Abdul Qadir Gilani

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Abdul Qadir Gilani
Abdul Qadir Gilani (calligraphic, transparent background).png
TitleShaykh al-Islam
Ghawth ul Adham
Sultan ul-Auliya
Personal
BornMarch 23, 1078 CE
(11 Rabi' al-Thani], 470 AH)
Gilan, Seljuk Sultanate
DiedFebruary 21, 1166 CE
(11 Rabi' al-Thani, 561 AH)
(aged 87)
Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate
Resting placeBaghdad, Iraq
ReligionIslam
ChildrenAbdul Razzaq Gilani
EraIslamic Golden Age
(Later Abbasid Era)
RegionBaghdad
DenominationSunni
JurisprudenceHanbali[1][2]
CreedAthari
Main interest(s)Fiqh, Sufism
TariqaQadiriyya (founder)
Muslim leader
Influenced by
Influenced
Part of a series on Islam
Sufism
Tomb of Abdul Qadir Jilani, Baghdad.jpg
Tomb of Abdul Qadir Gilani, Baghdad, Iraq
Ideas
Practices
Sufi orders
Sunni
  • Fultali

Shi'a

Non-denominational

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Topics in Sufism
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ʿAbdul Qādir Gīlānī, (Persian: عبدالقادر گیلانی‎, Arabic: عبدالقادر الجيلاني‎) known by admirers as Muḥyī l-Dīn Abū Muḥammad b. Abū Sāliḥ ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Gīlānī al-Ḥasanī wa'l-Ḥusaynī, was a Hanbali Sunni Muslim preacher, ascetic, mystic, jurist, and theologian, known for being the eponymous founder of the Qadiriyya tariqa (Sufi order) of Sufism.[10]

He was born on 11 Rabi' al-Thani 470 AH (March 23, 1078) in the town of Na'if in Gilan, Iran, and died on Monday, February 21, 1166 (11 Rabi' al-Thani 561 AH), in Baghdad.[11][nb 1][12] He was a Persian Hanbali Sunni jurist and Sufi based in Baghdad.[11][1][2] The Qadiriyya tariqa is named after him.[13]

Name[]

The honorific Muhiyudin denotes his status with many Sufis as a "reviver of religion".[14] Gilani (Arabic al-Jilani) refers to his place of birth, Gilan.[15][16] However, Gilani also carried the epithet Baghdadi, referring to his residence and burial in Baghdad.[17][18][19]

Family background[]

Gilani's father, Abu Saleh Moosah, was from a Sayyid lineage, tracing his descent from Hasan ibn Ali, a grandson of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.[20][21][10] Abu Saleh was respected as a saint by the people of his day, and was known as Jungi Dost (meaning "gian-lover" in louri), which was originally his father's sobriquet.[10][22][23][24] Gilani's mother, Ummul Khair Fatima, was also a Sayyid, having been a descendant of Muhammad al-Jawad, himself descended from Husayn ibn Ali, the younger brother of Hasan.[25]

Education[]

Gilani spent his early life in Gilan, the province of his birth. In 1095, at the age of eighteen, he went to Baghdad. There, he pursued the study of Hanbali law under Abu Saeed Mubarak Makhzoomi and ibn Aqil.[26][27] He studied Hadith with Abu Muhammad Ja'far al-Sarraj.[27] His Sufi spiritual instructor was Abu'l-Khair Hammad ibn Muslim al-Dabbas.[28] (A detailed description of his various teachers and subjects are included below). After completing his education, Gilani left Baghdad. He spent twenty-five years wandering in the deserts of Iraq.[29]

School of law[]

Al-Jilani belonged to the Shafi'i and Hanbali schools of law.[30] He placed Shafi'i jurisprudence (fiqh) on an equal footing with the Hanbali school (madhhab), and used to give fatwa according to both of them simultaneously.[31] This is why al-Nawawi praised him in his book entitled Bustan al-'Arifin (Garden of the Spiritual Masters), saying: "We have never known anyone more dignified than Baghdad's Sheikh Muhyi al-Din 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani, may Allah be pleased with him, the Sheikh of Shafi'is and Hanbalis in Baghdad".[6][5][32]

Qadiriyya tariqa[]

He established Qadiriyya tariqa order, with its many offshoots, is widespread, various parts of the world, and can also be found in United Kingdom, Africa, Turkey, Indonesia, Afghanistan, India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, the Balkans, Russia, Palestine, China,[33] and East and West Africa.[34]

The Qadiriyya flourished, surviving the Mongolian conquest of Baghdad in 1258, and remained an influential Sunni institution. After the fall of the Abbasid Caliphate, the legend of Gilani was further spread by a text entitled The Joy of the Secrets in Abdul-Qadir's Mysterious Deeds (Bahjat al-asrar fi ba'd manaqib 'Abd al-Qadir) attributed to Nur al-Din 'Ali al-Shattanufi, who depicted Gilani as the ultimate channel of divine grace[35] and helped the Qadiri order to spread far beyond the region of Baghdad.[35]

By the end of the fifteenth century, the Qadiriyya had distinct branches and had spread to Morocco, Spain, Turkey, India, Ethiopia, Somalia, and present-day Mali.[35] Established Sufi sheikhs often adopted the Qadiriyya tradition without abandoning leadership of their local communities. During the Safavid dynasty's rule of Baghdad from 1508 to 1534, the sheikh of the Qadiriyya was appointed chief Sufi of Baghdad and the surrounding lands. Shortly after the Ottoman Empire conquered Baghdad in 1534, Suleiman the Magnificent commissioned a dome to be built on the mausoleum of Abdul-Qadir Gilani, establishing the Qadiriyya as his main allies in Iraq.

Later life[]

In 1127, Gilani returned to Baghdad and began to preach to the public.[36] He joined the teaching staff of the school belonging to his own teacher, al-Mazkhzoomi, and was popular with students.[citation needed] In the morning he taught hadith and tafsir, and in the afternoon he held discourse on the science of the heart and the virtues of the Quran.[citation needed] He was said to have been a convincing preacher and converted numerous Jews and Christians. He was able to reconcile the mystical nature of Sufism with the sober demands of Islamic Law.[36]

Death and burial[]

Sheikh Abdul Qadir Gilani Mosque in Baghdad 1925

Gilani died on 21 February 1166 (11 Rabi' al-Thani 561 AH) at the age of 87.[12] His body was entombed in a shrine within his madrasa in Babul-Sheikh, Rusafa on the east bank of the Tigris in Baghdad, Iraq.[37][38][39]

During the reign of the Safavid Shah Ismail I, Gilani's shrine was destroyed.[40] However, in 1535, the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent had a dome built over the shrine, which still exists.[41]

Birthday and death anniversary celebration[]

11 Rabi' al-Thani is celebrated as Gilani's birthday, although some scholars[42] give 29 Sha'ban and 17 Rabi' al-Thani as his birth and death days. In the Indian subcontinent, his ‘urs, or death anniversary, is called , or Honoured Day.[43]

Tomb of Sheikh Abdul Qadir, Baghdad, Iraq.

Books[]

  • Kitab Sirr al-Asrar wa Mazhar al-Anwar[44] (The Book of the Secret of Secrets and the Manifestation of Light)
  • Futuh al ghaib (Secrets of the unseen)
  • Ghunyat tut talibeen (Treasure for seekers) غنیہ الطالیبین
  • Al-Fuyudat al-Rabbaniya (Emanations of Lordly Grace)[45]
  • Fifteen Letters: Khamsata 'Ashara Maktuban[46]
  • Kibriyat e Ahmar[47]
  • A Concise Description of Jannah & Jahannam[48]
  • The Sublime Revelation (al-Fatḥ Ar-rabbānī)[49]

See also[]

Bibliography[]

  • Sayings of Shaikh Abd al-Qadir al-Jīlānī Malfūzāt, Holland, Muhtar (translator). S. Abdul Majeed & Co, Kuala Lumpur (1994) ISBN 1-882216-03-2.
  • Fifteen letters, khamsata ashara maktūban / Shaikh Abd Al-Qādir Al-Jīlānī. Translated from Persian to Arabic by Alī usāmu ́D-Dīn Al-Muttaqī. Translated from Arabic into English by Muhtar Holland.
  • Kamsata ašara maktūban. First edition. ʿAlāʾ al-Dīn, ʿAlī B., ʿAbd al-Malik al- Muttaqī al-Hindī (about 1480–1567) and Muhtar Holland (1935–). Al-Baz publications, Hollywood, Florida. (1997) ISBN 1-882216-16-4.
  • Jalā Al-Khawātir: a collection of forty-five discourses of Shaikh Abd Al-Qādir Al-Jīlānī, the removal of cares. Chapter 23, pg 308. Jalā al-Khawātir, Holland, Muhtar (1935–) (translator). Al-Baz publications, Fort Lauderdale, Florida. (1997) ISBN 1-882216-13-X.
  • The sultan of the saints: mystical life and teachings of Shaikh Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani / Muhammad Riaz Qadiri Qadiri, Muhammad Riyaz. Gujranwala, Abbasi publications. (2000) ISBN 969-8510-16-8.
  • The sublime revelation: al-Fath ar-Rabbānī, a collection of sixty-two discourses / Abd al-Qādir al- Jīlānī, Second edition. al-Rabbānī, al-Fath. Al-Baz publications, Fort Lauderdale, Florida. (1998). ISBN 1-882216-02-4.
  • Al-Ghunya li-talibi tariq al-haqq wa al-din, (Sufficient provision for seekers of the path of truth and religion), Parts one and two in Arabic. Al-Qadir, Abd, Al-Gaylani. Dar Al-Hurya, Baghdad, Iraq, (1988).
  • Al-Ghunya li-talibi tariq al-haqq wa al-din, (Sufficient provision for seekers of the path of truth and religion.) in Arabic. Introduced by Al-Kilani, Majid Irsan. Dar Al-Khair, Damascus, Bairut, (2005).
  • Encyclopædia Iranica, Bibliotheca Persica PresS, ISBN 1-56859-050-4.
  • Geography of the Baz Ahhab second reading in the biography of Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jilani, and the birthplace of his birth according to the methodology of scientific research (MA in Islamic History from Baghdad University in 2001) of Iraqi researcher Jamal al-Din Faleh Kilani, review and submission of the historian Emad Abdulsalam Rauf،Publishe Dar Baz Publishing, United States of America, 2016, translated by Sayed Wahid Al-Qadri Aref.

Notes[]

  1. ^ 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani at the Encyclopædia Britannica

References[]

  1. ^ a b John Renard, The A to Z of Sufism. p 142. ISBN 081086343X
  2. ^ a b Juan Eduardo Campo, Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 288. ISBN 1438126964
  3. ^ a b c 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani (20 January 2019). Jamal al-Din Faleh al-Kilani (ed.). "Futuh al-Ghayb ("Revelations of the Unseen")". Google Books (in Arabic). وقد تأثر به القائد صلاح الدين الأيوبي، والشيخ معين الدين الجشتي، والشيخ شهاب الدين عمر السهروردي رحمهم الله
  4. ^ Tazkare Khanwade Hazrat Ishaan, by Muhammad Yasin Qaswari, by Kooperatis Lahorin, Edare Talimat Naqshbandiyya, p. 281
  5. ^ a b "How the Mashaayikh Praise Shaykh 'Abdul Qadir Jilani". iqra.net. Iqra Islamic Publications. Archived from the original on 20 Oct 2020.
  6. ^ a b "Sheikh Abdul Qadir Al Jilani in Folklore". folkculturebh.org. Folk Culture – Bahrain. Archived from the original on 20 Oct 2020.
  7. ^ Burton, Isabel (1898). The Life of Captain Sir Richard Burton Volume 1. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 121. ISBN 9783752405637.
  8. ^ Reese, Scott S. (2001). "The Best of Guides: Sufi Poetry and Alternate Discourses of Reform in Early Twentieth-Century Somalia". Journal of African Cultural Studies. 14 (1 Islamic Religious Poetry in Africa): 49–68. doi:10.1080/136968101750333969. JSTOR 3181395. S2CID 162001423.
  9. ^ Majmu al-Fatawa, Volume 10, Page 455
  10. ^ a b c Abdul Qadir Gilani at Encyclopædia Iranica
  11. ^ a b W. Braune, Abd al-Kadir al-Djilani, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, ed. H.A.R Gibb, J.H.Kramers, E. Levi-Provencal, J. Schacht, (Brill, 1986), 69;"authorities are unanimous in stating that he was a Persian from Nayf (Nif) in Djilan, south of the Caspian Sea."
  12. ^ a b The works of Shaykh Umar Eli of Somalia of al-Tariqat al-Qadiriyyah.
  13. ^ "Sufism, Sufis, and Sufi Orders: Sufism's Many Paths". islam.uga.edu. Retrieved 2017-07-21.
  14. ^ Mihr-e-munīr: biography of Hadrat Syed Pīr Meher Alī Shāh pg 21, Muhammad Fādil Khān, Faid Ahmad. Sajjadah Nashinan of Golra Sharif, Islamabad (1998).
  15. ^ Encyclopaedia of religion and ethics: volume 1. (A – Art). Part 1. (A – Algonquins) pg 10. Hastings, James and Selbie, John A. Adamant Media corporation. (2001), "and he was probably of Persian origin."
  16. ^ The Sufi orders in Islam, 2nd edition, pg 32. Triingham, J. Spencer and Voll, John O. Oxford University Press US, (1998), "The Hanafi Qadirriya is also included since 'Abd al-Qadir, of Persian origin was contemporary of the other two."
  17. ^ Devotional Islam and politics in British India: Ahmad Riza Khan Barelwi and his movement, 1870–1920, pg 144, Sanyal, Usha Oxford University Press US, 19 August 1999. ISBN 0-19-564862-5 ISBN 978-0-19-564862-1.
  18. ^ Cultural and religious heritage of India: Islam pg 321. Sharma, Suresh K. (2004)
  19. ^ Indo-iranica pg 7. The Iran Society, Calcutta, India. (1985).
  20. ^ Historical and political who's who of Afghanistan. p 177. Adamec, Ludwig W. (1975)
  21. ^ Qādrī, Muḥammad Riyāz̤ (2000-01-01). The Sultan of the Saints: Mystical Life and Teaching of Shaikh Syed Abdul Qadir Jilani. Abbasi Pablications. p. 19. ISBN 9789698510169.
  22. ^ "Sulook organisation website" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2010-02-19.
  23. ^ Mihr-e-munīr: biography of Hadrat Syed Pīr Meher Alī Shāh pg 27, Khān, Muhammad Fādil and Ahmad, Faid. Sajjadah Nashinan of Golra Sharif, Islamabad. (1997)
  24. ^ Encyclopaedia of Sufism, volume 1, Kahn, Masood Ali and Ram, S.
  25. ^ Qādrī (2000, p. 21)
  26. ^ Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009-01-01). Encyclopedia of Islam. Infobase Publishing. p. 4. ISBN 9781438126968.
  27. ^ a b Gibb, H.A.R.; Kramers, J.H.; Levi-Provencal, E.; Schacht, J. (1986) [1st. pub. 1960]. Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume I (A-B) (New ed.). Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. p. 69. ISBN 978-9004081147. |volume= has extra text (help)
  28. ^ Malise Ruthven, Islam in the World, p 243. ISBN 0195305035
  29. ^ Esposito J. L. The Oxford dictionary of Islam. p160. ISBN 0199757267
  30. ^ "The Tariqa of Shaikh 'Abdul Qadir Jilani". Iqra Islamic Publications.
  31. ^ Vidyajyoti Institute of Religious Studies (1989). Islam in India, Volume 4. Vikas Publishing House. p. 219.
  32. ^ 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani (20 January 2019). Jamal al-Din Faleh al-Kilani (ed.). "Futuh al-Ghayb ("Revelations of the Unseen")". Google Books (in Arabic).
  33. ^ Gladney, Dru. "Muslim Tombs and Ethnic Folklore: Charters for Hui Identity"[permanent dead link] Journal of Asian Studies, August 1987, Vol. 46 (3): 495–532; pp. 48–49 in the PDF file.
  34. ^ Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. "The Special Sufi Paths (Tariqas)". Muslim Communities of Grace: The Sufi Brotherhoods in Islamic Religious Life. New York: Columbia UP, 2007. 86–96.
  35. ^ a b c Tarin
  36. ^ a b 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  37. ^ Al-Ghunya li-talibi tariq al-haqq wa al-din (Sufficient provision for seekers of the path of truth and religion), parts one and two in Arabic, Al-Qadir, Abd and Al-Gilani. Dar Al-Hurya, Baghdad, Iraq, (1988).
  38. ^ Al-Ghunya li-talibi tariq al-haqq wa al-din (Sufficient provision for seekers of the path of truth and religion) with introduction by Al-Kilani, Majid Irsan. Al-Kilani, Majid, al-Tariqat, 'Ursan, and al-Qadiriyah, Nash'at
  39. ^ "The Qadirya Mausoleum" (PDF).
  40. ^ A.A. Duri, Baghdad, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, 903.
  41. ^ W. Braune, Abd al-Kadir al-Djilani, The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. I, 70.
  42. ^ Shammsuddin, Khawaja (2017-10-22). Baran-e-Rahmat – The Rain of Mercy Part 2. p. 156. ISBN 978-1-326-75227-9.
  43. ^ "Ghousia".
  44. ^ "Sirr-ul-Asrar". www.nafseislam.com. Retrieved 2016-08-04.
  45. ^ "Al-Fuyudat al-Rabbaniyya". www.al-baz.com. Retrieved 2021-05-05.
  46. ^ Al-Jilani, 'Abd Al-Qadir (2019-05-27). Fifteen Letters: Khamsata 'Ashara Maktuban. Islamic Book Trust. ISBN 978-967-0526-14-0.
  47. ^ "Marfat Library". www.marfat.com. Retrieved 2021-05-05.
  48. ^ A concise description of Jannah & Jahannam, the garden of paradise and the fire of hell : excerpted from 'Sufficient provision for seekers of the Path of Truth (Al-Ghunya li-Tālibi al-Ḥaqq). Ta-Ha. 2010. ISBN 978-1-84200-120-2. OCLC 1158643778. |first= missing |last= (help)
  49. ^ al-Jīlānī, ʻAbd al-Qādir (1998). The Sublime Revelation (al-Fatḥ Ar-rabbānī): A Collection of Sixty-two Discourses. Al-Baz Publishing, Incorporated. ISBN 978-1-882216-02-4.

External links[]

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