2020 Aegean Sea earthquake

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2020 Aegean Sea earthquake
2020 Aegean Sea earthquake search and rescue efforts 2.jpg
A collapsed building in İzmir, Turkey
2020 Aegean Sea earthquake is located in Aegean Sea
2020 Aegean Sea earthquake
UTC time2020-10-30 11:51:26
ISC event619514791
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local date30 October 2020 (2020-10-30)
Local time14:51 TRT (UTC+3)[1]
Magnitude6.9 Mww (Kandilli)[2]
7.0 Mww (USGS)[3]
Depth3.0 km (ITSAK)[4]
21.0 km (USGS)[3]
Epicentre37°55′05″N 26°47′24″E / 37.918°N 26.790°E / 37.918; 26.790Coordinates: 37°55′05″N 26°47′24″E / 37.918°N 26.790°E / 37.918; 26.790 East Aegean Sea
TypeNormal
Areas affectedİzmir, Turkey and Samos, Greece
Total damage> $400 million
Max. intensityX (Extreme) (ITSAK)[4][5]

VII (Very strong) (USGS)
Tsunami3.8–6 metres
ForeshocksThree months prior to earthquake
Aftershocks2,800+, highest so far is a Mw 5.3
Casualties119 dead, 1,053 injured, 15,000 homeless[6][7]

The 2020 Samos–İzmir earthquake occurred on 30 October 2020, with a moment magnitude of 7.0, about 14 km (8.7 mi) northeast of the Greek island of Samos. Many buildings were severely damaged or collapsed as a result of the earthquake, with the Church of the Dormition of Mary in Karlovasi, Greece, partially collapsing, while in the Turkish city İzmir, which was heavily affected by the earthquake, dozens of buildings were either damaged or completely collapsed. Emergency services in both countries immediately attended the scene, as rescue efforts continued into the night.

One hundred and seventeen (117) people are known to have died in Turkey's İzmir Province, with 1,034 more injured.[8][9] In Greece, there were an additional two fatalities and nineteen minor injuries.[10] The earthquake is the most powerful in the Aegean Sea since 1981, and the deadliest in İzmir Province since a magnitude 6.6 killed four people in 1955.[11][12] The earthquake is also the deadliest in the year of 2020.

Tectonic setting[]

See also: Extensional tectonics and Intraplate earthquake
A plate tectonics map of the Mediterranean Sea. The earthquake occurred within a zone of extension in the Aegean Sea shown by the arrows.

The Aegean Sea is a seismically active region with complex plate tectonics interaction both within and surrounding the Aegean Sea Plate. The region has several major plate boundary including the North Anatolian Fault which runs through northern Turkey, where the Anatolian Plate slides past the Eurasian Plate along this right-lateral strike-slip fault. Another major boundary is the East Anatolian Fault where the Arabian Plate interacts with the Anatolian Plate. This transform fault was responsible for the 2020 Elazığ earthquake.

At its southern edges, the African Plate converges north at 5–10 mm/yr towards the Aegean Sea Plate at a rate of 5–10 mm/yr. It subducts or dives beneath the Aegean, occasionally producing great Megathrust earthquakes and tsunamis including the 365 Crete earthquake. However, the subduction rate along the Hellenic subduction zone at 35 mm/yr which greatly exceeds the velocity of the African Plate. For that, north-south extension within the Aegean Sea Plate in the back-arc compensate the subduction rate. Shallow crustal earthquakes in the Aegean Sea Plate is a result of this extension, accommodated by east-west trending normal faults.[13]

Earthquake[]

Crowds outside of their buildings in Izmir.

Following the earthquake, Samos was affected by hundreds of aftershocks.[14] The magnitude of the earthquake was frequently misreported as 6.6 Mww in the Turkish media, due to an erroneous announcement by AFAD.[15][16] The quake was reportedly felt in the Greek island of Crete, the BBC added. While minor shaking was also felt in some regions of Athens.[17]

Historical seismicity[]

The Samos Island and İzmir region has been rocked by major earthquakes throughout the past centuries. On the island of Samos, these earthquakes usually have minimal effects. The nearby city Izmir however have suffered serious catastrophe as a result of earthquakes.

The most destructive event in the region was the 1688 Smyrna earthquake[18] which had an epicenter near İzmir. Estimated magnitude 7.0, the earthquake killed some 15,000 to 20,000 people in the city.[19]

Other major events took place in 1739 and 1788, causing major damage in the city.[20]

On 11 August 1904, Samos was rocked by a magnitude 6.8 earthquake causing substantial damage to Greece and Turkey, killing four.[21] That earthquake according to researchers, was caused by an onshore fault (Pythagorion Fault) on the island.[22]

Characteristic[]

The earthquake occurred as a result of pure normal faulting at a shallow crustal depth within the Eurasian Plate in the eastern Aegean Sea, about 250 km north of the closest main plate boundary, where the African Plate moves to the north at a rate of approximately 10 mm per year with respect to the Eurasian.[23] Therefore, this earthquake is considered an intraplate earthquake due to its location.

The North Samos Fault, also known as the Kaystrios Fault is an east–west striking, north–northeast dipping normal fault located offshore, north of the coast of Samos. It likely ruptured entirely during the earthquake for a length of approximately 60 km.[24][21] The epicenter of the earthquake suggest it was on the western extension of the Kuşadası Fault, part of the geologically active Büyük Menderes Graben.[25] The earthquake released a seismic moment of 3.3 × 10^19 Nm, which corresponded to its moment magnitude at 7.0. A maximum slip of 4.6 meters at a depth of 7 km was inferred.[26][25] The earthquake produced up to 1 meter of slip at the seafloor, which resulted in the moderate tsunami and tectonic uplift and subsidence on land.[27] A 2009 study determined that the fault had the potential to produce an earthquake of magnitude 6.8.[28][29]

Ground motion[]

A USGS ShakeMap of the earthquake showing shaking based on Mercalli intensity scale at various locations in the East Aegean Sea.

The earthquake achieved a maximum peak ground acceleration of 0.27 g in Samos. Weaker ground acceleration was recorded at 0.1 g in İzmir, however, in the Bayraklı and Karşıyaka metropolitan districts, these ground motions were amplified with longer periods.[20]

Foreshocks and aftershocks[]

The earthquake was preceded by a foreshock sequence consisting of 39 events over a period of three months.[30]

As of 8 November, over 2,800 aftershocks have been recorded.[31] The mainshock may have been preceded by a foreshock on 5 May the same year.[32]

Aftershocks of the 2020 Aegean Sea earthquake greater than Mw 4.0 hide
Date and time (UTC) Location M MMI Ref
30 October, 12:19:09 5 km NW of Marathókampos, Greece 4.4 – [33]
30 October, 12:41:31 4 km N of Samos, Greece 4.0 V [34]
30 October, 13:00:43 8 km N of Kokkári, Greece 4.9 – [35]
30 October, 15:14:55 8 km NW of Kokkári, Greece 5.3 VI [36]
30 October, 15:19:15 2 km SW of Samos, Greece 4.8 – [37]
30 October, 17:16:03 7 km NE of Samos, Greece 4.2 – [38]
30 October, 19:09:40 17 km NE of Agios Kirykos, Greece 4.2 – [39]
30 October, 22:53:22 9 km NNE of Néon Karlovásion, Greece 4.1 – [40]
31 October, 01:40:33 19 km WNW of Néon Karlovásion, Greece 4.2 – [41]
31 October, 05:31:30 10 km NNW of Kokkári, Greece 4.9 III [42]
31 October, 12:36:20 5 km W of Kokkári, Greece 4.2 – [43]
31 October, 14:42:43 26 km WNW of Néon Karlovásion, Greece 4.3 III [44]
31 October, 22:05:43 4 km NNE of Kokkári, Greece 4.0 – [45]
1 November, 07:05:13 9 km NNE of Samos, Greece 4.2 – [46]
1 November, 07:33:08 1 km NNE of Kokkári, Greece 4.2 – [47]
1 November, 12:57:03 2 km NNW of Kokkári, Greece 4.4 – [48]
2 November, 11:58:03 5 km NNE of Kokkári, Greece 4.3 III [49]
2 November, 12:30:39 20 km SSW of Seferihisar, Turkey 4.4 II [50]
2 November, 19:16:40 19 km WNW of Néon Karlovásion, Greece 4.5 – [51]
3 November, 20:35:35 22 km WNW of Néon Karlovásion, Greece 4.0 – [52]
4 November, 13:21:31 6 km ENE of Megálo Chorió, Greece 4.2 – [53]
9 November, 20:31:00 12 km NNE of Kokkári, Greece 4.3 II [54]
11 November, 06:49:45 9 km NE of Kokkári, Greece 4.6 IV [55]
12 November, 03:34:15 9 km WSW of Kokkári, Greece 4.4 – [56]
4 December, 09:34:16 7 km ENE of Néon Karlovásion, Greece 4.5 – [57]
30 December, 13:40:13 7 km ENE of Agios Kirykos, Greece 4.1 III [58]
20 January, 23:37:57 10 km NNE of Néon Karlovásion, Greece 4.6 IV [59]

Tsunami[]

Tsunami information was issued by the Kandilli Observatory Earthquake Monitoring and Tsunami Warning Center to the Earthquake Research Department of Turkey 11 minutes after the earthquake but was not broadcast to the coastal regions. The tsunami arrived between 10 and 15 minutes after the mainshock.[29]

Multiple social media posts showed water rushing through streets and ports in the region following the earthquake, along with tsunami warnings being issued for the islands of Ikaria, Kos, Chios and Samos.[60] Flooding from the coasts reached heights of 1.9 meters (6 feet), however at Akarca, the tsunami reached heights of 6 metres (19 feet).[61] In Azmak, the tsunami penetrated 1.3 kilometres (0.8 miles) inland, 0.82 kilometres (0.5 miles) in Akarca, and 0.32 kilometres (0.2 miles) in Sigacik. Recorded heights of the tsunami from this event were larger that of other similar magnitude quakes in the same region with the exception of the 1956 Amorgos earthquake.[61]

Moderate damage to the Turkish and Greek coast were caused by the tsunami, with no structural damage to buildings reported. The tsunami produced unsually long basin oscillations, persisting for over a day after the earthquake. The earthquake itself generated an unusually large tsunami for its magnitude and normal focal mechanism.[62]

Turkish coast[]

In Alaçatı on the Çeşme Peninsula, the tsunami flowed up a stream and inundated inland by as much as 2.49 km. It took a fishing vessel 1.16 km inland along the stream during the inundation. Analysis of video footage on the coast showed that the tsunami had a maximum height of 1.7 meters when it struck.[30]

East of Alaçatı is Zeytineli, where the tsunami severely damaged unoccupied resort houses along a stretch of beach. Debris from the damaged structures were strewned along the beach. Concrete blocks were also displaced by as much as 25 meters. A maximum inundation of 760 meters was measured, as well as a flow height of 1.9 meters at a palm tree, some 50 meters from the shore.[30]

In Akarca, north of Samos, the tsunami run-up heights were up to 3.8 meters, reaching as far as 290 meters inland. The maximum wave height in this area was 6 meters.[61] A 2.2-meter surge flooded and damaged a diving center near the coast. Garden walls and fences of homes at the shore were also damaged. Cars and boats were among the large objects picked up by the surge and moved inland. The only known fatality from the tsunami was reported in this town.[63][64]

Greek coast[]

Multiple social media posts showed water rushing through streets and ports in the region following the earthquake, along with tsunami warnings being issued for the islands of Ikaria, Kos, Chios and Samos.[60] On the island of Samos, the tsunami caused major flooding on its northern coast, and was recorded my multiple people on video camera. No deaths were reported by the tsunami.[65] Many offices and businesses were immediately flooded when the surge broke through windows and doors. Waves of 1.5 to 2.0 meters traveled as far as 101 meters inland. Damage to boats and cars were widely reported after the tsunami struck.[66] A number of small boats and cars were carried inland or lost at sea by the tsunami. Some boats were smashed along breakwater structures as well. Shops, hotel lobbies, restaurants, offices and homes suffered slight damage when the tsunami inundated the ground level and indoors.[66]

A maximum run-up height of 3.35 meters was measured on the northern coast of Samos about 5.8 km east of Karlovasi Port.[62] The tsunami caused some material damage to a home that was located at the coast.[66]

Damage[]

Crowds gather around an earthquake-ravaged building in Izmir.

Initially, Turkish Minister of the Interior Süleyman Soylu stated that at least six buildings were destroyed in İzmir, but the city's mayor Tunç Soyer later put the number of collapsed buildings closer to 20.[60] On-site investigations by the Turkish Ministry of Environment and Urbanization revised the number of collapsed and intentionally demolished buildings to 103. At least 700 others suffered serious damage, and in 814, damage was moderate. Slight structural damage was reported in 7,889 buildings while the other 159,000 were unaffected.[67]

Greek authorities from Samos stated that although buildings were damaged across the island, the worst sustained was in Karlovasi,[68] where a large church had partially collapsed. In Karlovasi, over 100 buildings were damaged upon inspection.[69] It is the first time since the 2017 Aegean Sea earthquake that there are earthquake-related deaths in Greece.[70]

Many buildings collapsed in İzmir's Bayraklı and Bornova district.[71] Most of the buildings which collapsed were built in the 1990s, based on outdated earthquake regulations from 1975. Poor construction practices and code compliance were reasons for the collapse.[72] Additionally, the first floors of these buildings were altered for commercial use such as shops. Taller buildings with heights of 100 to 240 meters, however, did not sustain structural damages. The city is also built on soft sediments in a basin which amplified the intensity of shaking despite its distance from the epicenter.[73]

On 4 November, mayor of İzmir Tunç Soyer stated that 15,000 people lost their homes only in İzmir in the earthquake.[74]

Total damage is estimated to be in the millions for Greece, and over $400 million for Turkey.[75]

Casualties[]

A child rescued alive from a collapsed building

117 people died and 1,034 more were injured in Turkey, all but one from the city of Izmir,[8] while two teenagers died in Greece after being crushed by a wall on the island of Samos; 19 others were injured in Greece.[7] The other Turkish victim outside Izmir died from drowning in the advancing tsunami in the district of Seferihisar.

Relief operations[]

Tents set up by the Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency in Izmir for people affected by the earthquake.

Right after the earthquake, Turkish Minister of Health Fahrettin Koca stated that about 40 ambulances, 35 emergency rescue teams and two ambulance helicopters had reached the scene,[76] while Turkey's Ministry of National Defence stated that one of its planes had departed from Etimesgut Air Base to transport AFAD and gendarmerie teams to the region.[77] The Turkish Red Crescent immediately deployed teams from six cities to provide food to those affected by the earthquake.[78] More than 1,200 workers were involved in rescue efforts involving at least 13 buildings in İzmir,[60] which continued into the night. According to Al Jazeera, the personnel involved in the rescue operations had reached about 8,000, including 25 rescue dogs.[79][80] Turkish authorities stated that 106 people were rescued, while the local government had set up tents to house about 2,000 people overnight. A three-year-old Ayda Gezgin was also said to have been the second little girl rescued on Tuesday, from an 8-story building.[7][81] A total of 17 collapsed buildings were part of the search and rescue operations, according Mehmet Gulluoglu, head of Turkey's Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency.[82]

International reactions[]

See also: Greek–Turkish earthquake diplomacy

Countries:

  •  United States
    • The US embassy has shared their condolences for the dead and wounded in the earthquake.[83]
    • The NASA analysed satellite imagery and worked with the Turkish Space Agency and several universities in the affected region.[84]
  •  Germany – The German embassy in Ankara has shared the following message from Twitter "After the earthquake in Izmir, our thoughts are with the victims and their relatives. Get well soon, Izmir!".
  •  Albania – The Albanian ambassador Kastriot Robo said "Where are with our friends in this hard time".[85]
  •  Australia – The Australian ambassador to Turkey Marc Innes-Brown shared his condolences and said the following "After the earthquake in Izmir, our thoughts are with the victims and their relatives. Get well soon, Izmir!".
  •  Azerbaijan
    • The Azerbaijani President İlham Aliyev called the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan. He said that he was sorry and they were prepared to offer aid.[85]
    • The President of the National Parliament of Azerbaijan Sahibe Gafarova shared his condolences with his counterpart Mustafa Sentop.[85]
  •  United Kingdom – The ambassador of UK Dominick Chilcott shared his condolences and said the following "The United Kingdom as always, will be in the side with Turkey".[85]
  •  Denmark – The Danish ambassador Danny Annan, shared his condolences and said the following "I wish my condolences to the relatives of those who lost their lives and a speedy recovery for their benefits.".
  •  France – French Minister of İnternal Affairs Gérald Darmanin, has said that France was ready to offer support to Greece and Turkey.[86]
  •  Israel – Israeli Minister of Defense Benny Gantz said that they were ready to assist Turkey by sending a search and rescue team and a field hospital.[85]
  •  Qatar
    • Embassy of Qatar said the following "Due to the Earthquake that happened in Izmir we share our condolences with the Turkish Government and to our Turkish brothers".
    • A Disaster Information Management Centre was set up in Izmir by the Qatar Red Crescent Society.[87]
  •  Kazakhstan
    • The President of the Kazak Parliament Nurlan Nigmatulin, "Stating that we stand by the brotherly Turkish people and share their grief in this tragic moment, I express my urgent healing wishes to the wounded. I wish you patience and fortitude of the people of Turkey.".[88]
    • Kazakh Minister of Foreign Affairs Mukhtar Tleuberdi, sent the following message to his counterpart Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, "I offer my deepest condolences to the bereaved families who lost their relatives by sharing irreplaceable grief. May Allah treat the deceased with His mercy. I wish urgent healing to the injured. We always pray for the well-being of the brotherly Turkish people.".
  •  Kosovo – Kosovo President Hashim Thaçi, shared his condolences and said the following from social media, "Our prayers are with the relatives of those who lost their lives and the injured, Kosovo stands by the Turkish people and state in this difficult time.".[85]
  •  Northern Cyprus – The President of TRNC Ersin Tatar has called the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and shared his condolences.
  •  Hungary – The Hungarian ambassador Viktor Matis shared his condolences.[89]
  •  Pakistan – The Pakistani Ministry of Foreign Affairs said the following, "We are always with our Turkish brothers and our prayers are with you".[90]
  •  Russia
    • Russian President Vladimir Putin shared his condolences with the Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[91]
    • The Russian embassy said the following "Izmir Seferihisar earthquake in Turkey thus extend our best wishes and we hope there will be no loss of life.".
  •  Uzbekistan – The Uzbekistani President Şevket Mirziyoyev shared his condolences.[85]
  •  Ukraine – The Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky expressed his condolences on Twitter.[92]
  •  Greece – The Greek Minister of Foreign Affairs Nikos Dendias has called his counterpart Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu and shared his condolences.[93][85]
  •  Japan – The Japanese Prime Minister Suga Yoshihide shared his condolences and said the following, "We are deeply saddened by the news that many people have died and there is serious damage, Like Turkey, Japan has experienced serious damage from earthquakes many times, and Japan and Turkey have supported each other during past earthquakes. Japan will always be with the people of Turkey in overcoming these hardships.".[94]
  •  Singapore – The Minister for Foreign Affairs Vivian Balakrishnan offered his condolences to both countries, adding that the country is ready to offer assistance.[95]

International organisations:

  •  European Union
    • EU Council President Charles Michel: "Developments related Strong earthquake off the coast of the Aegean Sea in Greece and Turkey are closely monitored.".[96]
    • The EU Turkey Delegation President and Ambassador Nikolaus Meyer-Landrut heard deep sorrow for the earthquake victims "The EU expresses its deepest condolences to the families of the earthquake victims, would wish healing for a moment before the injured.".[96]
  •  NATO – NATO General Secretary Jens Stoltenberg said they were ready to offer assistance.
  •  Turkic Council – Turkic Council General Secretary Bağdad Andreyev shared his condolences.[97]

See also[]

References[]

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Further reading[]

  • Ganas, Athanassios; Elias, Panagiotis; Briole, Pierre; Valkaniotis, Sotiris; Escartin, Javier; Tsironi, Varvara; Karasante, Ilektra; Kosma, Chrysanthi (2021). "Co-seismic and post-seismic deformation, field observations and fault model of the 30 October 2020 Mw = 7.0 Samos earthquake, Aegean Sea". Acta Geophysica. 69 (3): 999–1024. doi:10.1007/s11600-021-00599-1. ISSN 1895-6572. S2CID 234351525.

External links[]

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