Amorphea

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Not to be confused with Amorphae or Amorpheae.

Amorphea
Temporal range: Early Ectasian - Present, 1400–0 Ma
Unikonta collage.jpg
Clockwise, from top left: Abeoforma whisleri (Ichthyosporea); Amanita muscaria (Fungi); (Choanoflagellatea); Bonnet Macaque (Metazoa); (Nucleariida); Amoeba proteus (Amoebozoa)
Scientific classification e
Domain: Eukaryota
(unranked): Amorphea
Adl et al., 2012[1]
Subgroups
Synonyms

Amorphea[1] are members of a taxonomic supergroup that includes the basal Amoebozoa and Obazoa. That latter contains the Opisthokonta, which includes the Fungi, Animals and the Choanomonada, or Choanoflagellates. The taxonomic affinities of the members of this clade were originally described and proposed by Thomas Cavalier-Smith in 2002.[2][4]

The International Society of Protistologists, the recognised body for taxonomy of protozoa, recommended in 2012 that the term Unikont be changed to Amorphea because the name "Unikont" is based on a hypothesized synapomorphy that the ISP authors and other scientists later rejected.[1][5]

It includes amoebozoa, opisthokonts,[6][7] and possibly Apusozoa.[8]

Taxonomic revisions within this group[]

Cavalier-Smith has proposed two new phyla: Sulcozoa, which consists of the subphyla Apusozoa (Apusomonadida and Breviatea), and Varisulca, which includes the subphyla Diphyllatea, , Mantamonadidae, Planomonadida and Rigifilida.[9] The validity of this proposed taxonomy has yet to be ruled upon by the Society of Protistologists.

Further work by Cavalier-Smith has shown that Sulcozoa is paraphyletic.[10] Apusozoa also appears to be paraphyletic. Varisulca has been redefined to include planomonads, and Collodictyon. A new taxon has been created - - for the planomonads and . Again, the validity of this revised taxonomy awaits confirmation.

Amoebozoa seems to be monophyletic[11] with two major branches: Conosa and Lobosa. Conosa is divided into the aerobic infraphylum Semiconosia (Mycetozoa and Variosea) and secondarily anaerobic Archamoebae. Lobosa consists entirely of non-flagellated lobose amoebae and has been divided into two classes: Discosea, which have flattened cells, and Tubulinea, which has predominantly tube-shaped pseudopodia.

Clade[]

The group includes eukaryotic cells that, for the most part, have a single emergent flagellum, or are amoebae with no flagella. The unikonts include opisthokonts (animals, fungi, and related forms) and Amoebozoa. By contrast, other well-known eukaryotic groups, which more often have two emergent flagella (although there are many exceptions), are often referred to as bikonts. Bikonts include Archaeplastida (plants and relatives) and SAR supergroup, the Cryptista, Haptista, Telonemia and picozoa.

Eukaryotes
Bikonta
 

Archaeplastida

 
 

Hacrobia

 
 

SAR supergroup

 
 
 

Excavata

 
Podiata
 

CRuMs

 
Amorphea/
 

Amoebozoa

 
Obazoa
 

Breviatea

 
 
 

Apusomonadida

 
Opisthokonts
Holomycota
Zoosporia
 

Opisthosporidia

 
 

True Fungi

 
 
Cristidiscoidea
 

Nucleariida

 
 

Fonticulida

 
 
 
Holozoa
 

Ichthyosporea

 
 
Pluriformea
 

 
 

Corallochytrium

 
 
Filozoa
 

Filasterea

 
Choanozoa
 

Choanoflagellatea

 
 

Animalia

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unikonts
 
 

One view of the great kingdoms and their stem groups.[12][citation needed]

Characteristics[]

The unikonts have a triple-gene fusion that is lacking in the bikonts. The three genes that are fused together in the unikonts, but not bacteria or bikonts, encode enzymes for synthesis of the pyrimidine nucleotides: carbamoyl phosphate synthase, dihydroorotase, aspartate carbamoyltransferase. This must have involved a double fusion, a rare pair of events, supporting the shared ancestry of Opisthokonta and Amoebozoa.

Cavalier-Smith[2] originally proposed that unikonts ancestrally had a single flagellum and single basal body. This is unlikely, however, as flagellated opisthokonts, as well as some flagellated Amoebozoa, including Breviata, actually have two basal bodies, as in typical 'bikonts' (even though only one is flagellated in most unikonts). This paired arrangement can also be seen in the organization of centrioles in typical animal cells. In spite of the name of the group, the common ancestor of all 'unikonts' was probably a cell with two basal bodies.

References[]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b c Adl SM, Simpson AG, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Bass D, Bowser SS, Brown MW, Burki F, Dunthorn M, Hampl V, Heiss A, Hoppenrath M, Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, McManus H, Mitchell EA, Mozley-Stanridge SE, Parfrey LW, Pawlowski J, Rueckert S, Shadwick RS, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Spiegel FW (September 2012). "The revised classification of eukaryotes". J Eukaryot Microbiol. 59 (5): 429–93. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2012.00644.x. PMC 3483872. PMID 23020233.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b c Cavalier-Smith T (March 2002). "The phagotrophic origin of eukaryotes and phylogenetic classification of Protozoa". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 52 (Pt 2): 297–354. doi:10.1099/00207713-52-2-297. PMID 11931142.
  3. ^ Derelle, Romain; Torruella, Guifré; Klimeš, Vladimír; Brinkmann, Henner; Kim, Eunsoo; Vlček, Čestmír; Lang, B. Franz; Eliáš, Marek (17 February 2015). "Bacterial proteins pinpoint a single eukaryotic root". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 112 (7): E693–E699. Bibcode:2015PNAS..112E.693D. doi:10.1073/pnas.1420657112. PMC 4343179. PMID 25646484.
  4. ^ Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2003). "Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa". European Journal of Protistology. 39 (4): 338–348. doi:10.1078/0932-4739-00002.
  5. ^ Roger AJ, Simpson AG (2009). "Evolution: revisiting the root of the eukaryote tree". Current Biology. 19 (4): R165–R167. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.12.032. PMID 19243692. S2CID 13172971.
  6. ^ A Minge M, Silberman JD, Orr RJ, et al. (November 2008). "Evolutionary position of breviate amoebae and the primary eukaryote divergence". Proc. Biol. Sci. 276 (1657): 597–604. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1358. PMC 2660946. PMID 19004754.
  7. ^ Burki F, Pawlowski J (October 2006). "Monophyly of Rhizaria and multigene phylogeny of unicellular bikonts". Mol. Biol. Evol. 23 (10): 1922–30. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl055. PMID 16829542.
  8. ^ Glücksman E, Snell EA, Berney C, Chao EE, Bass D, Cavalier-Smith T (September 2010). "The Novel Marine Gliding Zooflagellate Genus Mantamonas (Mantamonadida ord. n.: Apusozoa)". Protist. 162 (2): 207–221. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.06.004. PMID 20884290.
  9. ^ Cavalier-Smith T (May 2013). "Early evolution of eukaryote feeding modes, cell structural diversity, and classification of the protozoan phyla Loukozoa, Sulcozoa, and Choanozoa". Eur J Protistol. 49 (2): 115–78. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2012.06.001. PMID 23085100.
  10. ^ Cavalier-Smith T, Chao EE, Snell EA, Berney C, Fiore-Donno AM, Lewis R (December 2014). "Multigene eukaryote phylogeny reveals the likely protozoan ancestors of opisthokonts (animals, fungi, choanozoans) and Amoebozoa". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 81: 71–85. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.012. PMID 25152275.
  11. ^ Cavalier-Smith T, Fiore-Donno AM, Chao E, Kudryavtsev A, Berney C, Snell EA, Lewis R (February 2015). "Multigene phylogeny resolves deep branching of Amoebozoa". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 83: 293–304. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.011. PMID 25150787.
  12. ^ Phylogeny based on:

External links[]

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