-Alor |
Early Cretaceous (late Albian) |
Mal Paso Formation |
Mexico |
A stony coral belonging to the family Montlivaltiidae, a species of . |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Eliášová |
Late Jurassic (Tithonian) |
Štramberk Limestone |
Czech Republic |
A stony coral belonging to the suborder . The type species is Munusculum martinaseki. |
||
Nervophyllum lukoviensis[5] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Fedorowski |
Carboniferous (early Serpukhovian) |
Poland |
A rugose coral belonging to the group and the family , a species of . |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Löser & Zell |
Cretaceous |
Spain |
A stony coral belonging to the group and the family . The type species is Nudacolumastrea stefani. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Fedorowski |
Carboniferous (early Serpukhovian) |
Poland |
A rugose coral belonging to the group and the family . The type species is Occulogermen luciae. |
|||
Orbignygyra? incognita[3] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Filkorn & Pantoja-Alor |
Early Cretaceous (late Albian) |
Mal Paso Formation |
Mexico |
A stony coral belonging to the family , possibly a species of . |
|
Ovalastrea malpaso[3] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Filkorn & Pantoja-Alor |
Early Cretaceous (late Albian) |
Mal Paso Formation |
Mexico |
A stony coral belonging to the family , a species of . |
|
Paraclausastrea vorarlbergensis[20] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Baron-Szabo |
Early Cretaceous (late Barremian-early Aptian) |
A montlivaltiid stony coral, a species of . |
|||
Paracycloseris effrenatus[3] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Filkorn & Pantoja-Alor |
Early Cretaceous (late Albian) |
Mal Paso Formation |
Mexico |
A stony coral belonging to the family , a species of . |
|
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid[14] |
Budd & Bosellini |
Eocene (Lutetian) to Oligocene (Rupelian) |
Italy |
A new genus for "Meandrina" polygonalis Catullo (1856); genus also includes "Diploria" flexuosissima d'Achiardi (1868). |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Reuter in Reuter, Wiedl & Piller |
Miocene (Langhian‒early Serravallian) |
A stony coral belonging to the family Lobophylliidae, a species of Parascolymia. |
||||
Gen. et comb. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Denayer & Webb |
Carboniferous (Tournaisian) |
Australia |
A rugose coral belonging to the group and the family . A new genus for "Lithostrotion" williamsi Pickett (1966); genus also contains "" dalmaensis Webb (1990), as well as new species Pickettodendron nudum. |
|||
Preverastraea coatlicueae[3] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Filkorn & Pantoja-Alor |
Early Cretaceous (late Albian) |
Mal Paso Formation |
Mexico |
A stony coral belonging to the family Rhipidogyridae, a species of . |
|
Preverastraea tociae[3] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Filkorn & Pantoja-Alor |
Early Cretaceous (late Albian) |
Mal Paso Formation |
Mexico |
A stony coral belonging to the family Rhipidogyridae, a species of . |
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Niko, Fujikawa & Haikawa |
Permian |
Akiyoshi Limestone Group |
Japan |
A tabulate coral. |
||
Retiophyllia tosaensis[8] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Stanley & Onoue |
Late Triassic |
Japan |
A stony coral belonging to the family , a species of . |
||
Rotiphyllum plumeum[5] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Fedorowski |
Carboniferous (early Serpukhovian) |
Poland |
A rugose coral belonging to the group and the family , a species of . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lösser & Sklenář |
Late Cretaceous (late Cenomanian) |
Peruc-Korycany Formation |
Czech Republic |
A stony coral belonging to the group . |
||
Saltocyathus cumburindioensis[3] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Filkorn & Pantoja-Alor |
Early Cretaceous (early Aptian) |
Cumburindio Formation |
Mexico |
A stony coral belonging to the family Rhipidogyridae, a species of . |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Baron-Szabo & Cairns |
Miocene |
Chipola Formation |
United States |
A rhizangiid stony coral. The type species is Sclerangia floridana. |
||
?Sochkineophyllum symmetricum[5] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Fedorowski |
Carboniferous (early Serpukhovian) |
Poland |
A rugose coral belonging to the group and the family , possibly a species of . |
||
Gen. et comb. et 4 sp. nov |
Valid |
Eliášová |
Late Jurassic (Tithonian) |
Štramberk Limestone |
Czech Republic |
A stony coral belonging to the suborder Caryophylliina. The type species is "" columnaris Ogilvie (1897); genus also contains new species Sylviella exquisita, Sylviella multisepta, Sylviella noveni and Sylviella benjamin. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Eliášová |
Late Jurassic (Tithonian) |
Štramberk Limestone |
Czech Republic |
A stony coral belonging to the suborder Caryophylliina. The type species is Sylviellopsis erici. |
||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Eliášová |
Late Jurassic (Tithonian) |
Štramberk Limestone |
Czech Republic |
A stony coral belonging to the family . The type species is "" jasenica Frajová (1960). |
||
Thalamocaeniopsis mexicanensis[3] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Filkorn & Pantoja-Alor |
Early Cretaceous (late Albian) |
Mal Paso Formation |
Mexico |
A stony coral belonging to the family Thamnasteriidae, a species of . |
|
Thamnarea hornosensis[3] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Filkorn & Pantoja-Alor |
Early Cretaceous (early Aptian) |
Cumburindio Formation |
Mexico |
A stony coral belonging to the family , a species of . |
|
Thamnasteria tonantzinae[3] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Filkorn & Pantoja-Alor |
Early Cretaceous (late Albian) |
Mal Paso Formation |
Mexico |
A stony coral belonging to the family Thamnasteriidae, a species of Thamnasteria. |
|
Thamnasteriamorpha okudai[8] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Stanley & Onoue |
Late Triassic |
Japan |
A stony coral belonging to the family , a species of . |
||
Thecosmilia guerreroensis[3] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Filkorn & Pantoja-Alor |
Early Cretaceous (late Albian) |
Mal Paso Formation |
Mexico |
A stony coral belonging to the family Montlivaltiidae, a species of . |
|
Sp. nov |
Valid[14] |
Budd & Bosellini |
Oligocene (late Rupelian–early Chattian) |
Italy |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Niko |
Permian (Wordian) |
Iwaizaki Limestone |
Japan |
A tabulate coral belonging to the group Favositida and the family . |
||
Zaphrentites rotiphylloides[5] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Fedorowski |
Carboniferous (early Serpukhovian) |
Poland |
A rugose coral belonging to the group and the family , a species of . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Denayer |
Carboniferous (late Tournaisian) |
|
Turkey |
A rugose coral belonging to the family , a species of Zaphriphyllum. |
||
Zaphrufimia anceps[5] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Fedorowski |
Carboniferous (early Serpukhovian) |
Poland |
A rugose coral belonging to the group and the family , a species of . |
Arthropods[]
Bryozoans[]
Brachiopods[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Blodgett, Baranov & Santucci |
Devonian (Givetian) |
United States |
A terebratulid brachiopod. The type species is Alaskothyris frosti. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Halamski et al. |
Middle Triassic (Ladinian) |
Croatia |
A member of Terebratulida. The type species is Albasphe albertimagni. |
|||
Alexenia? delepinei[29] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Chacón & Winkler Prins |
Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) |
Spain |
A member of , possibly a species of . |
||
Amictocracens? brocki[30] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Popov et al. |
Cambrian |
|
India |
A member of Acrotretida belonging to the family Acrotretidae, possibly a species of . |
|
Aphelotreta khemangarensis[30] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Popov et al. |
Cambrian |
|
India |
A member of Acrotretida belonging to the family Acrotretidae, a species of . |
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Tazawa & Shintani |
Permian (Sakmarian) |
|
Japan |
A member of Productida belonging to the family . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Baranov |
Devonian (Emsian) |
Russia |
A member of , a species of . |
|||
Bockelia canalis[33] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Benedetto |
Ordovician (Darriwilian) |
|
Argentina |
A member of Strophomenida belonging to the superfamily Plectambonitoidea and the family ; a species of . |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
García-Alcalde |
Devonian |
Spain |
A member of Orthida belonging to the family . The type species is C. vivaldiana. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Benedetto |
Ordovician (Darriwilian) |
|
Argentina |
A member of Orthida belonging to the superfamily Plectorthoidea. The type species is Chilcorthis huarpe. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Afanasjeva, Jun-ichi & Tomohiko |
Permian |
Japan |
A member of belonging to the family Rugosochonetidae, a species of . |
|||
Chopinia[36] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Junior homonym |
García-Alcalde & Herrera |
Devonian (late Lochkovian or the early Pragian) |
Spain |
A member of Athyridida belonging to the family . The type species is C. petercarlsi. The generic name is preoccupied by Chopinia d'Abrera (2001). |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Mergl & Jiménez-Sánchez |
Devonian (late Emsian) |
|
Czech Republic |
A member of Discinidae, a species of . |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Baranov |
Devonian (Emsian) |
Russia |
A member of . The type species is Copperella kaskevichi. |
|||
Cyrtonotreta vasculata[33] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Benedetto |
Ordovician (Darriwilian) |
|
Argentina |
A member of Acrotretida belonging to the family Acrotretidae; a species of . |
|
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Gaetani & Mantovani |
Triassic (Anisian) |
Croatia |
A brachiopod. The type species is "Spiriferina" palaeotypus Loretz (1875); genus might also contain "" multicostata Yang & Xu (1966). |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
García-Alcalde |
Devonian |
Spain |
A member of Orthida belonging to the family . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Mottequin, Sevastopulo & Simon |
Carboniferous (Viséan) |
|
Ireland |
A member of Orthotetida belonging to the family . |
||
Duartea latoresensis[29] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Chacón & Winkler Prins |
Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) |
Spain |
A member of , possibly a species of . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Gourvennec & Hoşgör |
Devonian (latest Givetian to early Frasnian) |
|
Turkey |
A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family Cyrtospiriferidae, a species of . |
||
Eohadrotreta haydeni[30] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Popov et al. |
Cambrian |
|
India |
A member of Acrotretida belonging to the family Acrotretidae, a species of . |
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
García-Alcalde & Herrera |
Devonian (early Lochkovian) |
Spain |
A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
García-Alcalde & Herrera |
Devonian (early Pragian) |
Spain |
A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Mergl & Herrera in Mergl et al. |
Late Cambrian |
|
Argentina |
|||
Evanidisinurostrum saouraense[42] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Mottequin et al. |
Devonian (Famennian) |
Algeria |
A rhynchonellid brachiopod, a species of . |
||
Hadrotreta timchristiorum[30] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Popov et al. |
Cambrian |
|
India |
A member of Acrotretida belonging to the family Acrotretidae, a species of . |
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Popov, Holmer & Baars in Popov et al. |
Ordovician (Katian) |
|
Iran |
A strophomenid brachiopod; a species of . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Popov, Holmer & Baars in Popov et al. |
Ordovician (Katian) |
|
Iran |
A athyridid brachiopod; a species of . |
||
Inflatia ovetensis[29] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Chacón & Winkler Prins |
Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) |
Spain |
A member of , possibly a species of . |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Popov et al. |
Silurian (Telychian) |
|
Iran |
A rhynchonellid brachiopod. The type species is Jafarirhynchus alatus. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Devaere, Holmer & Clausen in Devaere et al. |
Cambrian (Terreneuvian) |
|
France |
A mickwitziid-like stem-group brachiopod. The type species is Kerberellus marcouensis. |
||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Baranov & Blodgett |
Devonian (early Pragian) |
United States |
A rhynchonellid brachiopod; a new genus for "Camarotoechia" reesidei Kirk & Amsden (1952). |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Mergl & Jiménez-Sánchez |
Devonian (late Emsian) |
|
Czech Republic |
A member of Obolidae, a species of . |
||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Sartenaer |
Devonian (Lochkovian) |
Czech Republic |
A member of Rhynchonellida. The type species is "Rhynchonella" borealiformis Siemiradzki (1906); genus also includes "" altera (Barrande, 1879). |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Liu et al. |
Cambrian |
China |
A species of Kutorgina. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Benedetto & Muñoz |
Ordovician (Tremadocian) |
|
Argentina |
A member of Obolidae, a species of Leptembolon. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Mergl & Herrera in Mergl et al. |
Late Cambrian |
|
Argentina |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Benedetto & Muñoz |
Ordovician (Tremadocian) |
|
Argentina |
A member of Obolidae, a species of Libecoviella. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Smirnova in Smirnova et al. |
Late Jurassic |
Russia |
A member of Lingulida, a species of . |
|||
Lingulella? melonica[41] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Mergl & Herrera in Mergl et al. |
Late Cambrian |
|
Argentina |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Mergl & Jiménez-Sánchez |
Devonian (late Emsian) |
|
Czech Republic |
A member of Discinidae, a species of . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Popov, Holmer & Baars in Popov et al. |
Ordovician (Darriwilian) |
|
Iran |
A orthid brachiopod; possibly a species of . |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
García-Alcalde |
Devonian (late Emsian) |
Spain |
A member of Orthida belonging to the family . The type species is M. saroyani. |
|||
Gen. et sp. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Baranov & Blodgett |
Early Devonian |
Canada |
A brachiopod. The type species is M. sibirica; genus also includes "" impressio Perry (1984). |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Baranov |
Devonian (Emsian) |
Russia |
A member of . The type species is Misensia gracilis. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Zhang et al. |
Permian (Lopingian) |
|
China |
A member of Productida belonging to the family Rugosochonetidae. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Baranov |
Devonian (Emsian) |
Russia |
A member of , a species of . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Gourvennec & Hoşgör |
Devonian (latest Givetian to early Frasnian) |
|
Turkey |
A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family , a species of . |
||
Palaeoglossa minima[33] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Benedetto |
Ordovician (Darriwilian) |
|
Argentina |
A member of Obolidae; a species of . |
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
García-Alcalde |
Devonian |
Spain |
A member of Orthida belonging to the family . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Zhang et al. |
Permian (Lopingian) |
|
China |
A member of Productida belonging to the family . |
||
Nom. nov |
Valid |
Skovsted et al. |
Early Cambrian |
Russia |
A replacement name for Cryptotreta Pelman (1977) (preoccupied). |
|||
Philhedra pauciradiata[33] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Benedetto |
Ordovician (Darriwilian) |
|
Argentina |
A member of Craniidae; a species of . |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[55] |
Cocks |
Ordovician (late Katian) |
Portrane Limestone |
Ireland |
A chilidiopsoidean brachiopod. The type species is Portrania wrighti Cocks & Harper in Cocks (2015). |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Mergl & Jiménez-Sánchez |
Devonian (late Emsian) |
|
Czech Republic |
A member of Discinidae, a species of . |
||
Prototreta? sumnaensis[30] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Popov et al. |
Cambrian |
|
India |
A member of Acrotretida belonging to the family Acrotretidae, possibly a species of . |
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Calzada & Moreno |
Early Cretaceous (Aptian) |
Spain |
A member of Terebratellidina belonging to the family Laqueidae and the subfamily , a species of . |
|||
Gen. et comb. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Gaetani & Mantovani |
Middle Triassic |
Austria |
A brachiopod. The type species is "Spiriferina" propontica Toula (1896); genus also contains "Spiriferina" ptychitiphila Bittner (1890), as well as the new species Ptychomentzelia ritensis. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Baranov |
Devonian (Emsian) |
Russia |
A member of . The type species is Raisiya solonchanensis. |
|||
Rhipidomella cervantesi[34] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
García-Alcalde |
Devonian |
Spain |
A member of Orthida belonging to the family . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Afanasjeva, Jun-ichi & Tomohiko |
Permian |
Japan |
A member of belonging to the family Rugosochonetidae, a species of . |
|||
Nom. nov |
Valid |
Doweld |
Ordovician (Katian) |
Kazakhstan |
A member of Spiriferida; a replacement name for Iliella Rukavischnikova (1980). |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Mergl & Herrera in Mergl et al. |
Late Cambrian |
|
Argentina |
A member of . The type species is Saltaia lampazarensis |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Baranov & Blodgett |
Devonian (early Pragian) |
United States |
A rhynchonellid brachiopod. The type species is Savagerhynchus hecetaensis. |
|||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid[55] |
Cocks |
Ordovician (early Katian |
Craighead Limestone |
United Kingdom |
A chilidiopsoidean brachiopod. A new genus for "" scalena Williams (1962). |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Mergl & Herrera in Mergl et al. |
Late Cambrian |
|
Argentina |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Mergl in Morzadec et al. |
Devonian (Givetian) |
Floresta Formation |
Colombia |
A member of the family Trematidae. |
||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Radulović et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Coniacian to early Maastrichtian) |
|
India |
A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family . A new genus for "Rhynchonella" plicatiloides Stoliczka (1872); genus also contains "" sahnii Radulović & Ramamoorthy (1992). |
||
Sivorthis precordillerana[33] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Benedetto |
Ordovician (Darriwilian) |
Argentina |
A member of Orthida belonging to the family Orthidae; a species of . |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Feldman et al. |
Middle Jurassic (Callovian) |
|
Jordan |
A rhynchonellid brachiopod. The type species is Talexirhynchia kadishi. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Zhang et al. |
Permian (Changhsingian) |
|
China |
A member of Productida belonging to the family Rugosochonetidae. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Halamski et al. |
Middle Triassic (Ladinian) |
Croatia |
A member of Spiriferida; a species of Thecocyrtella. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bezgodova |
Devonian (Frasnian) |
Russia |
A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family , a species of Theodossia. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bezgodova |
Devonian (Frasnian) |
Russia |
A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family , a species of Theodossia. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bezgodova |
Devonian (Frasnian) |
Russia |
A member of Spiriferida belonging to the family , a species of Theodossia. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Benedetto & Muñoz |
Ordovician (Tremadocian) |
|
Argentina |
A member of Obolidae. The type species is Torobolus subplanus. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
García-Alcalde & Herrera |
Devonian (early Pragian) |
Spain |
A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
García-Alcalde & Herrera |
Devonian (early Pragian) |
Spain |
A member of Rhynchonellida belonging to the family . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Popov, Holmer & Baars in Popov et al. |
Ordovician (Darriwilian) |
|
Iran |
A pentamerid brachiopod; a species of . |
Molluscs[]
Echinoderms[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Abdelhamid & Abdelghany |
Cretaceous (Aptian to Cenomanian) |
Egypt |
An sea urchin. The type species is Aegyptiaris halalensis;[62] genus also contains "" isidis Fourtau (1921).[63] |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Thuy, Kutscher & Płachno |
Carboniferous (late Tournaisian) |
|
Poland |
A brittle star belonging to the suborder Ophiurina, a species of . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Thompson et al. |
Carboniferous (early Pennsylvanian) |
Marble Falls Formation |
United States |
A sea urchin, a species of Archaeocidaris. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Prokop & Nohejlová |
Devonian (late Emsian) |
Daleje-Třebotov Formation |
Czech Republic |
A crinoid belonging to the group Disparida and the family . The type species is Baficrinus vigilis. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Oji & Twitchett |
Early Triassic |
|
Oman |
A articulate crinoid, a relative of encrinids. The type species is Baudicrinus krystyni. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Sumrall & Sprinkle |
Ordovician |
United States |
An edrioasteroid. The type species is Bizarroglobus medusae. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Ausich, Peter & Ettensohn |
Silurian (Rhuddanian) |
Brassfield Formation |
United States |
A crinoid. The type species is Browerocrinus arthrikos. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Paul |
Silurian |
|
United States |
A cystoid, a species of Callocystites. |
||
‘Cidaris’ labergensis[71] |
Sp. nov |
Valid[72] |
Zonneveld, Furlong & Sanders |
Late Triassic |
Canada |
A sea urchin. Zonneveld, Furlong & Sanders (2015) assign it to the form genus ‘Cidaris’, stressing that it does not imply affinity with the extant genus Cidaris.[71] |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Rahman, Stewart & Zamora |
Ordovician (Sandbian) |
Balclatchie Formation |
United Kingdom |
A member of Ctenocystoidea, a species of . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Morgan |
Permian |
Timor |
A blastoid belonging to the family . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Morgan |
Permian |
Timor |
A blastoid belonging to the family . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Morgan |
Permian |
Timor |
A blastoid belonging to the family . |
|||
Dimerocrinites (Dimerocrinites) cheilobathron[75] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Clement & Brett |
Early Devonian (Lochkovian) |
Birdsong Shale |
United States |
A camerate crinoid belonging to the group . |
|
Nom. nov |
Valid |
Carrasco |
Eocene (Lutetian) |
Spain |
A sea urchin; a replacement name for Echinanthus dorsalis Cotteau (1889). |
|||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Webster & Donovan |
Permian |
Indonesia |
A crinoid. Genus includes Ekmelocrinus amplior (Wanner, 1924), Ekmelocrinus subamplior (Wanner, 1949), Ekmelocrinus ovoides (Wanner, 1949), Ekmelocrinus verbeeki (Wanner, 1916) and Ekmelocrinus vermistriatus (Wanner, 1916). |
|||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Thuy |
Jurassic (Toarcian to Oxfordian) |
France |
A brittle star. A new genus for "Ophioderma" weymouthiense Damon (1880); genus also contains "Ophiomusium" ferrugineum Boehm (1889), "" leckenbyi Wright (1880), "Ophiomusium" geisingense Kutscher (1992), "Ophiomusium" mammillatum Hess (1966) and "Ophiura" gagnebini Thurmann (1851). |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Clement & Brett |
Early Devonian (Lochkovian) |
Birdsong Shale |
United States |
A mitrate belonging to the group . The type species is E. marilynni. |
||
Gen. et sp. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Clement & Brett |
Late Silurian-early Devonian |
(Brownsport Group) |
United States |
A crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida. The type species is E. hlabsei; genus also includes "" niagarensis Springer (1921). |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Clement & Brett |
Early Devonian (Lochkovian) |
Birdsong Shale |
United States |
A blastoid belonging to the group . The type species is E. inexpectatus. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Clement & Brett |
Early Devonian (Lochkovian) |
Birdsong Shale |
United States |
A disparid crinoid belonging to the group . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Clement & Brett |
Early Devonian (Lochkovian) |
Birdsong Shale |
United States |
A disparid crinoid belonging to the group . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Clement & Brett |
Late Silurian (Pridoli)-early Devonian (Lochkovian) |
Decatur Limestone |
United States |
A camerate crinoid belonging to the group . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Scheffler, da Fonseca & Fernandes |
Devonian (middle Eifelian) |
|
Brazil |
A crinoid, a species of . |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Ausich et al. |
Early Cretaceous (probably early late Albian) |
Peace River Formation |
Canada |
An isocrinid crinoid. The type species is Frasericrinus mauricensis. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Yang et al. |
Cambrian |
Balang Formation |
China |
An eocrinoid, a species of Globoeocrinus. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Webster & Chen |
Devonian (Eifelian) |
|
China |
A crinoid. The type species is Guangxicrinus xiangzhouensis. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Clément |
Early Cretaceous (Aptian) |
Spain |
A sea urchin belonging to the family Glyphocyphidae, a species of . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Clément |
Early Cretaceous (Aptian) |
Spain |
A sea urchin belonging to the family Glyphocyphidae, a species of . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Clément |
Early Cretaceous (Aptian) |
Spain |
A sea urchin belonging to the family Glyphocyphidae, a species of . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lefebvre et al. |
Ordovician (late Darriwilian) |
France |
A crinoid, a species of Heviacrinus. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Clement & Brett |
Early Devonian (Lochkovian) |
Rockhouse Limestone |
United States |
A cladid crinoid belonging to the group . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Zamora, Rahman & Ausich |
Ordovician (Darriwilian) |
|
Morocco |
An crinoid, a species of Iocrinus. |
||
Lanxocolumnus (col.) chaleurensis[86] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Donovan & Keighley |
Silurian (Telychian) |
Canada |
A crinoid, a species of . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Numberger-Thuy & Thuy |
Middle Jurassic (earliest Bajocian) |
Luxembourg |
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiacanthidae, a species of . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Scheffler, da Fonseca & Fernandes |
Devonian (middle Eifelian) |
|
Brazil |
A crinoid, a species of . |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Zamora, Sumrall & Sprinkle |
Cambrian (Furongian) |
Wilberns Formation |
United States |
An eocrinoid of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Llanocystis wilbernsensis. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Paul |
Silurian |
United States |
A callocystitid cystoid, a species of Lovenicystis. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Scheffler, da Fonseca & Fernandes |
Devonian (middle Eifelian) |
|
Brazil |
A crinoid, a species of . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Scheffler, da Fonseca & Fernandes |
Devonian (middle Eifelian) |
|
Brazil |
A crinoid, a species of . |
||
Nom. nov |
Valid |
Martínez & del Río |
Devonian |
|
Argentina |
A brittle star belonging to the order Oegophiurida and the family ; a replacement name for Marginaster Haude (1995) and Marginura Haude (1999) (both preoccupied). |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Clement & Brett |
Early Devonian (Lochkovian) |
Rockhouse Limestone |
United States |
A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Clement & Brett |
Early Devonian (Lochkovian) |
Birdsong Shale |
United States |
A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Abdelhamid & Abdelghany |
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) |
Egypt |
A diadematoid sea urchin. The type species is Notatudiadema rekeibensis. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Blake, Zamora & García-Alcalde |
Devonian (Lochkovian) |
|
Spain |
A brittle star belonging to the order Oegophiurida, suborder and the family . The type species is Ophiocantabria elegans. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Thuy |
Middle Jurassic (early Bajocian) |
|
France |
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophionereididae, a species of . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Thuy |
Middle Jurassic (early Bajocian) |
|
France |
A brittle star belonging to the family Ophiodermatidae, a species of . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Hostettler & Menkveld-Gfeller |
Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) |
|
Switzerland |
A member of Cidaroida, a species of Paracidaris. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Clement & Brett |
Late Silurian (Pridoli) |
Decatur Limestone |
United States |
A cladid crinoid belonging to the group . The type species is P. decaturensis. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Clement & Brett |
Late Silurian (Pridoli) |
United States |
A camerate crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida. The type species is P. broadheadi. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Clement & Brett |
Devonian (Lochkovian) |
Lower Rockhouse Limestone |
United States |
A crinoid belonging to the group Monobathrida. The type species is P. broweri. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Scheffler, da Fonseca & Fernandes |
Devonian (middle Eifelian) |
|
Brazil |
A crinoid, a species of . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Hostettler & Menkveld-Gfeller |
Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) |
|
Germany |
A member of Cidaroida, a species of Polycidaris. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Sprinkle & Sumrall |
Early Ordovician |
Ninemile Shale |
United States |
An edrioasteroid. The type species is Porosublastus inexpectus. |
||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Clement & Brett |
Late Silurian (Ludlovian)-early Devonian (Lochkovian) |
Birdsong Shale |
United States |
A camerate crinoid belonging to the group . The type species is "" dignis Strimple (1963). |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Zhao et al. |
Cambrian |
Balang Formation |
China |
A member of Eocrinoidea. Genus includes new species P. yini Zhao, Peng & Wu in Zhao et al. (2015). |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Sprinkle & Sumrall |
Early Ordovician |
Ninemile Shale |
United States |
An edrioasteroid. The type species is Pseudedriophus guensburgi. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Guensburg & Waisfeld |
Ordovician (Floian) |
Argentina |
A crinoid. The type species is Quechuacrinus ticsa. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Guensburg & Waisfeld |
Ordovician (Floian) |
Argentina |
A crinoid, a species of Ramseyocrinus. |
|||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Webster & Donovan |
Permian |
Indonesia |
A crinoid. Genus includes Rautscholdticrinus indicus (Wanner, 1916) and Rautscholdticrinus weidnerii (Wanner, 1937). |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Hostettler & Menkveld-Gfeller |
Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) |
|
Switzerland |
A member of Cidaroida, a species of Rhabdocidaris. |
||
Ristnacrinus oepiki[96] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ausich, Rozhnov & Kammer |
Ordovician (Katian) |
Estonia |
A crinoid related to Iocrinus, a species of . |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Trzęsiok |
Late Jurassic (Tithonian) |
Poland |
A cyrtocrinid crinoid. The type species is Salamonicrinus prodigiosum. |
|||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Paul |
Silurian |
United States |
A callocystitid cystoid; a new genus for "" anna Safford (1869). |
|||
Temnocrinus americanus[69] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ausich, Peter & Ettensohn |
Silurian (Rhuddanian) |
Brassfield Formation |
United States |
A crinoid, a species of . |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Ausich, Wilson & Vinn |
Late Silurian |
|
Estonia |
A crinoid. The type species is Velocrinus coniculus. |
Conodonts[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Arianagnathus[99] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Männik, Miller & Hairapetian |
Silurian |
Niur Formation |
Iran |
A member of Prioniodontida, possibly a balognathid. The type species is Arianagnathus jafariani. |
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Xiong, Wu & Wang |
Ordovician |
Tarim Basin |
China |
|||
Eolinguipolygnathus radula[101] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Aboussalam & Becker in Aboussalam, Becker & Bultynck |
Devonian (early Emsian) |
Morocco |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Xiong, Wu & Wang |
Ordovician |
Tarim Basin |
China |
|||
Gapparodus gapparites[102] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Yang, Steiner & Keupp |
Early Cambrian |
|
China |
A member of Furnishinidae; a species of Gapparodus. |
|
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Kiliç et al. |
Late Triassic |
Canada |
A member of Gondolellidae. A new genus for "Metapolygnathus" nodosus Hayashi (1968); genus also includes "Gondolella" carpathica Mock (1979), H. lindae (Orchard) and H. permica (Hayashi). |
|||
Hindeodus capitanensis[104] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wardlaw & Nestell |
Permian |
United States |
|||
Icriodus ovalis[101] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bultynck in Aboussalam, Becker & Bultynck |
Devonian (late Emsian) |
Mdâouer-el-Kbîr Formation |
Morocco |
||
Icriodus praerectirostratus[101] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bultynck in Aboussalam, Becker & Bultynck |
Devonian (late Emsian) |
Timrhanrhart Formation |
Morocco |
||
Mazzaella[103] |
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Kiliç et al. |
Late Triassic |
Germany |
A member of Gondolellidae. A new genus for "Epigondolella" carnica Krystyn (1975); genus also includes "Metapolygnathus" baloghi Kovacs (1977). |
||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Dzik |
Late Ordovician |
|
Russia |
A member of Prioniodontida belonging to the family Distomodontidae. A new genus for "Amorphognathus" quinquiradiatus Moskalenko in Kanygin et al. (1977). Genus also includes Moskalenkodus cruciformis (Moskalenko, 1970). |
||
Neostreptognathodus costatus[106] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang & Zhang |
Early Permian |
|
China |
||
Ozarkodina derenjalensis[99] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Männik, Miller & Hairapetian |
Silurian |
Niur Formation |
Iran |
A member of Ozarkodinida, a spathognathodontid; a species of Ozarkodina. |
|
Polygnathus bicristatus[107] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Mossoni et al. |
Late Devonian or Early Carboniferous |
Italy |
A member of Ozarkodinida belonging to the family Polygnathidae, a species of Polygnathus. |
||
Polygnathus nuragicus[107] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Mossoni et al. |
Late Devonian or Early Carboniferous |
Italy |
A member of Ozarkodinida belonging to the family Polygnathidae, a species of Polygnathus. |
||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Xiong, Wu & Wang |
Ordovician |
Tarim Basin |
China |
Genus includes new species P. elongatus and P. tridens. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wardlaw & Nestell |
Permian |
United States |
||||
Pseudopolygnathus granulobatus[107] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Mossoni et al. |
Late Devonian or Early Carboniferous |
Italy |
A member of Ozarkodinida belonging to the family Polygnathidae, a species of Pseudopolygnathus. |
||
Subsp. nov |
Valid |
Xiong, Wu & Wang |
Ordovician |
Tarim Basin |
China |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Jiang in Chen et al. |
Early Triassic |
China |
The type species is Spathogondolella jiarongensis. |
|||
Vjalovognathus nicolli[109] |
Sp. nov |
Valid[110] |
Yuan, Shen & Henderson in Yuan et al. |
Early Permian |
|
China |
A species of Vjalovognathus. |
Fishes[]
Amphibians[]
Research[]
- A study of the anatomy of the skull of Acanthostega gunnari is published by Porro, Rayfield & Clack (2015).[111]
- A study of the skeletal morphogenesis of the lepospondyls Microbrachis pelikani and Hyloplesion longicostatum is published by Olori (2015).[112]
- A study of the anatomy of the skull of the lepospondyl Quasicaecilia texana is published by Pardo, Szostakiwskyj & Anderson (2015).[113]
New taxa[]
Temnospondyls[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Rinehart, Lucas & Schoch |
Middle Triassic |
Moenkopi Formation |
United States |
A capitosaur, a species of Eocyclotosaurus. |
||
Metoposaurus algarvensis[115] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Brusatte et al. |
Late Triassic |
Portugal |
A species of Metoposaurus. |
||
Parapytanga[116] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Strapasson, Pinheiro & Soares |
Middle or late Permian |
Brazil |
A basal member of Stereospondylomorpha. The type species is Parapytanga catarinensis. |
||
Procuhy[117] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Cisneros et al. |
Permian (Cisuralian) |
Lower |
Brazil |
A member of Trimerorhachidae. The type species is Procuhy nazariensis. |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Cisneros et al. |
Permian (Cisuralian) |
Lower |
Brazil |
A member of Dvinosauria. The type species is Timonya anneae. |
Lepospondyls[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Szostakiwskyj, Pardo & Anderson |
Permian (Kungurian) |
Fairmont Shale |
United States |
A member of Recumbirostra. The type species is Aletrimyti gaskillae. |
||
Batropetes appelensis[119] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Glienke |
Early Permian |
Germany |
A species of Batropetes. |
||
Batropetes palatinus[119] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Glienke |
Early Permian |
Germany |
A species of Batropetes. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Szostakiwskyj, Pardo & Anderson |
Permian (Kungurian) |
Fairmont Shale |
United States |
A member of Recumbirostra. The type species is Dvellecanus carrolli. |
Lissamphibians[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Syromyatnikova |
Late Early – early Middle Miocene |
|
Russia |
A true toad of uncertain phylogenetic placement, most similar and possibly related to the Mongolian toad. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Gardner & Brinkman |
Late Cretaceous (Campanian) |
Dinosaur Park Formation |
Canada |
A frog. The type species is Hensonbatrachus kermiti. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Nicoli |
Late Miocene to Early Pliocene |
|
Argentina |
A frog belonging to the family Ceratophryidae, a species of Lepidobatrachus. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar & Wake |
Eocene or Miocene |
Dominican Republic |
A lungless salamander found in Dominican amber. The type species is Palaeoplethodon hispaniolae. |
|||
[124] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Gardner |
Late Cretaceous (Campanian) |
Canada |
A frog of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Tyrrellbatrachus brinkmani. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Parmley, Chandler & Chandler |
Miocene (late Clarendonian) |
Ash Hollow Formation |
United States |
A frog of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Varibatrachus abraczinskasae. |
Diadectomorphs[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Alveusdectes[126] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Liu & Bever |
Late Permian (Wuchiapingian, roughly 256 Ma) |
|
China |
A diadectid. The type species is Alveusdectes fenestralis. |
Ichthyosauromorphs[]
Research[]
- A study of phylogenetic relationships of ichthyopterygians is published by Ji et al. (2015); the authors introduced a new name, , for the clade containing the last common ancestor of Utatsusaurus hataii and Grippia longirostris, and all its descendants.[127]
- An exceptionally large ichthyosaur radius, possibly belonging to a member of Shastasauridae (which, if confirmed, would indicate that members of the family survived until Early Jurassic) is described from the Hettangian Blue Lias Formation (south Wales, United Kingdom) by Martin et al. (2015).[128]
New taxa[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cartorhynchus[129] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Motani et al. |
Early Triassic (Olenekian) |
|
China |
A relative of ichthyopterygians. The type species is Cartorhynchus lenticarpus. |
|
Dearcmhara[130] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Brusatte et al. |
Jurassic (Toarcian–Bajocian) |
United Kingdom |
A basal member of Neoichthyosauria. The type species is Dearcmhara shawcrossi. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Chen et al. |
Early Triassic (late Spathian) |
Jialingjiang Formation |
China |
A hupehsuchian. The type species is Eretmorhipis carrolldongi. |
||
Ichthyosaurus anningae[132] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lomax & Massare |
Early Jurassic (Hettangian/Sinemurian–Pliensbachian) |
United Kingdom |
A species of Ichthyosaurus. |
||
Muiscasaurus[133] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[134] |
Maxwell et al. |
Early Cretaceous (Barremian–Aptian) |
Paja Formation |
Colombia |
A member of Ophthalmosauridae. The type species is Muiscasaurus catheti. |
Sauropterygians[]
Research[]
- A study on the growth patterns and strategies of placodonts is published by Klein et al. (2015).[135]
- A study on the sexual selection and dimorphism in Keichousaurus hui is published by Motani et al. (2015).[136]
- A study on the teeth replacement patterns during the ontogeny in pliosaurids is published by Sassoon, Foffa & Marek (2015).[137]
New taxa[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anguanax[138] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[139] |
Cau & Fanti |
Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) |
|
Italy |
A pliosaurid. The type species is Anguanax zignoi. |
|
Atychodracon[140] |
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Smith |
Early Jurassic |
United Kingdom |
A rhomaleosaurid plesiosaur; a new genus for "Plesiosaurus" megacephalus Stutchbury (1846). |
||
Cardiocorax[141] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Araújo et al. |
Late Cretaceous (early Maastrichtian) |
|
Angola |
An elasmosaurid plesiosaur. The type species is Cardiocorax mukulu. |
|
Dianmeisaurus[142] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Shang & Li |
Middle Triassic (Anisian) |
|
China |
A member of Eosauropterygia of uncertain phylogenetic placement, more closely related to nothosaurs than to plesiosaurs. The type species is Dianmeisaurus gracilis. |
|
Makhaira[143] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Fischer et al. |
Early Cretaceous (Hauterivian) |
Russia |
A pliosaurid. The type species is Makhaira rossica. |
||
Vegasaurus[144] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
O’Gorman et al. |
Late Cretaceous (early Maastrichtian) |
Snow Hill Island Formation |
Antarctica (Vega Island) |
An elasmosaurid plesiosaur. The type species is Vegasaurus molyi. |
|
Wangosaurus[145] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Ma et al. |
Middle Triassic (Ladinian) |
|
China |
A pistosauroid. The type species is Wangosaurus brevirostris. |
Lepidosaurs[]
Research[]
- A phylogenetic analysis of living and fossil squamate relationships, based on morphological and molecular data, is published by Reeder et al. (2015).[146]
- Miocene anoles from the Dominican amber, showing the habitat specializations also present in the extant Caribbean anoles, are described by Sherratt et al. (2015).[147]
New taxa[]
Rhynchocephalians[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Clevosaurus sectumsemper[148] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Klein et al. |
Late Triassic (Rhaetian) |
United Kingdom |
A clevosaurid sphenodontian, a species of Clevosaurus. |
Lizards[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Longrich et al. |
Late Palaeocene |
United States |
A rhineurid amphisbaenian. The type species is Archaerhineura mephitis. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Evans & Matsumoto |
Early Cretaceous |
Kuwajima Formation |
Japan |
A lizard of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Asagaolacerta tricuspidens. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Park, Evans & Huh |
Late Cretaceous |
South Korea |
A member of Anguimorpha, probably a member of Monstersauria. The type species is Asprosaurus bibongriensis. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Conrad |
Eocene (approximately 48 Ma) |
United States |
A member of Corytophanidae. The type species is Babibasiliscus alxi. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid[154] |
Venczel & Codrea |
Late Cretaceous (early Maastrichtian) |
Haţeg Basin |
Romania |
Originally assigned to the family Teiidae, but subsequently transferred to the separate family Barbatteiidae within the group Teiioidea.[155] The type species is Barbatteius vremiri. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bolet et al. |
Eocene |
France |
A gekkotan lizard, a species of Cadurcogekko. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Makádi & Nydam |
Late Cretaceous (Santonian) |
Hungary |
A member of Scincomorpha of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Chromatogenys tiliquoides. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Longrich et al. |
Probably early Palaeocene |
Bug Creek Anthills, Fort Union Formation |
United States |
An amphisbaenian, the only member of the new family Chthonophidae. The type species is Chthonophis subterraneus. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Čerňanský, Augéc & Rage |
Eocene (Bartonian) |
France |
A blanid amphisbaenian. The type species is Cuvieribaena carlgansi. |
|||
Dryadissector[159] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Wick, Lehman & Brink |
Late Cretaceous (early Campanian) |
United States |
A member of Varanoidea. The type species is Dryadissector shilleri. |
||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Bolet et al. |
Eocene |
France |
A skink; a new genus for "" rugosus Augé (2005). |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Simões et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Turonian-Campanian) |
Brazil |
The first member of Acrodonta (a relative of agamids and chameleons) described from South America. The type species is Gueragama sulamericana. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Evans & Matsumoto |
Early Cretaceous |
Japan |
A squamate of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Hakuseps imberis. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Evans & Matsumoto |
Early Cretaceous |
Kuwajima Formation |
Japan |
A lizard of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Kuroyuriella mikikoi. |
||
Norellius[161] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Conrad & Daza |
Early Cretaceous (probably approximately 130 Mya) |
Öösh Basin |
Mongolia |
A member of Gekkonomorpha of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Norellius nyctisaurops. |
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Klembara |
Miocene |
A glass lizard. |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ikeda, Ota & Saegusa |
Early Cretaceous |
Sasayama Group |
Japan |
A squamate of uncertain phylogenetic placement, a species of Pachygenys. |
||
Phosphorosaurus ponpetelegans[166] |
Sp. nov |
Valid[167] |
Konishi et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) |
Japan |
A halisaurine mosasaur, a species of Phosphorosaurus. |
||
Plioplatecarpus peckensis[168] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Cuthbertson & Holmes |
Late Cretaceous (Campanian) |
Bearpaw Formation |
United States |
A mosasaur, a species of Plioplatecarpus. |
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Klembara |
Early Miocene |
Czech Republic |
A relative of the sheltopusik. |
|||
Tetrapodophis[169] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Martill, Tischlinger & Longrich |
Early Cretaceous (Aptian) |
Brazil |
A squamate reptile of uncertain phylogenetic placement; originally classified as an early, four-legged snake,[169] but subsequently argued to be a dolichosaurid.[170][171] The type species is Tetrapodophis amplectus. |
Snakes[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Caldwell et al. |
Late Jurassic |
United States |
A basal snake; a new genus for "Parviraptor" gilmorei Evans (1996). |
|||
Eophis[172] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Caldwell et al. |
Middle Jurassic (Bathonian) |
United Kingdom |
A basal snake. The type species is Eophis underwoodi. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Caldwell et al. |
Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) |
Camadas de Guimarota |
Portugal |
A basal snake. The type species is Portugalophis lignites. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Mccartney & Seiffert |
Eocene (Priabonian) |
Egypt |
A member of Colubroidea. The type species is Renenutet enmerwer. |
Turtles[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adocus sengokuensis[174] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Sonoda et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
Sengoku Formation |
Japan |
A species of Adocus. |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Lively |
Late Cretaceous (Campanian) |
United States |
A member of Baenidae. The type species is Arvinachelys goldeni. |
|||
Bairdemys thalassica[176] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ferreira et al. |
Miocene |
|
Venezuela |
A podocnemidid belonging to the clade , a species of Bairdemys. |
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Lichtig & Lucas |
Eocene (early Bridgerian) |
United States |
A member of Kinosternidae, a species of Baltemys. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Schwimmer et al. |
Late Cretaceous |
United States |
A member of Dermochelyidae, a species of Corsochelys. |
|||
Desmatochelys padillai[179] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
& Parham |
Early Cretaceous (late Barremian-early Aptian) |
Paja Formation |
Colombia |
A member of Protostegidae, species of Desmatochelys. |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Sterli, de la Fuente & Krause |
Middle Eocene |
|
Argentina |
A member of Meiolaniidae. The type species is Gaffneylania auricularis. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Danilov et al. |
Paleocene |
|
Mongolia |
A member of Trionychidae, a species of Gobiapalone. The genus Gobiapalone was considered to be a junior synonym of the genus by Georgalis & Joyce (2017), though the authors maintained G. palaeocenica as a distinct species within the latter genus.[182] |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Bourque et al. |
Early Wasatchian |
United States |
A member of Dermatemydidae. The type species is Gomphochelys nanus. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Brinkman |
Late Cretaceous |
Canada |
A member of (likely non-monophyletic) Macrobaenidae, a species of Judithemys. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Pérez-García |
Late Jurassic (early Tithonian) |
France |
A basal member of Eucryptodira. The type species is Jurassichelon oleronensis. |
|||
Khunnuchelys lophorhothon[186] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Danilov et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Santonian or early Campanian) |
Bostobe Formation |
Kazakhstan |
A trionychine trionychid, a species of Khunnuchelys. |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Brinkman et al. |
Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) |
Canada |
A chelonioid turtle. The type species is Kimurachelys slobodae. |
|||
Leyvachelys[188] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
|
Early Cretaceous (Barremian-Aptian) |
Glen Rose Formation |
Colombia |
A member of Pan-Cryptodira belonging to the family Sandownidae. The type species is Leyvachelys cipadi. |
|
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Takahashi et al. |
Late Pleistocene |
|
Japan |
A pond turtle. |
||
Neurankylus hutchisoni[190] |
Sp. nov |
Valid[191] |
Lively |
Late Cretaceous (Campanian) |
United States |
A member of Baenidae, a species of Neurankylus. |
||
Neurankylus utahensis[190] |
Sp. nov |
Valid[191] |
Lively |
Late Cretaceous (Campanian) |
United States |
A member of Baenidae, a species of Neurankylus. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Li, Joyce & Liu |
Early Cretaceous (Aptian) |
Jiufotang Formation |
China |
A soft-shelled turtle of uncertain phylogenetic placement; it might be a stem- or a crown-trionychid. The type species is Perochelys lamadongensis. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Tong et al. |
Late Jurassic |
Phu Kradung Formation |
Thailand |
A xinjiangchelyid eucryptodiran. The type species is Phunoichelys thirakhupti. |
||
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Anquetin, Püntener & Billon-Bruyat |
Late Jurassic (late Kimmeridgian) |
Switzerland |
A plesiochelyid eucryptodiran, a species of Portlandemys. |
|||
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Bourque & Schubert |
Late Hemphillian |
United States |
A musk turtle. |
|||
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Bourque & Schubert |
Late Hemphillian |
United States |
A musk turtle. |
|||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid[197] |
Pérez-García |
Early Oligocene |
France |
A tortoise; a new genus for "Testudo" gigas Bravard (1844). |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid[199] |
Vlachos & Tsoukala |
Late Pliocene (early Villafranchian) |
Greece |
A tortoise, a species of Testudo. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Püntener, Anquetin & Billon-Bruyat |
Late Jurassic (late Kimmeridgian) |
Switzerland |
A basal member of Pancryptodira, a species of Thalassemys. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Pérez-García et al. |
Early Cretaceous (early Albian) |
Spain |
A pleurosternid paracryptodiran. The type species is Toremys cassiopeia. |
|||
"Trionyx" jixiensis[202] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Li et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
|
China |
A member of Trionychinae of uncertain phylogenetic placement. |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Zhou & Rabi |
Early Cretaceous (Barremian-early Aptian) |
Yixian Formation |
China |
A member of Sinemydidae. The type species is Xiaochelys ningchengensis. |
Archosauriformes[]
Pseudosuchians[]
Research[]
- Revision of the type material of Rauisuchus tiradentes is published by Lautenschlager and Rauhut (2015).[204]
- A study on the changes in the morphology of vertebrae caused by increased adaptation to aquatic locomotion in the evolution of crocodylomorphs is published by Molnar et al. (2015).[205]
- A study of the evolutionary history of the clade Crocodyliformes is published by Bronzati, Montefeltro and Langer (2015).[206]
- A study of impact of the climate changes on the evolution and biodiversity of pseudosuchian archosaurs is published by Mannion et al. (2015).[207]
- A study on the phylogenetic position of thalattosuchians within Crocodylomorpha is published by Wilberg (2015).[208]
- A review of the diagnostic features of the species assigned to the genus Machimosaurus is published by Martin, Vincent & Falconnet (2015).[209]
- An isolated metriorhynchid tooth is described from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) (Sicily, Italy) by Chiarenza et al. (2015), extending the known geological range of Metriorhynchidae and Thalattosuchia by approximately 7–8 million years;[210] Fischer et al. (2015) subsequently caution that it might potentially be a pliosaurid tooth instead.[143]
New taxa[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Albertosuchus[211] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Wu & Brinkman |
Latest Cretaceous |
Scollard Formation |
Canada |
A crocodylian, probably a crocodyloid. The type species is Albertosuchus knudsenii. |
|
Allodaposuchus hulki[212] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Blanco et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) |
Tremp Formation |
Spain |
A eusuchian crocodylomorph, a species of Allodaposuchus. |
|
Caiman wannlangstoni[213] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Salas-Gismondi et al. |
Late Middle Miocene |
Pebas Formation |
Peru |
A caiman, a species of Caiman. |
|
Carnufex[214] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Zanno et al. |
Late Triassic (Carnian) |
Pekin Formation |
United States |
An early member of Crocodylomorpha. The type species is Carnufex carolinensis. |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Lacerda, Schultz & Bertoni-Machado |
Triassic (late Ladinian/early Carnian) |
Santa Maria Formation |
Brazil |
A non-crocodylomorph loricatan. The type species is Dagasuchus santacruzensis. |
||
Gnatusuchus[213] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Salas-Gismondi et al. |
Late Middle Miocene |
Pebas Formation |
Peru |
A caiman. The type species is Gnatusuchus pebasensis. |
|
Gorgetosuchus[216] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Heckert et al. |
Late Triassic |
Pekin Formation |
United States |
An aetosaur. The type species is Gorgetosuchus pekinensis. |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Sweetman, Pedreira-Segade & Vidovic |
Early Cretaceous (Barremian) |
Wessex Formation |
United Kingdom |
A crocodyliform related to Bernissartia. The type species is Koumpiodontosuchus aprosdokiti. |
||
Kuttanacaiman[213] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Salas-Gismondi et al. |
Late Middle Miocene |
Pebas Formation |
Peru |
A caiman. The type species is Kuttanacaiman iquitosensis. |
|
Lohuecosuchus[218] |
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Narváez et al. |
Late Cretaceous (late Campanian-early Maastrichtian) |
France |
A eusuchian crocodyliform related to Allodaposuchus. The type species is Lohuecosuchus megadontos; genus also contains Lohuecosuchus mechinorum. |
||
Zoneait[219] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Wilberg |
Middle Jurassic (Aalenian–Bajocian) |
Snowshoe Formation |
United States |
A thalattosuchian crocodylomorph. The type species is Zoneait nargorum. |
Non-avian dinosaurs[]
Research[]
- A study of phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs belonging to the family Diplodocidae and the taxonomic revision of the family is published by Tschopp, Mateus and Benson (2015); the authors propose to reestablish Brontosaurus as a genus distinct from Apatosaurus and to transfer Dinheirosaurus lourinhanensis to the genus Supersaurus.[220][221]
- Additional information on the anatomy of the holotype specimen of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Tataouinea hannibalis, including description of newly discovered fossil material of this specimen, and study of its phylogenetic relationships is published by Fanti et al. (2015).[222]
- A reevaluation of the estimated body mass of Dreadnoughtus schrani is published by Bates et al. (2015).[223]
- A study of phylogenetic relationships of ornithischian dinosaurs traditionally referred to as ‘basal ornithopods’ or ‘hypsilophodontids’ is published by Boyd (2015).[224]
- Carpenter & Lamanna (2015) reinterpret the ornithopod braincase from the Morrison Formation of the Carnegie Quarry at Dinosaur National Monument (Utah), formerly assigned to Uteodon aphanoecetes, as actually belonging to Dryosaurus cf. D. altus. The authors consider genera Uteodon and Cumnoria to be junior synonyms of Camptosaurus, and transfer the species Cumnoria prestwichii and Uteodon aphanoecetes to the genus Camptosaurus.[225]
New taxa[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Augustynolophus[226] |
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Prieto-Márquez et al. |
Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian) |
United States |
A hadrosaurid; a new genus for "Saurolophus" morrisi Prieto-Márquez & Wagner (2013). |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Bell & Currie |
Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) |
Wapiti Formation |
Canada |
A dromaeosaurid theropod. The type species is Boreonykus certekorum. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Novas et al. |
Late Jurassic (Tithonian) |
Toqui Formation |
Chile |
A dinosaur of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Originally classified as a theropod dinosaur (a basal member of Tetanurae), but subsequently argued to be an ornithischian.[229] The type species is Chilesaurus diegosuarezi. |
|||
Crichtonpelta[230] |
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid[231] |
Arbour & Currie |
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian–Turonian) |
Sunjiawan Formation |
China |
An ankylosaurine ankylosaurid; a new genus for "Crichtonsaurus" benxiensis Lü, Ji, Gao & Li (2007). |
||
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
DePalma et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) |
Hell Creek Formation |
United States |
A member of Dromaeosauridae. The type species is Dakotaraptor steini. |
|||
Eucnemesaurus entaxonis[233] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
McPhee et al. |
Late Triassic |
Lower Elliot Formation |
South Africa |
A non-sauropod sauropodomorph, a species of Eucnemesaurus. |
||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Tschopp, Mateus & Benson |
Late Jurassic (Kimmeridgian) |
United States |
A diplodocid sauropod; a new genus for "Diplodocus" hayi Holland (1924). |
||||
Gspsaurus[234] | Gen. et comb. nov | Dubious | Malkani | Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) | Pab Formation | Pakistan | A titanosauriform sauropod. The type species is G. pakistani. | ||
Gen. et comb. nov. |
Valid |
Upchurch, Mannion & Taylor |
Early Cretaceous (late Berriasian—Valanginian) |
Hastings Beds |
United Kingdom |
A macronarian sauropod of uncertain phylogenetic placement; a new genus for "Pelorosaurus" becklesii Mantell (1852). |
|||
Horshamosaurus[236] |
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Blows |
Early Cretaceous |
United Kingdom |
A new genus for "Polacanthus" rudgwickensis Blows (1996). |
|||
Hualianceratops [237] |
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Han et al. |
Late Jurassic (Oxfordian) |
Shishugou Formation |
China |
A basal ceratopsian, possibly a member of Chaoyangsauridae. The type species is Hualianceratops wucaiwanensis. |
||
Huanansaurus[238] |
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Lü et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Campanian-Maastrichtian) |
Nanxiong Formation |
China |
An oviraptorid theropod. The type species is Huanansaurus ganzhouensis. |
||
Iguanodon galvensis[239] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Verdú et al. |
Early Cretaceous (early Barremian) |
Galve, Teruel |
Spain |
An ornithopod, a species of Iguanodon. |
||
Ischioceratops[240] |
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
He et al. |
Late Cretaceous |
Wangshi Group |
China |
A leptoceratopsid ceratopsian. The type species is Ischioceratops zhuchengensis. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Shibata & Azuma |
Early Cretaceous |
Kitadani Formation |
Japan |
A non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroid. The type species is Koshisaurus katsuyama. |
|||
Kunbarrasaurus[242] |
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Leahey et al. |
Cretaceous (late Albian–(?)early Cenomanian) |
Allaru Mudstone |
Australia |
An ankylosaur. The type species is Kunbarrasaurus ieversi. |
||
Lepidocheirosaurus[243] |
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Disputed |
Alifanov & Saveliev |
Late Jurassic (Tithonian?) |
Ukureyskaya Formation |
Russia |
A dinosaur of uncertain phylogenetic placement; considered to be a theropod dinosaur related to Nqwebasaurus by the authors of its description,[243] but subsequently argued to be an ornithischian, possibly synonymous with Kulindadromeus.[244][245] The type species is Lepidocheirosaurus natatilis. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Nesbitt & Ezcurra |
Late Triassic |
Dockum Group |
United States |
A coelophysoid theropod. The type species is Lepidus praecisio. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Gasulla et al. |
Early Cretaceous (probably late Barremian) |
Arcillas de Morella Formation |
Spain |
An ornithopod dinosaur, a basal member of Styracosterna. The type species is Morelladon beltrani. |
|||
Mosaiceratops[248] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Zheng, Jin & Xu |
Late Cretaceous (early-middle Turonian—middle Campanian) |
China |
A basal neoceratopsian. The type species is Mosaiceratops azumai. |
|||
Nebulasaurus[249] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Xing et al. |
Middle Jurassic (Aalenian or Bajocian) |
|
China |
A eusauropod sauropod. The type species is Nebulasaurus taito. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Carballido et al. |
Early Cretaceous (Barremian) |
Paja Formation |
Colombia |
A brachiosaurid sauropod. The type species is Padillasaurus leivaensis. |
|||
Probrachylophosaurus[251] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Freedman Fowler & Horner |
Late Cretaceous (Campanian) |
Judith River Formation |
United States |
A hadrosaurid. The type species is Probrachylophosaurus bergei. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
McPhee et al. |
Early Jurassic (probably late Hettangian to Sinemurian) |
Upper Elliot Formation |
South Africa |
A basal sauropod. The type species is Pulanesaura eocollum. |
|||
Qijianglong[253] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Xing et al. |
Late Jurassic |
Suining Formation |
China |
A mamenchisaurid sauropod. The type species is Qijianglong guokr. |
||
Regaliceratops[254] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Brown & Henderson |
Late Cretaceous (probably middle Maastrichtian) |
St. Mary River Formation |
Canada |
A chasmosaurine ceratopsid. The type species is Regaliceratops peterhewsi. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Jasinski |
Late Cretaceous (late Campanian) |
United States |
A member of Dromaeosauridae, a species of Saurornitholestes. |
||||
Sefapanosaurus[256] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Otero et al. |
Late Triassic or Early Jurassic |
Elliot Formation |
South Africa |
A non-sauropod sauropodomorph. The type species is Sefapanosaurus zastronensis. |
||
Sirindhorna[257] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Shibata et al. |
Early Cretaceous (Aptian) |
Khok Kruat Formation |
Thailand |
A basal member of Hadrosauroidea. The type species is Sirindhorna khoratensis. |
||
Ugrunaaluk[258] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Disputed |
Mori, Druckenmiller & Erickson |
Late Cretaceous (early Maastrichtian) |
Prince Creek Formation |
United States |
A saurolophine hadrosaurid. The type species is Ugrunaaluk kuukpikensis. The genus Ugrunaaluk was considered to be a junior synonym of the genus Edmontosaurus by Takasaki et al. (2020).[259] |
||
Wendiceratops [260] |
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Evans & Ryan |
Late Cretaceous (Campanian) |
Oldman Formation |
Canada |
A centrosaurine ceratopsid. The type species is Wendiceratops pinhornensis. |
||
Yi[261] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Xu et al. |
Jurassic (Callovian or Oxfordian) |
Tiaojishan Formation |
China |
A scansoriopterygid theropod. The type species is Yi qi. |
||
Zhenyuanlong[262] |
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Lü & Brusatte |
Early Cretaceous |
Yixian Formation |
China |
A dromaeosaurid theropod. The type species is Zhenyuanlong suni. |
Birds[]
Research[]
- Balaur bondoc, originally interpreted as a member of Dromaeosauridae, is argued to be a basal member of Avialae by Cau, Brougham and Naish (2015).[263]
- Estimates of likely mass and flight capability of the extinct Chatham duck (Anas chathamica), as indicated by measurements of major bones, are published by Williams (2015).[264]
- New cranial material of the Oligo-Miocene relative of flamingos, Harrisonavis croizeti, is described by Torres et al. (2015).[265]
- New specimens of the Eocene relative of swifts, , are described by Mayr (2015).[266]
- A specimen of a stem-coliiform brevidactylus with preserved skull is described by Mayr (2015).[267]
- A study of the phylogenetic relationships of Psittacopes, Pumiliornis and Morsoravis, indicating their close relationship to the passerines and extinct family Zygodactylidae, is published by Mayr (2015); the author also introduced a new name, , for the clade containing Passeriformes and Zygodactylidae but not Psittacopes.[268]
- A study of preserved specimens of the Puerto Rican conure (previously considered to be an extinct subspecies of the Hispaniolan parakeet) is published by Olson (2015), who raises it to the rank of a separate species Psittacara maugei.[269]
- A Dwarf Emu was found in the Miocene of Alcoota in Central Australia.[270]
- Jones et al. (2015) describe a distal end of the left tibiotarsus of a member of the genus Caracara of uncertain specific assignment from the late Pleistocene of Argentina, estimated to be the largest member of the family Falconidae described thus far.[271]
- A description of the skeletal anatomy of two well-preserved specimens of the dodo is published by Claessens, Meijer and Hume (2015).[272]
New taxa[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Manegold & |
Early Pliocene, Ruscinian |
Moldova |
An Old World vulture, Accipitridae, related to the cinereous vulture. |
|||
Alopecoenas norfolkensis [274] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Forshaw |
Holocene |
Australia |
A new scientific name for the Norfolk ground dove. The previous name used to refer to this species, Columba norfolciensis Latham (1801), was suppressed by ICZN in 2010.[275] |
||
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Zelenkov & |
Late Miocene |
Russia |
An Anatidae. |
|||
Archaeornithura [277] |
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
Hauterivian |
China |
A Hongshanornithidae. Type species A. meemannae. |
||
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
, Manegold, & |
Early Pliocene |
|
South Africa |
A Strigidae |
||
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Boev |
Early Pleistocene |
Bulgaria |
A snake eagle |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Carvalho et al. |
Aptian |
Crato Member, Santana Formation |
Brazil |
A member of Euenantiornithes of uncertain phylogenetic placement.[280][281] |
||
Dunhuangia [282] |
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
Xiagou Formation |
China |
A member of Enantiornithes. The type species is D. cuii. |
|
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Mayr |
Eocene |
Messel Formation |
Germany |
A bird of uncertain phylogenetic placement. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
O’Connor et al. |
Early Cretaceous (Aptian) |
Xiagou Formation |
China |
A member of Enantiornithes. The type species is Feitianius paradisi. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Zhao et al. |
Early Eocene |
|
China |
A bird of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a relative of trogons. Type species F. songi. |
||
Fumicollis [286] |
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Bell & Chiappe |
Late Cretaceous (late Coniacian—early Campanian) |
The Smoky Hill Member of the Niobrara Chalk |
United States |
A member of Hesperornithiformes. The type species is Fumicollis hoffmani. |
|
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Zelenkov & |
Middle Turolian |
Russia |
A snipe, Scolopacidae. |
|||
Hakawai [287] |
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid[288] |
De Pietri et al. |
Early Miocene (19–16 Ma) |
|
New Zealand |
A member of Scolopaci of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Hakawai melvillei. |
|
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid[290] |
Zelenkov & Averianov |
Early Cretaceous |
Mongolia |
A member of Enantiornithes, probably a relative of Gobipteryx. Type species H. ponomarenkoi. |
|||
Gen. et comb. nov. |
Valid[292] |
& |
Early Cretaceous |
Jiufotang Formation |
China |
A member of Enantiornithes of uncertain phylogenetic placement; a new genus for "Cathayornis" caudatus Hou (1997). |
||
Hypsipetes cowlesi [293] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid[294] |
Hume |
Holocene |
Rodrigues |
A bulbul, Pycnonotidae |
||
Juehuaornis [295] |
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Wang, Wang & Hu |
Early Cretaceous |
Jiufotang Formation |
China |
A basal member of Ornithuromorpha. Type species J. zhangi. |
|
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Stucchi et al. |
Late Miocene |
Pisco Formation |
Peru |
A condor. Type species K. cardenasi. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid[298] |
Stidham & Hilton |
Miocene (16.1–14.6 Ma) |
United States |
A member of Anatidae; a member or a relative of members of the subfamily Oxyurinae. The type species is Lavadytis pyrenae. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Degrange et al. |
Late Pliocene |
|
Argentina |
A mesembriornithine phorusrhacid. Type species L. scagliai. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Mayr |
Latest Eocene or early Oligocene |
United States |
A member of Procellariiformes. Type species M. mirae. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Zvonok, Zelenkov & Danilov |
Eocene (Bartonian) |
|
Kazakhstan |
Possibly a member of Suliformes. The type species is Mangystania humilicristata. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Zelenkov |
Miocene |
Russia |
A grebe |
|||
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Zelenkov in Zelenkov & Kurochkin |
Late Miocene |
Moldova |
A member of Rallidae. A new genus for "" lungi Kurochkin & Ganea (1972). |
|||
Mwalau [304] |
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Worthy et al. |
Holocene |
Vanuatu |
A megapode. The type species is M. walterlinii. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Mourer-Chauviré, Pickford, & |
Middle Eocene |
Namibia |
A Psittaciformes incertae sedis. Type species N. praeruptorum. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Elżanowski & Zelenkov |
Middle Miocene |
|
Mongolia |
An Ardeidae. Type species N. robusta. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
, , & Worthy |
Late Oligocene |
Australia |
A member of Charadriiformes related to the plains-wanderer. Type species O. milleri. |
|||
Opisthodactylus horacioperezi [308] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Agnolin & Chafrat |
Early Miocene |
|
Argentina |
A rheid ratite |
|
Parapengornis [309] |
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Hu, O’Connor & Zhou |
Early Cretaceous |
Jiufotang Formation |
China |
A member of Enantiornithes, a relative of Pengornis. Type species P. eurycaudatus. |
|
Patagorhacos [308] |
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Agnolin & Chafrat |
Early Miocene |
|
Argentina |
A member of Phorusrhacidae. Type species P. terrificus. |
|
Nom. nov |
Valid |
Zelenkov in Zelenkov & Kurochkin |
Late Miocene |
Kazakhstan |
A member of Falconidae. A replacement name for Sushkinia Tugarinov (1935) (preoccupied). |
|||
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Boev |
Early Pleistocene |
Bulgaria |
A member of Rallidae, a species of crake. |
|||
Pterodroma imberi [311] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Tennyson, Cooper & Shepherd |
Holocene |
New Zealand |
A member of Procellariidae, a species of gadfly petrel. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid [313] |
Wang, Hu & Li |
Early Cretaceous |
Jiufotang Formation |
China |
A member of Enantiornithes. Type species P. dapingfangensis. |
||
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Alcover et al. |
Holocene |
Madeira (Porto Santo Island) |
A member of Rallidae, a species of Rallus |
|||
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Alcover et al. |
Holocene |
Azores (São Miguel Island) |
A member of Rallidae, a species of Rallus |
|||
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Alcover et al. |
Holocene |
Madeira (Madeira Island) |
A member of Rallidae, a species of Rallus |
|||
Sp. nov. |
Junior homonym |
Alcover et al. |
Holocene |
Azores (São Jorge Island) |
A member of Rallidae, a species of Rallus. The specific name is a junior homonym of Rallus minutus Pallas (1776), Rallus minutus Gmelin (1789) and Rallus minutus Forster (1844). Alcover et al. (2016) coined a replacement name Rallus nanus.[315] |
|||
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Alcover et al. |
Holocene |
Azores (Pico Island) |
A member of Rallidae, a species of Rallus |
|||
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Stucchi, Varas-Malca & Urbina-Schmitt |
Miocene |
Pisco Formation |
Peru |
A member of Sulidae, a species of . |
||
Scolopax brachycarpa [317] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Takano & Steadman |
Late Holocene |
Haiti |
A woodcock. |
||
Gen. nov. et Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Mourer-Chauviré, Pickford, & Senut |
Middle Eocene |
Namibia |
A , Galliformes. Type species S. klinghardtensis. |
|||
Shiriyanetta [318] |
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Watanabe & Matsuoka |
Pleistocene |
Japan |
A duck. The type species is Shiriyanetta hasegawai. |
||
Spheniscus anglicus [319] |
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Benson |
Late Miocene |
Chile |
A banded penguin. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Kaiser, Watanabe & Johns |
Late Oligocene |
Canada |
A member of Plotopteridae. The type species is Stemec suntokum. |
|||
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Stucchi, Varas-Malca & Urbina-Schmitt |
Miocene |
Pisco Formation |
Peru |
A booby. |
||
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
Stucchi, Varas-Malca & Urbina-Schmitt |
Miocene |
Pisco Formation |
Peru |
A booby. |
||
Sp. nov. |
Valid |
& Olson |
Quaternary (probably late Pleistocene) |
Cuba |
A barn-owl, a species of Tyto. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Pavia, Manegold, & Haarhoff |
Early Pliocene |
|
South Africa |
A Tytonidae barn-owl. |
||
Yuanjiawaornis [322] |
Gen. et sp. nov. |
Valid |
Hu et al. |
Early Cretaceous |
Jiufotang Formation |
China |
A member of Enantiornithes. Type species Yuanjiawaornis viriosus. |
Pterosaurs[]
Research[]
- A study on the terrestrial locomotion of non-pterodactyloid pterosaurs is published by Witton (2015).[323]
- A specimen of Rhamphorhynchus muensteri with preserved soft tissues or impressions of soft tissues, stomach contents and possibly a coprolite is described by Hone et al. (2015).[324]
- Eleutério et al. (2015) study the bone microstructure characterization of two pterosaurs belonging to the group Anhangueria.[325]
- The paleoenvironments of azhdarchid pterosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of Kazakhstan are studied by Averianov et al. (2015).[326]
- Martill et al. (2015) describe a jaw bone attributed to the mid-Cretaceous pterosaur species Alanqa saharica from the Kem Kem beds of Morocco.[327]
New taxa[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Kellner |
Late Triassic (?Norian-Rhaetian) |
Fleming Fjord Formation |
Greenland |
A non-pterodactyloid pterosaur of uncertain phylogenetic placement; a new genus for "Eudimorphodon" cromptonellus Jenkins et al. (2001). |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Kellner |
Late Triassic (late Norian) |
|
A non-pterodactyloid pterosaur of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Austriadraco dallavecchiai. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Disputed |
Headden & Campos |
Early Cretaceous |
Romualdo Formation |
Brazil |
The type species is Banguela oberlii. Originally described as a dsungaripterid; Pêgas, Costa & Kellner (2018) considered the genus Banguela to be a junior synonym of the genus Thalassodromeus, and transferred the species B. oberlii to the latter genus.[330] |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Disputed |
Kellner |
Late Triassic (Alaunian) |
Calcari di Zorzino Formation |
Italy |
Originally interpreted as a relative of Campylognathoides. The type species is Bergamodactylus wildi. Dalla Vecchia (2018) considers B. wildi to be a junior synonym of Carniadactylus rosenfeldi.[331] |
||
Cimoliopterus dunni[332] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Myers |
Late Cretaceous (late Cenomanian) |
Britton Formation |
United States |
A member of Pterodactyloidea, probably a pteranodontoid; a species of Cimoliopterus. |
|
Daohugoupterus[333] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Cheng et al. |
Late Jurassic |
Daohugou Beds |
China |
A non-pterodactyloid pterosaur. The type species is Daohugoupterus delicatus. |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Rodrigues et al. |
Early Cretaceous (Aptian) |
Jiufotang Formation |
China |
A member of Pteranodontoidea, possibly related to anhanguerians. The type species is Linlongopterus jennyae. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Lü et al. |
Late Jurassic |
Tuchengzi Formation |
China |
A rhamphorhynchid. The type species is Orientognathus chaoyngensis. |
||
Rhamphorhynchus etchesi[336] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
O'Sullivan & Martill |
Late Jurassic |
Kimmeridge Clay Formation |
United Kingdom |
A species of Rhamphorhynchus. |
Other[]
- A study on the archosauriform evolutionary history during the Late Permian and Early Triassic, including description of and chirotheriid-like tracks from the Late Permian of Northern Italy, is published by Bernardi et al. (2015).[337]
Other reptiles[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eohyosaurus[338] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Butler et al. |
Middle Triassic (early Anisian) |
Burgersdorp Formation |
South Africa |
A basal rhynchosaur. The type species is Eohyosaurus wolvaardti. |
|
Erpetonyx[339] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Modesto et al. |
Carboniferous (Gzhelian) |
Canada |
A relative of bolosaurids. The type species is Erpetonyx arsenaultorum. |
||
Glaurung[340] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Bulanov & Sennikov |
Late Permian |
Germany |
A member of Weigeltisauridae. The type species is Glaurung schneideri. |
||
Opisthodontosaurus[341] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Reisz et al. |
Early Permian |
Garber Formation |
United States |
A member of Captorhinidae. The type species is Opisthodontosaurus carrolli. |
|
Pappochelys[342] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Schoch & Sues |
Middle Triassic (Ladinian) |
Germany |
A stem-turtle. The type species is Pappochelys rosinae. |
||
"Thalassodromeus" sebesensis[343] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Grellet-Tinner & Codrea |
Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) |
Romania |
A reptile of uncertain phylogenetic placement; initially classified as a pterosaur and a species of Thalassodromeus,[343] but subsequently argued to be a turtle and a junior synonym of Kallokibotion bajazidi.[344] |
Synapsids[]
Non-mammalian synapsids[]
Research[]
- Redescription of the anatomy of Tiarajudens eccentricus is published by Cisneros et al. (2015), who compare the species with Anomocephalus africanus.[345]
New taxa[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Endothiodon tolani[346] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Cox & Angielczyk |
Permian |
|
Tanzania |
A dicynodont, a species of Endothiodon. |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Huttenlocker, Sidor & Angielczyk |
Late Permian |
|
Zambia |
A therocephalian. The type species is Ichibengops munyamadziensis. |
||
Lende[348] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Kruger et al. |
Late Permian |
Chiweta Beds |
Malawi |
A burnetiamorph biarmosuchian therapsid. The type species is Lende chiweta. |
|
Nothogomphodon sanjiaoensis[349] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Liu & Abdala |
Middle Triassic |
Ermaying Formation |
China |
A therocephalian, a species of Nothogomphodon. |
|
Ruberodon[350] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Ray |
Late Triassic |
Tiki Formation |
India |
A traversodontid cynodont. The type species is Ruberodon roychowdhurii. |
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Liu |
Middle Triassic |
|
China |
A kannemeyeriiform dicynodont, a species of Sinokannemeyeria. |
Mammals[]
Other animals[]
Research[]
- A study of phylogenetic relationships of the Ediacaran animal Namacalathus, interpreting it as a member of Lophotrochozoa related to bryozoans and brachiopods, is published by Zhuravlev, Wood & Penny (2015).[352]
New taxa[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Van Roy, Daley & Briggs |
Early Ordovician |
Morocco |
A member of Anomalocarididae (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, most likely stem-arthropods). The type species is Aegirocassis benmoulae. |
|||
Allonnia tintinopsis[355] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bengtson & Collins |
Cambrian |
Burgess Shale |
Canada |
A chancelloriid, a species of Allonnia. |
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Italy |
A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family . |
|||
Archiasterella coriacea[355] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bengtson & Collins |
Cambrian |
Burgess Shale |
Canada |
A chancelloriid, a species of Archiasterella. |
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Italy |
A demosponge. |
|||
Banffia episoma[358] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Conway Morris et al. |
Cambrian |
United States |
An early deuterostome, a species of Banffia. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Italy |
A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family . |
|||
Collinsium[360] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Yang et al. |
Early Cambrian |
Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte |
China |
A lobopodian belonging to the lineage leading to the velvet worms. The type species is Collinsium ciliosum. |
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Link & Riedel |
Late Triassic (Norian) |
Turkey |
A sponge, a species of . |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Italy |
A demosponge. Genus includes new species C. magnitubus. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ghavidel-Syooki et al. |
Ordovician (Katian) |
Iran |
A member of Tentaculita (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Costatulites. |
|||
Cyrtograptus fui[363] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Wang et al. |
Silurian (Llandovery) |
China |
A graptolite, a species of Cyrtograptus. |
||
Dailyatia bacata[364] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Skovsted et al. |
Cambrian |
Australia |
A tommotiid. |
||
Dailyatia helica[364] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Skovsted et al. |
Cambrian |
Australia |
A tommotiid. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family . |
||||
Eocyathispongia[365] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Yin et al. |
Precambrian (Ediacaran) |
Doushantuo Formation |
China |
A sponge. The type species is Eocyathispongia qiania. |
|
Eokinorhynchus[366] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Zhang et al. |
Cambrian (Fortunian) |
China |
A kinorhynch-like scalidophoran. The type species is Eokinorhynchus rarus. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Zhang & Dong |
Cambrian (Fortunian) |
|
China |
An animal of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly a cnidarian-grade animal. The type species is Eolarva kuanchuanpuensis. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Ou et al. |
Early Cambrian |
|
China |
A comb jelly. The type species is Galeactena hemispherica. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Gutiérrez-Marco & García-Bellido |
Late Ordovician |
Morocco |
A palaeoscolecid worm, a species of Gamascolex. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Ou et al. |
Early Cambrian |
|
China |
A comb jelly. The type species is Gemmactena actinala. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Italy |
A demosponge. Genus includes new species G. siciliana. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Štorch |
Silurian |
Czech Republic |
A graptolite belonging to the family Retiolitidae, a species of Glyptograptus. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Liu et al. |
Early Cambrian |
|
China |
A polychaete annelid. The type species is Guanshanchaeta felicia. |
||
Hindenites parkheadensis[372] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Eriksson & von Bitter |
Silurian (Wenlock) |
Eramosa Lagerstätte |
Canada |
A polychaete, a species of . |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Italy |
A demosponge. Genus includes new species I. maxima. |
|||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Italy |
A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family . Genus includes I. magna and I. parva. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Italy |
A demosponge. Genus includes new species M. lupensis. |
|||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Italy |
A demosponge. Genus includes new species M. panormitana and M. reticulata. |
|||
Subsp. nov |
Valid |
Chen et al. |
Early Devonian |
China |
A graptolite, a subspecies of Neomonograptus aequabilis. |
|||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Greece |
A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida. The type species is N. chaetetiformis; genus also includes N. arcularia. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Štorch |
Silurian |
Czech Republic |
A graptolite belonging to the family Normalograptidae, a species of Normalograptus. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Štorch |
Silurian |
Czech Republic |
A graptolite belonging to the family Normalograptidae, a species of Normalograptus. |
|||
Ottoia tricuspida[374] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Smith, Harvey & Butterfield |
Cambrian |
Burgess Shale |
Canada |
A stem-group priapulid, a species of Ottoia. |
|
Oymurania[375] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Ushatinskaya in Kouchinsky et al. |
Cambrian |
Russia |
A stem-group brachiopod. The type species is Oymurania gravestocki from Siberian Platform; genus might also contain a second, yet-unnamed species from Morocco. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Link & Riedel |
Late Triassic (Norian) |
Turkey |
A sponge, a species of . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Valent & Carbacho |
Ordovician (Floian) |
Upper Fezouata Formation |
Morocco |
A member of Hyolitha (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of Pauxillites. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Štorch |
Silurian |
Czech Republic |
A graptolite belonging to the family Monograptidae, a species of Pernerograptus. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Italy |
A demosponge. Genus includes new species P. perforata. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Italy |
A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida and the family . |
|||
Protopholoe colombiana[377] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Luque, Hourdez & Vinn |
Late Cretaceous (Coniacian) |
Colombia |
An polychaete, a species of . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Štorch |
Silurian |
Czech Republic |
A graptolite belonging to the family Retiolitidae, a species of Pseudorthograptus. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Italy |
A demosponge. Genus includes new species P. anulifera. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kočí & Jäger |
Late Cretaceous (late Cenomanian) |
Bohemian Cretaceous Basin |
Czech Republic |
A polychaete belonging to the family Serpulidae, a species of Pyrgopolon. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kočí & Jäger |
Late Cretaceous (late Cenomanian) |
Bohemian Cretaceous Basin |
Czech Republic |
A polychaete belonging to the family Serpulidae, a species of Pyrgopolon. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Valent et al. |
Cambrian |
|
Czech Republic |
A member of Hyolitha (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs). The type species is Quasimolites quasimodo. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Parry et al. |
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) |
Lebanon |
A polychaete belonging to the family Amphinomidae. The type species is Rollinschaeta myoplena. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Italy |
A demosponge. Genus includes new species R. magna. |
|||
Sarmentofascis? digitatus[381] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Schlagintweit & Krajewski |
Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous (Tithonian-early Berriasian) |
Crimean Peninsula |
A cladocoropsid stromatoporoid sponge, possibly a species of . |
||
Scathascolex[382] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[383] |
Smith |
Cambrian |
Burgess Shale |
Canada |
A palaeoscolecid worm. The type species is Scathascolex minor. |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Italy |
A demosponge. Genus includes new species S. siciliana. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Valent et al. |
Cambrian |
|
Czech Republic |
A member of Hyolitha (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs). The type species is Skryjelites auritus. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid[385] |
Maletz & Steiner |
Cambrian |
Wheeler Shale |
United States |
A graptolite, a species of Sphenoecium. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid[387] |
Świerczewska-Gładysz |
Late Cretaceous (early Campanian) |
Poland |
A lithistid demosponge belonging to the family Pleromidae. The type species is Stipesia belchatowiensis. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Italy |
A demosponge belonging to the group Agelasida. The type species is T. conica. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Ou et al. |
Early Cambrian |
|
China |
A comb jelly. The type species is Thaumactena ensis. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Conway Morris et al. |
Cambrian |
Wheeler Formation |
United States |
A vetulicystid deuterostome. The type species is Thylacocercus ignota. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Italy |
A demosponge. Genus includes new species T. gracilis. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Kouchinsky in Kouchinsky et al. |
Early Cambrian |
|
Russia |
A member of Hyolitha (a group of animals of uncertain phylogenetic placement, possibly molluscs), a species of . |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Chen et al. |
Early Devonian |
China |
A graptolite, a species of Uncinatograptus. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Senowbari-Daryan, Di Stefano & Abate |
Late Triassic |
Italy |
A demosponge. Genus includes new species V. triasica. |
|||
Wiwaxia herka[389] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Conway Morris et al. |
Cambrian |
United States |
A stem-lophotrochozoan, a species of Wiwaxia. |
||
Yuknessia stephenensis[390] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
LoDuca et al. |
Cambrian |
Burgess Shale |
Canada |
A species of Yuknessia (originally thought to be an alga, reinterpreted as a member of Pterobranchia by LoDuca et al., 2015).[390] |
Other organisms[]
Name | Novelty | Status | Authors | Age | Unit | Location | Notes | Images |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Siver et al. |
Eocene |
Canada |
A diatom, a species of Actinella. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Siver et al. |
Eocene |
Canada |
A diatom, a species of Actinella. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Siver et al. |
Eocene |
Canada |
A diatom, a species of Actinella. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Bijl & Brinkhuis |
Early Eocene |
Antarctica |
A dinoflagellate. The type species is Adeliesphaera ohanlonii. |
|||
Annulatubus[393] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Carbone et al. |
Ediacaran |
Canada |
A tubular organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Annulatubus flexuosus. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Zapalski & Clarkson |
Carboniferous (Viséan) |
Gullane Formation |
United Kingdom |
An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement; possibly an animal belonging to the cnidarian family Solanderiidae (the possibility considered to be more probable by the authors of its description) or an alga similar to . The type species is Caledonicratis caridum. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Singh et al. |
Early Eocene |
Cambay Shale Formation |
India |
A fungal thallus similar to thalli of members of Microthyriaceae. |
||
Gen. et comb et sp. nov |
Valid |
Rikkinen, Schmidt & Kettunen in Kettunen et al. |
Eocene |
Germany |
A hyphomycete fungus known from Baltic amber and Bitterfeld amber. A new genus for "Torula" globulifera Caspary (1886); genus also contains "Torula" heteromorpha Caspary (1886), as well as the new species Casparyotorula arnoldii. |
|||
Circulodinium? laeve[397] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Cheng et al. |
Eocene |
|
China |
A dinoflagellate, possibly a species of . |
|
Cyclostephanos nepalensis[398] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Hayashi in Hayashi & Tanimura |
Pleistocene |
Nepal |
A diatom, a species of Cyclostephanos. |
||
Cyclostephanos pseudonepalensis[398] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Hayashi in Hayashi & Tanimura |
Pleistocene |
Nepal |
A diatom, a species of Cyclostephanos. |
||
Cyclostephanos ramosus[399] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Hayashi & Tanimura |
Pleistocene |
Nepal |
A diatom, a species of Cyclostephanos. |
||
Cyclotella paleo-ocellata[400] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Vossel & Van de Vijver in Vossel et al. |
Holocene |
Israel |
A diatom. Originally described as a species of Cyclotella; transferred to the genus by Nakov et al. (2015).[401] |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Tang et al. |
Tonian |
|
China |
An acritarch. |
||
Gen. nov |
Valid |
Strelnikova & Kozyrenko |
A diatom. |
|||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Vorob’eva & Sergeev in Vorob’eva, Sergeev & Petrov |
Early Mesoproterozoic |
|
Russia |
A probable eukaryotic microorganism of uncertain phylogenetic placement |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Vorob’eva & Sergeev in Vorob’eva, Sergeev & Petrov |
Early Mesoproterozoic |
|
Russia |
A probable eukaryotic microorganism of uncertain phylogenetic placement. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Agić, Moczydłowska & Yin |
Late Mesoproterozoic |
|
China |
A microfossil belonging to the stem group of Chloroplastida. Genus includes new species G. fibratum. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Fenner |
Paleocene |
Southwestern Pacific Ocean (Campbell Plateau) |
A diatom, a species of . |
|||
Gen. et 2 sp. nov |
Valid |
Vorob’eva & Sergeev in Vorob’eva, Sergeev & Petrov |
Early Mesoproterozoic |
|
Russia |
A eukaryotic microorganism, possibly a green alga. The type species is H. simmetrica; genus also includes H. lancetica. |
||
Kaiwaradinium abbreviatum[397] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Cheng et al. |
Eocene |
|
China |
A dinoflagellate, a species of . |
|
Kuckaraukia[407] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Razumovskiy et al. |
Late Vendian |
|
Russia |
An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, might be a unitary organism or as a colony of motionless benthic organisms. The type species is Kuckaraukia multituberculata. |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Disputed |
Vorob’eva & Sergeev in Vorob’eva, Sergeev & Petrov |
Early Mesoproterozoic |
A probable eukaryotic microorganism of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is L. elongata. Possibly a junior synonym of lineata.[409] |
||||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Siver |
Eocene |
Canada |
A synurophyte, a species of Mallomonas. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Du, Wang & Komiya |
Ediacaran |
Doushantuo Formation |
China |
An organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement. Its fossil were originally interpreted as a probable sponge gemmules;[411] this interpretation was criticized by Pronzato, Pisera & Manconi (2017), who stated that the fossils resemble some arcellid testate amoebae.[412] Genus includes new species M. gemmuleanalogi. |
|||
Meliolinites buxi[413] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ma & Sun in Ma et al. |
Oligocene |
|
China |
A fungus belonging to the family Meliolaceae; a species of . |
|
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Singh et al. |
Early Eocene |
Cambay Shale Formation |
India |
A fungal thallus similar to thalli of members of Microthyriaceae. |
||
Gen. et 3 sp. nov |
Valid |
Cheng et al. |
Eocene |
|
China |
A dinoflagellate. The type species is Oligosphaeropsis accreta; genus also contains Oligosphaeropsis complex and Oligosphaeropsis megaprocessa. |
||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar |
Miocene |
Dominican Republic |
A spirochaete belonging to the family Spirochaetaceae known from Dominican amber. The type species is Palaeoborrelia dominicana. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar, Alderman & Wunderlich |
Cretaceous (roughly 100 million years ago) |
Myanmar |
A fungus belonging to the family Clavicipitaceae (a relative of ergots). The type species is Palaeoclaviceps parasiticus. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Poinar |
Early Cretaceous (late Albian) |
Myanmar |
Probably a member of Rickettsiales. The type species is Palaeorickettsia protera. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Strullu-Derrien in Strullu-Derrien et al. |
Devonian (approximately 407 Mya) |
United Kingdom |
A chytrid-like (i.e. similar to members of Blastocladiomycota and Chytridiomycota) fungus of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Palaeozoosporites renaultii. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Schlagintweit & Rigaud |
Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) |
Kosovo |
A foraminifer. Genus includes new species R. hottingerinaformis. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Thomas, Karthick & Kociolek in Thomas, Kociolek & Karthick |
Probably Pliocene or Pleistocene |
India |
A diatom, a species of . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Thomas, Karthick & Kociolek in Thomas, Kociolek & Karthick |
Probably Pliocene or Pleistocene |
India |
A diatom, a species of . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Thomas & Kociolek in Thomas, Kociolek & Karthick |
Probably Pliocene or Pleistocene |
United States |
A diatom, a species of . |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Thomas & Kociolek in Thomas, Kociolek & Karthick |
Probably Pliocene or Pleistocene |
United States |
A diatom, a species of . |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Taylor & Krings |
Early Devonian |
United Kingdom |
A member of Cyanobacteria, probably a member or a relative of Chroococcales. The type species is Rhyniosarcina devonica. |
|||
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Krings & Taylor |
Early Devonian |
United Kingdom |
A fungus of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Scepasmatocarpion fenestrulatum. |
|||
Sekwitubulus[393] |
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Carbone et al. |
Ediacaran |
Canada |
A tubular organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement. The type species is Sekwitubulus annulatus. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Cai et al. |
Late Ediacaran |
China |
A tubular organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, of probable animal affinities; a species of Sinotubulites. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Cai et al. |
Late Ediacaran |
China |
A tubular organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, of probable animal affinities; a species of Sinotubulites. |
|||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Cai et al. |
Late Ediacaran |
China |
A tubular organism of uncertain phylogenetic placement, of probable animal affinities; a species of Sinotubulites. |
|||
Spiniferites adnatus latispinus[397] |
Subsp. nov |
Valid |
Cheng et al. |
Eocene |
|
China |
A dinoflagellate, a subspecies of adnatus. |
|
Gen. et comb. nov |
Valid |
Tang et al. |
Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic |
|
Australia[408] |
An acritarch. The type species is "Satka" colonialica Jankauskas (1979). |
||
Tertiarius juriljii[423] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ognjanova-Rumenova et al. |
Pliocene |
|
Macedonia |
A diatom; a species of Tertiarius. |
|
Tertiarius mariovensis[423] |
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Ognjanova-Rumenova et al. |
Pliocene |
|
Macedonia |
A diatom; a species of Tertiarius. |
|
Gen. et sp. nov |
Valid |
Cheng et al. |
Eocene |
|
China |
A dinoflagellate. The type species is Tianshandinium biconicum. |
||
Sp. nov |
Valid |
Bijl & Brinkhuis |
Early Eocene |
Antarctica |
A dinoflagellate, a species of . |
See also[]
- Dawn of Humanity (2015 PBS film)
References[]
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