American Farm Bureau Federation

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American Farm Bureau Federation

Founder	John Barron
Type	Lobbying organization, insurance company
Focus	Agriculture
Location	Washington D.C.
Area served	United States
Method	Lobbying
Key people	Vincent "Zippy" Duvall (President)
Website	www.fb.org

Farm Bureau office in Pinckney, Michigan

The American Farm Bureau Federation (AFBF), more commonly known as Farm Bureau Insurance and Farm Bureau Incorporated (FB), is a United States-based insurance company and lobbying group that represents the American agriculture industry. Headquartered in Washington, D.C., the Farm Bureau has affiliates in all 50 states and Puerto Rico.

1935 FDR remarks for the American Farm Bureau Federation on agriculture during the Great Depression

History[]

The Farm Bureau movement started in 1911 when John Barron, a farmer who graduated from Cornell University, worked as an extension agent in Broome County, New York. He served as a Farm Bureau representative for farmers with the Chamber of Commerce of Binghamton, New York. The effort was financed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the Lackawanna Railroad. The Broome County Farm Bureau was soon separated from the Chamber of Commerce. Other farm bureaus later formed in counties across the U.S., as listed with dates at "List of Farm Bureaus".^[1]

In 1914, with the passage of the Smith–Lever Act of 1914, Congress agreed to share with the states the cost of programs for providing "county agents", who supplied information to farmers on improved methods of animal husbandry and crop production developed by agricultural colleges and experiment stations, which has evolved into the modern-day Cooperative Extension Service.

In 1915, farmers meeting in Saline County, Missouri, formed the first statewide Farm Bureau.

In 1919, a group of farmers from 30 states gathered in Chicago. They founded the American Farm Bureau Federation with the goal of "speaking for themselves through their own national organization".^[2] Its initial organization papers said:

The purpose of Farm Bureau is to make the business of farming more profitable, and the community a better place to live. Farm Bureau should provide an organization in which members may secure the benefits of unified efforts in a way that could never be accomplished through individual effort.

— The statement originally approved by Farm Bureau members in 1920.^[2]

The initial local and state farm bureaus (1910s-1940s) had a social and educational function furthering the extension service efforts, and they also pursued the functions of pooled negotiating power for purchasing of supplies like seed and equipment (comparable in that respect to farm co-ops, but with potential for larger/wider unification) and pooled capability to provide fire insurance and vehicle insurance for their farms, via both negotiating power (in group purchasing of insurance) and self-insuring capability (in forming new insurance companies of their own); they were comparable in that respect to mutual insurance companies (and indeed founded various such companies). In all of these functions, local and state farm bureaus thus became the closest thing to either a farmers' union or a trade association for farmers that existed in the United States outside of small co-ops.

With the formation of the national American Farm Bureau Federation, the local and state bureaus formed a network of unions with a national parent organization, somewhat analogous to a federation of trade unions such as the AFL–CIO (the presence of individual family farms, at least in the beginning, also invites comparison to a trade associations.)

The American Farm Bureau Federation developed a lobbying presence as well.^[3] By World War II, the organization was "the most influential representative of large farmers."^[4] The AFBF lobbied for changes to New Deal programs that favored large farms with many employees over family farms; along with the U.S. Department of Agriculture, these "advocates of a mechanized, highly commercialized agriculture helped initiate an abrupt two-decade shift to machines and wage labor."^[4]

Lobbying[]

A 2012 investigation by The Nation detailed the large-scale federal and state political operations of the Farm Bureau:^[5]

In rural areas, the Farm Bureau grooms compliant political candidates, mostly Republicans; it wields the power to dictate outcomes of legislative elections and appointments to powerful state agriculture committees. Then it influences which farm-related bills become law. Along the way, it has become a close second to Monsanto in lobby expenditures for agriculture-related issues, spending nearly $6 million in 2011—all in the name of "farmers."

The Farm Bureau retains 22 registered lobbyists. In 2012, it was the top contributor to federal candidates, parties, and outside groups with payments of over $1 million, with 62% to Republicans. Over the past decade, the Farm Bureau spent $16 million, which was 45% of the total amount spent by the ten largest agribusiness interests in the U.S.^[5]

The Farm Bureau supported the , a bill that would amend the federal tax laws to permanently extend and expand certain expired provisions that provided an enhanced tax deduction for businesses that donated their food inventory to charitable organizations.^[6] Farm Bureau argued that without the tax write-off, "it is cheaper in most cases for these types of businesses to throw their food away than it is to donate the food".^[7]

Climate change[]

The Farm Bureau has long opposed regulation or taxation of greenhouse gases and climate policy that it says would decrease the competitiveness of American agriculture, especially while farmers and businesses of other nations remain unburdened by emission limitations. The Farm Bureau's opposition to climate change-related regulation began with cap-and-trade regulation measures, which the Farm Bureau argued would increase fuel and fertilizer prices for farmers. At that time,^[when?] the Farm Bureau's official position was that "there is no generally agreed upon scientific assessment of the exact impact or extent of carbon emissions from human activities, their impact on past decades of warming or how they will affect future climate changes". In 2003, Farm Bureau economists joined the Heartland and Hudson Institutes in publishing a paper that "called state or federal regulation of greenhouse gases 'unnecessary, enormously expensive, and particularly injurious to the agricultural community.'"^[8]

The climate change session at the Farm Bureau's 2010 national meeting was entitled "Global Warming: A Red Hot Lie?" and featured climate change denier Christopher C. Horner,^[9] a lawyer for the libertarian Competitive Enterprise Institute, a largely industry-backed group that strongly opposes limits on greenhouse gases.^[10] At the meeting, delegates unanimously approved a resolution that "strongly supports any legislative action that would suspend EPA's authority to regulate greenhouse gases under the Clean Air Act".^[11] Right before the meeting, the Union of Concerned Scientists sent the group a letter pointing out that its climate change position runs counter to that of every major scientific organization and urged it to support action on climate change. U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Tom Vilsack said that farmers have more to gain from cap and trade than they stand to lose.^[11]

By 2019, the Farm Bureau had ceased to publicly deny climate change, but remains opposed to non-market-based solutions. It continues to argue that carbon and emission restrictions will raise the costs of energy and fertilizer and hamper the competitiveness of American farmers. It opposes taxes on carbon uses or emissions, any law or regulation requiring the reporting of any GHG emissions by an agricultural entity, any regulation of GHG by the EPA, and any attempt to regulate methane emissions from livestock.^[12]

Medicaid[]

In Missouri, the Missouri Farm Bureau came out publicly against Missouri 2020 Constitutional Amendment 2.^[13] This amendment expands Medicaid eligibility to individuals age 19 to 64 with incomes below 133-138% of the poverty level starting in July 2021.^[14] (Individuals older and younger than this from low-income households were, in some cases, already eligible for Missouri Medicaid.)^[15][16] Under the Affordable Care Act, the federal government pays for 90% of the cost of this expansion in eligibility, leaving Missouri to pay for the remaining 10%.^[17] Although organizations like the Brown School of Social Work at Washington University in St. Louis projected that the measure would ultimately reduce costs to the state budget based on the results in other states, possibly by over a billion dollars,^[18] the Farm Bureau emphasized the estimated $2 billion cost by 2026, of which the state would pay $200 million, saying Missouri "can’t afford to take on this costly Obamacare program." While acknowledging issues with access to healthcare in rural areas (in a state where 12.3% of the rural population are uninsured, compared with 10.1% in urban areas),^[19] the Farm Bureau said that access to healthcare should be addressed without "massively expanding government."

Amendment 2 to expand Medicaid in Missouri passed with 53% of the vote on August 4, 2020,^[20] one day after the Missouri Farm Bureau advised voters to "vote no on Amendment 2". Afterward, the Missouri Farm Bureau issued a statement on August 7, 2020, calling for "a serious conversation about initiative petition reform", saying that the amendment process "encourages irresponsible spending".^[21] Missouri's initiative petition process is governed by sections 50 and 51 of Article III of the Missouri Constitution, and by various statutes within Title IX, Chapter 116 of the Missouri Revised Statutes.^[22] Section 51 states that amendments are passed by majority vote and that an initiative "shall not be used for the appropriation of money other than of new revenues created and provided for thereby",^[23] while the Farm Bureau argued that "the easy access to the ballot and the requirement that constitutional amendments only need a simple majority to change the state constitution are the equivalent of handing an unlimited line of credit to a majority of the state’s voters." The Farm Bureau described the difficulties for the state's budget amid the Covid-19 pandemic and then stated, "those who want to change the state, for better or worse, will be busy lining up founders and consultants for the next assault on our constitution."

Insurance[]

In addition to its political lobbying activities, the Farm Bureau is "a multi-billion dollar network of for-profit insurance companies" and the third-largest insurance group in the United States.^[5] The Farm Bureau collected $300 million in crop insurance premiums in 2011. Incidentally, the Farm Bureau was heavily involved in lobbying for the 2012 farm bill,^[5] which included $9 billion in federal subsidies for crop insurance.^[24]

An organization independent of the Farm Bureau called FBL Financial Group based in West Des Moines, Iowa, sells insurance under the brand name Farm Bureau Financial Services. It also uses the Farm Bureau logo.^[25]

Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company began as an insurance company for members of the Ohio Farm Bureau Federation. It continues to serve as an insurance provider to Farm Bureaus in nine states.^[26] Other insurance companies tied to Farm Bureaus include Farm Family Insurance, which serves as an insurance provider to Farm Bureaus in five states, and Country Financial, which serves clients in seventeen states.^{[citation needed]}

The Farm Bureau and its state affiliates also own American Agricultural Insurance Company, a reinsurer, and American Farm Bureau Insurance Services, a crop insurer.^{[citation needed]}

List of Farm Bureaus[]

References[]

Further reading[]

• Barnes, John K. (August 1922). "J. R. Howard, Leader Of American Farmers". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XLIV: 509–518. Retrieved 2009-08-04.

• Berlage, Nancy K. "Organizing the farm bureau: Family, community, and professionals, 1914-1928." Agricultural history 75.4 (2001): 406-437. online

• Campbell, SueEllen (2019-04-16). "Farm Bureau shows little concern about climate change ag effects". Yale Climate Connections. Retrieved 2019-09-12.
• Hansen, John Mark. Gaining access: Congress and the farm lobby, 1919-1981 (U of Chicago Press, 1991). online
• McConnell, Grant. The Decline of Agrarian Democracy (U of California Press, 1953), DOI: https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520349285-007 online

• Porter, Kimberly K. "Embracing the pluralist perspective: the Iowa farm Bureau federation and the McNary-haugen movement." Agricultural history 74.2 (2000): 381-392. online

External links[]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to American Farm Bureau Federation.

• Official website
• Guide to the North Carolina Farm Bureau Records 1936-2012